Ayushbupta-a18Fc2065

Sateite DA - 2

9 trylaun in NGso Sateuite Sytem (ongteuaton onsBellato

Deuign Condis erahion, 2
h Non -9eothoay outit (voso) sytem, ontelahon
deu gnInvoue denlayng muttinle satellie in Dtit
awen han qeostahonarny obit (hte) ,tyyicallyin Bu
Eanth ott [ Lo) o meun Eanth Orilit (MED) Unike
sateute, wwch emain tired nelahue tothe earth
4 wta e, Naso sateu te maves reridly ascosthe phy
neeLsitiating coutelahin deign to érune loyHent
(ownage ahd availabity.
DObit Aitude and Inination
’ Aitude: Naso ytem ane qenerally oeakd in LEO
(atihdes hanginý hem Sooh oothm) ou MED
(2000 to &o, oóOLm)_lawen aitude prides toten
Cmuniation de to çhouten pignal tnave
ut regwne mo Aabelute oe bonhnauy coeAge.
Highen taten oit couen dangen aneas hut may Lead
b inoeaed lakny
) Nunle ot Satete
’ (ontha laverae Agheaten numle at datelwhe can
erne ontnaw' coveraqe an dejred hegion o
gtay
Reduraanuy and capaaty !- moue satelite pride
Yaun aandy ano inoease Copacity allauing the
moue cwN imutaneoily and
mi H-ait 16re ausrup hon.it indi ridual satlite ul.
 2

3) 0rbit Phaing and Plane lantigunation

’ Alane and phaing ateute" Me anangcd
in muthrle outit phaye with each plane haing
a ecih numbD of yateite. The nelaive
phaje ot satellite. within each lane ene cen
asnubon_ aneund the eanth reduin oOage

9 Covrage Reqwinmenti
>hova UH hegional: The conytellaton deign
denends n th~ seunice anea Aglelad Nlaso
ystem nequiny canetul dugn tó cavn anea
nean the equato. and ale
S) Satelite Utetime and Rerlacenent ir
5 Senvice ite : Naso jateite ane ctten mallen
wth hoten utetime than GEo sateute due to
ughen eanoue to aaiaion and atmashec
drug (eeeaally in LEO), onlellahon deighs
inculae to heaent Lateli'te nelacemenf and
de o-hiting.
2 Eyrlain me aetail Rote ot sateuite in tutune netuauky.
Pm Satetlute w lay an inHeainy nihcal rale
in futune nehwots, elpng to mceY he gauning
demand foy e connechn ty data capaaty and
goto oege. Emeging rendy in Cemiìmuuni atio
Intenet ot hnqs lloT) and AI diven rs
 3

Cquns Iayt bondiath Jos Aateneyand

can
1delead nea ch that (atelute teuts
wnique unno
and Biaging me Dlgital Diide
DGobaly lonnecivity
Accey!-sateute can tterd
’ Rupal and nemate hand-to teach
Connechnty D undersenveg 9 and
area incuding nral nemete and DCenic neyon
impracical
where tennethad intna is coty o
This ainde prouiaing
tely trudge the a·italeducahon, and
eyerhal seuieUk healt cane
90enment acxes to inoaed cammunites.
Ubhgwty lovenage : lbhile ternetia netwot
’
(eq hlen, cate) ~tten hiqh peed, hey lack
Lwes al chatelproide a camlementasy
hea
Aouhion by caenage gany in tenhal neh°ouks
conitnaç s0uie and uniuengal
Covrage, wuh is Cuoat oy goort glotal canne
-

-chit goals.
Backhaul toy 5o cnd 6G Neuok:
5h Nehok Ennar on Satelute can 2urnot 5 b
haul rmate cel toueo to Jne Coe newouk Thus
reauce the need or etenion tneial in tras- and
enattes 5h delayment in dey accesi te locaticn
Low -lateney ommne Commuication ith Nhso Satellite
Redeue latency Tradional Gfo sateite introdue
high latend caraund 500 my), which y uruitate
oy neal-Hme annication Nso Cantellaton
Auch as hose u LEO and MEO,otit CÔNc
Eartth,nd datendes laur y20 40
m Ths makessateite nehuoHk iable to
Jateny Aenutie anlicatianike gaming
meain and Caiti al loTCiLahohy
Internet ot Thing (1oT) and mahine -to- machine (M24)
(Mmunition.
3 loT Deie Conneciity: Sateu'te will nnot
illion ot loT deice denlaycd in remate 'oy
motle envioumert (eg shins, nlane)) that ane
beyond tennetial nehiok nea ch Ths uiale
efhane data calleahion, mantioun and analyics
}os indut NiS ke agi culhne,thqia and
envioumerlal mantioing.
3
Ealain n deail the aes noition docation
prinunla - GPS nasnigaion mesage and ignal leels. a
The 9otatally resthon Sytem (GoeS) sha satelute - lascd s
nauigationytm that nde ye cye do Cation
-vlutyandand hme
tme nfomation to sen anyutene
The pou honing capaituku of thPS ane
 can telation
by a detal
by
enatted by Gos wgnal thansmi ted isa
04 Sateite ob tiHa the eanth. Hene noi ion lo catino
the pinanal of bPS
incuuau'ng haw Ges naungahon message ne
Shructured and note t aignal leuels
) GPS noyiton Location pinanalyir GRS deteunes
Satellite Rang ing any Trilatenation: tnilatenation
a ansnoitn wwing method called
which inuues measuiq dç stanes loy tanges)
sateite
tram mult le satei esEach oRS
braadaast aa qhal that cantuiny intomaion
abaut the satetey nomi tion and he ecise ime
the siqnal wes sent. By calaulating the distance
bo aleast tou sateite a ops hee iven Can
pinnant. itg doCation n hnee- dimerional space.
2) Distane caleation: DIstan ce trgm a Gps Sateli te is
Calculat ty measui the time delay blo when
heateute seny
sers a ignal ans whe it b receited
This Hme delay mulbinléd ty he seed f ught,
the dishce to the datelL te.

ns Naigahon meM age

’ Mes aãe Struue fach aPs saellite onhnouy
broadcait a a marigation meuaqe Cantaning lihal
daa to detenmning roiinThe mesaqe is diidedl
inb rumes cach rame lashng 30 srond ard
Conyishn 4 1500 bits anmted at 5o brs.
 6
’Mesage Timing and Synchnongahon The Hming.
O4 the mcsage' trame is Synchronized tnth the
CUomic clock on each GoPS satewte,ensunlhmeaaurmeat.e
ecue timing caiHcal tor accurate ange
lheye clock ne kent Qunate to wnthn non01tc
allawing he ysen to munta'n the hiqh
allunancy hegured fon noutong.
Signal Level and Shutne'
aßs Siqnal Component '- Each Ghes
nlS ignal Contains
tuo main Companenls:
’ larnien Ssqnal (LI and L2 Pneqenci) The L
Cannien nequency at 1575.42 MHz and the L
Cannier nequenayat 1227.60 MH? ane he panany
ChPS iand L'is the pimaycini ian gnal
, uhile 2 was oiginally deigned tor mulitary
Lue Irut s now ao aa bhe for ciil an appliaton
Moduatin and Cades:- hPs wes two cades to
modulate he carnien iÇnal he Coanse/ hcauision
C(IA) Cade and he ecye CP) code.
C/A cade : Thes cade modulatey the i carnien
and y auaibatte foy ciilan ue.

" P(y) code The Pcoae, aye called protected"

Cade, madulate both I and L2 heq. and is
 ) Signat leuel and Challenga! tranymi
AgnalSthength and naun!- GPs Satelli te
eny la nouen levelo. his law
CIqhal at can eayily olstnucted
en mean hat hes na ternain o4 nadio
04 inteotened with by
tnequeney noise.
the ovenal Comnaisen ot fDHA, TD MA CDHA
Q4)q) hive
nd spDMA

ToMA CoMA SpMA

FDMA
Feahne
|Separahen Frequcey Time Spahal
separation
mehod Uandy Hot spreading
Codes |(ramfuuminy)
SrectrunMo derate |Vey Migh baniate, hgh
in lavoatle
Cond tion

Interene Minimal |(aw |Manageate leu wi th

|Managmen inten-yen intentengne | wltn spreadinl eieciuve
intenteene (ade spatal sepasia.
|(ompleny ow to modenate
|moderate
 AdNd bxandcaalSuteute (08S) TV ink budgc

low Potenat
latery due
to siolhrg
odete mo deale

Scaabuhy mted Bette, than qh Dependent

on sopaHol
nesonce

8) facket Swithing and. cunwt suritehng in sateute

unk

In Satellute communlcahonpachel sut dching and Cuncut

seue l torent ole lasea nthe heuirmenl o4 data
tansmlss10) . Pachet stor hing ditides data ihto Smallen
racket hat ane indenendent roued thrsugh the
tewraton ,alluing o4 etr cient ue of bandurcth
nd dyrauc manament off netwok nesaunce. hus
J t y ls nanttularly valuatte to data
ru ahon ike interel brouing , email, and iie
Irarsten.a il erable atelite ohandles lange
Lalrnes o attic tui h vanging data ate
pig1ng bandundth ii3ahion and accommod aing
malile wen Simtlt ancous.he packet- laycd
9h auo Cnatte beten nesilenc nJ Salabiluty
as naket can le Yhuted if here ' cangeston
Lunk ailune
95 Eryain ALoHA And it yn s with sutatte
diegram.
Hloha is a Simple decentralzed protocal sea
T0 data trasniaion in nehvok commuication,
Cyqinally deeloped tr data trasmsion
developed
Ih Mehuok communicationoiglnaly rerates yed
fo9 wireleys packet rad'o nehuoik. IH ch
On the pinunal ot handom ace,whereea
node Oy wen tramity data wheneven they haue
Catu to Andoithautpre- aigningthea caiet pec1 hC
hme o4 channel ALoHÅ was an of and has
proBocol wed toy data Communiation
evoted into sewnal tynes ach wth niqe
character hhe to 0mprobe eltiiency and redue
vduee caion.

Thene ane two main tyns ot Pane AlDHA

Puse Aloha and Hatted AMona
DPune ALOHA
Prinunal : In Pune ALOHA, yen transmit wheneen
hey hae data to send. This la ck ot roOYination
me¯ns hat Juo o mone node can atempt to
send at he same Hime neyutng in a calsion
when a setlt Calii on

EHueny ine yen tranyi! date andomly c

, tne probah uty ot colwion is vdahely hgh
 Pre A/o HA
eaneially as he neutk doad inorease
Can theOehcally achieue a maimum Channel uizaton

Uion Handing!- Eacnsenaley wdi! toy an 0cknow

legmen! trom ne hecellen. If no acknautedgnen
andon
Is neceivdthe senden reries atten a
uaiting ime to reduce the Chance o reneated
coliston
 The amittahion piouL
antenna

ALoHA
(Stant

wat THone
Te RTp oY
RTt
Send trame

horge a andom
humen R B/ wait ime-ot
ime

K2 kmax ACK
ksKt1 heceuied

Suces
) Sloced AlonA:
inapal ' Sloted ALOHA improues unon Pure
ALOHA y dividng Hme into dis Crete inteval
Oy Slots.lyen ce cnly alloued to trasmi Hed at
the leginning ot hese Ame slets educing he
chane ot collaiuon y Comnared to uure M6MA
I| tuoon mee wen mamil in me same ime
slota callnnshll oCCurs.

EHiiency: Slotted AtoHA I4 moe ettden) than Pune

ALoHAoith a therotcal masnimum channel
uttig ahin o4 atout 36-8%This improIEMEH Adue
lo he neduchon In the Coliy on windaw
hasmion Can only at desqnated Hmey
(ouson Horndling
CoUgon 4 eteoted ne senden hetrcs atten a
andom Hne Howuen thesucted Hme tot help
minize reneated calliion
OA TOMA nehuoue 5 eanth Stahon Shanes a cigle
marynondeneqally The rome dunaton b a ms, the
Ueamite Hime nn Staton h Ros,and gawrd land
Tranymiion bust
f 5o ane wed between Iwst.
ane psK a 30 MBaue that each
alculate the rumben 64 k Bry boie channel
oMA eanth tahon can ranymit I e eanth Slahon
send data tathen than di qital speech what ty ne
tranmigion

Ta- Trame -Nt ttr)J

t Sus
th dopdNS
Rs - Qx30 =60 Mbrd

Ta:

Ta 375 s

Co375 X6o oo lla5 p Mry

m375xbehob6
n=|35 0000 /64o00 175 79)

The rumln o4 64 kby voice channel ea ch ToM

eanth station can channel that caud be aent
(y ca ch ot the ti eanth atahion win a
14ohumion
 R6
(5 6yrlo3)
Ine calculated capau u pen lajon ot I75
I8 a itte laun ha the chanel
ot 187 chanrel. The di Henencemajmum
O4 1a
numl
Case is me nuuni) al peth channel lost in the
y the nced to Jn clude channel ot
guund Hmen and
ieamby in the TOMArame struchune
’ 4 ue send data rathen han dgtal Speecn
eanhStai on Can ttanymit ll:2S Mb
-’ On load acaunt toy the
75 Mtrs, doaaing to an yuun
=l00. at:25 = 43: 75/.
)2
Etoeng
Tency 93 757. |
g onsiden the wirley aal anea nehuovk (WLAN)
WCen as illytated H9. whene the banduwch
of he band na Hen y l00 MH3 and centen ed a
d4ht3If he yten at oom temp
() Fnd the noiue tgune ot the overall Syen
(1) what h me neuting SNR Yato at the owrut
t the innut nawe)' lec a - 90dBm ?
he 4conmponent be a earnarged to gle
a eten noye Hgune 2
BPF

IL=lSdB F=2dB
f248
BPF at To-Q0

The BPF Joaky jke an atenutoy uer and at

inenereyt.ine It u aa 200m temp the tandard
noise tg toy the BPf Lis equal to the dos

Anst pA
G: lod8 l0,f 2dB)-595
Selond PA
G Qod8 -1D0

/.Favenal

413+ 659S -366dB

6209
 (0 fqualent noise emp 393-39k
Touenau a [fouenau -D(390) 1322 XQ40

The

lD0XIO
38 Xlo ?3 y 30338 x
F So29 06 YIO5

Ninut - 529 YI0-Omw

- -42:7dBm

Jignal s 40d8 Ionu SNRis a 7d8

(u) A beten nose Hgune would be cttained by

utiry igh gan amihen tint.
 Irut neto
hos a votage an of do , a 600n
and a 27ks
a 600 equvalnt noise neittaCe
Otyut neitoy. foy the and tage these yalues ane
d5,0L, lo_and IM hep. laleabtete equvalent
int noise neistance ot this tuo-stage amitien o
and alculate the noise Hge o4 tne anfli tien i
it s dnin by a qenenatoy whene outrut Impedene

Ars R) 60o+ l60o e00

R2- (27v ) [2 +81) +|o do2 +D -30. 2ks
R3M
Req RBo 2000 +30 2 looo0002200t
lo- 2s 302+/6
2 25)6

So
9 Eolain in debaul ot D8S Tv link trudqe
int budgel
Adirect boadcast Satew fe (O8S) TVlones
calculation o all gand and hal a
dda o4 am the
Satellute TVsgnat' tundéngoes s it maels tran
bradcayt taton to a souley 's home. Ths.
erunes that the nceied signal shenqth
analys
uftuent Jo proode clean Lni ntnnugtea TU
4
TU ink budqet
A 08s broadcayt Saselute (085) loye
calelaton o alu qain and tat a
iqnal
’ Thensmit newcn! nawe at which the
Id sent rom tne Sateite
’ Antenna han: The ampitcation prouided by the
tansmithing and hecejing_antenna
’ rogatoh lones: loses encaunted as the igral
Irae hrough snace.
Atmosphenic losyes - losses due to in, loud
,and atm oshenie qascs ,eyneally in hgher
nequenciy lku- and ana ka land)
’ Reguined sgnat uaity To enure alceptabte
U1deo and audio qualty nd a mimmum cais
o- noise raho (CN) needed at the cejveo

The link uqet calculation invoe senenal

4hns and parametes i
Satelu te Traryrnit nows (EIRP)
 6) fnee Space path lou (ESPL)

9 Amophenic and Rain dones

) Receiuon Antena gain

3) Complete D8S Tu ink Budge fomuta

Re ceivd Powen = ElRP-SPL
- Ammosphen't los- Rain loy
+ Receiven hain -Sytern Nose
 Erlan in detl ot nes - Receiven deign.

that negwny canehul canel Corwdenah on ot

handuane qnal poteshq,and sothuane
Component to alunaily captinepnen and deoode
ue Aighal pe (eting and softotor ne uate
Mouhonin A GPs eceleo 's imay jot eceive
prenely and use this data to caleulate ity location
4nedand tme.
AneS wieo can be bvo adly divided into senenal
slytemi
RFPront-End : Handles iqnal necephon, dawn
Conerwom and tenin
gnal pocesing BLok inudes acquisihon
ratking and demodulati cn
Naigatin proceso ComputeA
of satelite ugnal
nostion, uelod ty
ano ime (PV) Solution
Conhrot and uen nterface ! Manage wer inpat
OCd atnahon.
ana display Hhe pproceARd
Maan lomponenty of a GoPs Receieen:
q) Antenna
Puroe aptunes GPs iqnal trom satelu ke
hd L5 teqyeny Cand
hypically in he Ll, 2, ßd
centered annd 575-42 MHz foi cit ian we)
Denqn (onsideratan'
 PFequeru: The antenna. muyt e be deugred
to resonat at Ghs
trequeay
Potanizahon: nes sioral an right -band arulany
hotaized (RHCP),So he antenna 'deugn accoYno hhes
b) RF Pront- End
Fun chon: The RF tront end convents me
S 4qnal trum KE to beye band on an inernediate
reqenay Ef) ;making it kitate tor poesing
" (omnonents
daw Nise Ampliten (LNA) - Amni Hes weak Ges a
Siqnala trom me an tenna uithaut adding uqniHant o.
noye
Bandnas Hten-Aten ot iqnal at4ide the GaPS
tneqeny band to educe inen fercne band to
educe ntn fenene trom OthesAeure.
) Srgnal Proseung Blck:
. Purnoe: Aqunes and tack Satelite qnal
which alows the eceiouen to calculate rseudo
-ranges
nPS Receiuen Signal pro ceing stages'
) Acquion Stage
6) Tacking stge
c) Data Demodulahon
 -C0S) GSLA Asgte
cycing Duty "
manaqment. nawen etticient srequnes aiaices
foydeuqned o4ten recejiÝn
ae
managmenti Powen GS
eoy indnoduce clock
c) andSatelie betuen Difecne Enong Cok
uldng euy
ott siqnal cauyeRekechi can
oton ahutnCs fteclyMuhpanathen
E Oy
pg S1grd condition. atnosheue Causd
by
Dlays
Trorostieric and uheNc lonos *
accunacy achitue eroY
to
4oune
ot Vaious addneu muyt
Mihgahon deign anNCeeN
d Sosce PS
Eror