DRRR REVIEWER 2 important elements of disaster risk.

Disaster- a sudden calamitous occurrence that 1. Exposure- risk from hazards

causes great harm. It causes emotional and 2. Hazard- dangerous phenomenon
physical distress/ intense feeling of hopelessness.
Can be a minor or major damages, or worst Reduction of the level of vulnerability and
death. exposure is possible by keeping people and
property as distant as possible from hazards.
Disaster are often a result of the
combination of; 1. Severity of Exposure – measures
those who experienced disaster first
- Exposure to hazard hand.
- Vulnerability are present 2. Gender & Family – female suffers
- Insufficient capacity or measure more to adverse effects.
to reduce of cope with it. 3. Age – people aged 40-60 are more
stressed after the disasters, children
Hazard – a dangerous phenomenon that may exhibit more stress after disasters than
cause loss of life and damages. adults do.
Natural Disasters – natural phenomenon 4. Economic Status of Country –
caused by the natural forces. evidence that indicates that severe
mental problems resulting from
Man-made Disasters – disasters caused by disasters are more prevalent in
man; developing countries like the
Philippines.
-Technological / Industrial Disasters –
unregulated industrialization and inadequate
safety standards increase the risk for industrial
disasters. FACTORS UNDERLIE DISASTERS

-Terrorism/Violence – threats involving 1. Climate Change

nuclear, biological, and chemical agents used to 2. Environmental Change
develop weapons of mass destruction. 3. Globalized Economic Change
4. Poverty and Inequality
-Complex Humanitarian Emergencies – 5. Poorly Planned and Managed Urban
results of civil war. Development
6. Weak Governance
Risk – combination of the probability of an event
with negative consequences. Degree to which EFFECTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS
humans cannot cope with a situation.
Natural disasters can destroy a whole
Disaster Risk – the term disaster risk refers to community in an instant. Examples of natural
the potential damages to livelihood, caused by a disasters are volcanic eruptions, tsunamis,
hazard due to vulnerability within a community. earthquakes, and typhoons which are destructive
to people's lives.

EFFECTS OF MAN-MADE DISASTER

Man-made disasters on the other hand are

caused by human beings. Some of the manmade
disasters are bomb explosions, terrorism, wars,
leakage of poisonous chemicals, pollutions,
industrial accidents, and epidemics. They are
identified as manmade disasters because they
happen due to human actions and not by natural
forces.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

HAZARD AND DISASTER?

A hazard is a dangerous situation or event

that carries a threat to humans. A disaster is an
event that harms humans and disrupts the 4. Emotional Aftershocks - Natural
operations of society. Hazards can only be disasters can be particularly traumatic for
considered disasters once it affected humans. If a young children. Confronted with scenes of
disaster happened in an unpopulated area, it is destruction and the deaths of friends and
still a hazard. loved ones, many children develop post-
traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a serious
psychological condition resulting from
extreme trauma. Left untreated, children
suffering from PTSD can be prone to
lasting psychological damage and
emotional distress.

EFFECTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS

Great damage caused by a disaster can be

reduced if everyone will take responsibility in
anticipating its effects. Here are some ways
on how to plan ahead of a disaster:

1. Check for hazards at home.

2. Identify safe place indoors and
outdoors
THE HUMAN EFFECT OF NATURAL AND MAN 3. Educate yourself and family members
– MADE DISASTERS 4. Have Disaster kits/supplies on hand.
5. Develop an emergency communication
1. Displaced Population - One of the most plan.
immediate effects of natural disasters is
population displacement. When countries 6. Help your community get ready.
are ravaged by earthquakes or other 7. Practice the Disaster Preparedness
powerful forces of nature, many people Cycle
need to abandon their homes and seek
shelter in other regions. A large influx of
refugees can disrupt accessibility of health
care and education, as well as food
supplies and clean water.
2. Health Risks - Aside from the obvious
immediate danger that natural disasters
present, the secondary effect can be just
as damaging. Severe flooding can result in
stagnant water that allows breeding of
waterborne bacteria and malaria-carrying
mosquitoes. Without emergency relief
from international aid organizations and
others, death tolls can rise even after the
immediate danger has passed.
3. Food Scarcity - The aftermath of natural
disasters affects the food supplies.
Thousands of people around the world are
hungry because of destroyed crops and
loss of agricultural supplies, whether it THE DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES OF
happens suddenly in a storm or gradually DISASTERS
in a drought. As a result, food prices rise
reducing families’ purchasing power and 1. Physical Perspective – Calamities are
increasing the risk of severe malnutrition phenomena that cause great physical
or worse. The impacts of hunger following damage in a community, infrastructures ,
an earthquake, typhoon or hurricane can its people, and their properties. Natural
be tremendous, causing lifelong damage disasters generally affect the physical
to children’s development. infrastructural facilities, agricultural
 productivity and even lead to loss of life help from someone or from God would
and cause damage to property. Various arrive at a time they most needed. It also
factors influence the effects of a disaster helps most people survive a lot of oddities
on a country among them are the in life.
magnitude of the disaster, the geography 4. Economic Perspective - Disasters affect
the economic condition of a community
because they reduce local and
of the area affected, and the recovery international trade. It can also
efforts directed towards reducing the partially or totally paralyze a
immediate effects of a disaster. country’s transportationsystem.
Disasters Effects Of Physical Implementation of a partial and total shut
Disasters down of local business operations result to
a. Injuries a lot of people losing means of living.
b. Physical Disabilities or Illness Economic Effects of Disaster
c. Sanitation a. Unemployment
d. Damage in infrastructure b. Loss of property
2. Psychological Perspective – Victims of c. Loss of household
disasters may suffer from Post Traumatic d. Loss of crops
Stress Disorder (PTSD) and other serious e. Loss of Public Infrastructure
mental health conditions, which are not 5. Political Perspective - Natural disasters
being given much attention to by the are commonly thought to be less
authorities or even by the victims, politically argumentative than armed
themselves. Disasters are mostly conflicts, yet a closer look shows that both
unpredictable, which leave the victims in a the effects of a natural disaster and the
state of shock. They tend to deny the loss resulting distribution of humanitarian aid
and try to escape from reality. Being in a are profoundly linked to politics. Just as
denial state makes the victims more vulnerability to disasters is mediated by
vulnerable to stress, anxiety, and other the political system of a country, disasters
different maladaptive reactions. Death of a can have major consequences for
closed one also leaves the victim in a state political stability and political legitimacy
of insecurity because the sense of love, (Hörhager, July 2017).
attachment and belongingness are 6. Biological Perspective - The
deprived. disturbing effects caused by a
Psychological Effects of a Disaster: prevalent kind of disease or virus in
a. Distress an epidemic or pandemic level is known as
b. Intrusion/ avoidance biological disaster.
c. Hatred/ revenge a. Epidemic Level - Biological
d. Dependence/ insecurities disaster affects large numbers of
e. Grief/ withdrawn/ isolation people within a given community
f. Guilt or area.
g. Hopelessness b. Pandemic Level - Biological
h. Emotional Effects disaster affects a much large
i. Cognitive Effects region, sometime spanning entire
j. Lack of Trust continents or the globe.
k. Interpersonal Effect EFFECTS OF BIOLOGICAL DISASTERS
l. Feeling of helplessness  Loss of lives
3. Socio-Cultural Perspective – Filipinos  Negative economic effect
are generally known as matiisin,  Unemployment
resourceful, helpful, optimistic, and  Hunger
prayerful. The culture of “malalampasan
EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS – refer to earthquake
din natin ‘to.” belief and “bahala na and
agents which have the potential to cause harm to
Diyos” syndrome give hope to most
a vulnerable-targets which can either be humans,
Filipino in the midst of a disaster. Such
animals or even your environment.
perspective helps a lot especially those
who belong to the marginalized sector to The effects of earthquake can be classified as
be hopeful and continue fighting against primary and secondary;
any challenge at hand. Their belief that a
 1. Primary effects are permanent features II. Tsunamis
an earthquake can bring out. The word means harbor waves in
Japanese, is a series of waves
Ground shaking generated by an earthquake that
- Up-down and lateral movement or vibration of occurs below or near the ocean floor.
the ground It can also be generated by volcanic
eruption, landslides, meteorite or
- Caused by the passgae of body and the surface asteroid impact displacing the water in
seismic waves. the ocean.
- Magnitude of an earthquake: the greater the - Tsunamis are different from tidal waves. Tidal
magnitude, the greater the severity of the ground waves are caused by the gravitational force
shaking. between the earth and moon, whereas tsunami
waves are generated by the displacement of the
- Distance from the epicenter: The greatest the
water in the ocean caused by the movement of
severity of the ground shaking is near the
the fault under the sea during an earthquake.
epicenter, and decreases away from the
epicenter. Negative Effects
- Geologic condition of the area: a loose  Coastlines or coastal areas are vulnerable
consolidated sediment is prone to more sever to tsunamis.
ground shaking.  The height of tsunami waves can reach
more than 5 meters causing destruction of
Negative Effects
properties and loss of lives.
- Buildings vibrate as a result of  Rapid, violent flooding in communities
ground shaking. near coastal areas.
- Buildings and other structures III. Liquefaction
that can’t withstand ground It happens when ground shaking due
shaking can have damages, can to moderate or intense earthquake
be destroyed or can collapse. results to the mixing of body of
- Can cause landslide and sediments (sand or soil) and ground
liquefaction. water, and as a consequence, the
ground becomes soft and could no
Ground Rupture (surface faulting or surface longer support the structures that will
rupture) eventually sink or tilt. It can also lead
to ground failure.
- The offset or deformation of the
land surface due to movement Negative Effects
of the fault.
- This geologic phenomenon  Ground failure
commonly happens in shallow  Weakened support to building foundations
earthquakes. which may eventually sink or tilt
2. Secondary effects happen when ground  Buildings or structures in the liquefaction-
movement results to other types of prone area can have extensive damages.
destruction. IV. Fires
I. Landslides It is associated with broken gas pipes
It is a mass movement rocks, soil and and damaged electrical lines as a
debris down the slope primarily due to result of damages caused by ground
the action of gravity. However, shaking to buildings and other
landslides can also be triggered by infrastructures.
moderate and strong earthquakes.
Negative Effects
Negative effects
 Destruction of properties and loss of lives
 Erosion
Earthquake Hazards
 Destruction of building and other
structures 1. Ground Rupture
 Landslides can primarily or completely
blocks sections or roads.
 - Deformation on the ground that marks the country, seismic expectancy maps or hazard
intersection of the fault with the earth’s maps are now available for planning purposes. It
surface. serves as basis for disaster management
information like locations for evacuation and
Effects: Fissuring, displacement of the ground evacuation routes.
due to the movement of the fault.
3. DEVELOPING RESISTANT STRUCTURES
2. Ground Shaking
Resistant structures are able to withstand
- Disruptive up down and sideways vibration collapse by redistributing forces caused by
of the ground during an earthquake. seismic waves through shear walls. Developing
Effects: Damage or collapse of structure, may engineered structural designs that are able to
consequently cause hazards such as resist the forces generated by seismic waves can
liquefaction and landslide. be achieved either by following building codes
based on hazard maps or by appropriate methods
3. Liquefaction of analysis.
-Phenomenon wherein sediments, especially Natural Signs of Impending Tsunami
near bodies of water, behave like liquid similar
to a quick sand. A tsunami is a series of sea waves
commonly generated by under-the-sea
Effects: Sinking and or tilting of structure earthquakes and whose heights could be greater
above it: sandboil fissuring. than 5 meters. It is erroneously called tidal waves
and sometimes mistakenly associated with storm
4. Earthquake-Induced landslide
surges. Tsunamis can occur when the earthquake
-Down slope movement of rocks, soil and is shallow-seated and strong enough to displace
other debris commonly triggered by strong parts of the seabed and disturb the mass of water
shaking. over it.

Effects: Erosion: burial and blockage of roads a. Tsunamis are more commonly
and rivers. generated in subduction zone
under the ocean where to plates
5. Tsunami collide with one plate (a) moving
down the other (b).
-Series of waves caused commonly by an
b. When plates get stuck the
earthquake under the sea.
overriding plate (b) gets distorted.
Effects: Flooding; coastal erosion; drowning of c. Stuck area ruptures triggering a
people and damage to properties. earthquake and pushing up the
ocean floor and sea water above.
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and This starts the tsunami which
Seismology (PHIVOLCS) moves in opposite directions.
Most Commonly Used Methods of Reducing Tsunami Threat
Earthquake Risk
 There are two types of tsunami
1. EFFECTIVE RECORDING AND generation: Local tsunami and Far Field or
INTERPRETATION OF GROUND distant tsunami.
MOTION
- Local tsunamis are confined to coasts within a
This can be done by effective instrumentation hundred kilometers of the source usually
in order to determine the location, strength and earthquakes and a landslide. It can reach the
frequency of earthquakes. This assists in shoreline within 2 to 5 minutes.
providing alerts and warnings especially to high-
risk or vulnerable areas for preparation and -The coastal areas in the Philippines especially
emergency response. those facing the Pacific Ocean, South China Sea,
Sulu Sea and Celebes Sea can be affected by
2. CONSTRUCTING SEISMIC HAZARD tsunamis that may be generated by local
MAPS earthquakes.
A seismic hazard map shows the potential
hazards in a given area. In many regions in our
-Far field or distant tsunamis can travel from 1 to these hotels can provide a safe place to
24 hours before reaching the coast of the nearby find refuge should there be a tsunami
countries. warning and you cannot move quickly
inland to higher ground.
-These tsunamis mainly coming from the Offshore reefs and shallow areas
countries bordering Pacific Ocean. may help break the force of tsunami
1. Feel an earthquake. If an earthquake occurs waves, but large and dangerous waves
in the coastal region and it originated from the can still be threat to coastal residents in
oceanic crust, a possible tsunami can take place. these areas. Stay away from all low-lying
coastal areas when there is a tsunami
2. See ocean water disappear from beach, warning.
bay or river. Rapid fall in sea level may happen f. If you are in a boat at sea or in a
as the ocean water withdraws from the coastline. harbor, do not return to port if you are at
After the water retreats, there is an abrupt surge sea and a tsunami warning has been
of water towards the coastline. issued for your area. Tsunamis are
imperceptible and can cause rapid
This is called “drawback”. Drawback can exceed
changes in water level and unpredictable
hundreds of meters exposing normally
dangerous currents in harbors and ports.
submerged areas.
Each one of us in the community should learn
3.Hear an unusual roaring sound. Abnormal
some important Tsunami Safety and Preparedness
ocean activity, a wall of water and an
Measures such as the following:
approaching tsunami can create a loud "roaring"
sound similar to that of a train or jet aircraft. 1. Do not stay in low-lying coastal areas after
a felt earthquake. Move to higher grounds
1. Preparations before a tsunami:
immediately.
a. If you live near or visit a coastal area,
2. If unusual sea conditions like rapid
learn about the risk of a tsunami. Some at-
lowering of sea level are observed,
risk communities have maps with
immediately move towards high grounds.
evacuation zones and routes.
3. Never go down the beach to watch for a
b. Learn the signs of an impending
tsunami. When you see the wave, you are
tsunami. c.Know and practice community
too close to escape it.
evacuation plans and map out your routes
4. During the retreat of sea level, interesting
from coming from your house, work, and
sights are often revealed. Fishes may be
other areas.
stranded on dry land thereby attracting
2. During the event of a tsunami: Protect
people to collect them. Also sandbars and
yourself first from an earthquake if you are
coral flats may be exposed. These scenes
in a tsunami area.
tempt people to flock to the shoreline
a. Do the Duck, Cover, and Hold.
thereby increasing the number of people
Tsunamis generated in distant
at risk.
locations will generally give people
enough time to move to higher ground. Hazard Maps
For locally-generated tsunamis, where
you might feel the ground shake, you - A hazard map is a map that highlights
may only have a few minutes to move areas that are affected by or are vulnerable to
to higher ground. a particular hazard. They are typically created
b. If you are in school and a tsunami for natural hazards, such as earthquakes,
warning has been issued, follow the advice volcanoes, landslides, flooding and tsunamis.
of teachers and other school personnel. Hazard maps help prevent serious damage
c. If you are at home and hear there is a and deaths.
tsunami warning,you should make sure - Hazard maps provide important
your entire family is aware of the warning. information to help people understand the
Move in an orderly, calm and safe manner risks of natural hazards and to help mitigate
to the evacuation site or to any safe place disasters. Hazard maps indicate the extent of
outside your evacuation zone. expected risk areas, and can be combined
High, multi-story, reinforced with disaster management information such
concrete hotels are located in many low- as evacuation sites, evacuation routes, and so
lying coastal areas. The upper floors of forth.
Hazard Maps Uses Negative Effects:

1. Are basis for risk reduction and hazard  Endanger life and property;
protection measures.  Kills organisms both on land and I water;
2. Give significant information for emergency  Causes respiratory tract problem to
planning. human beings;
3. Show potential risks to the communities,  Ruins machines in the industries and
which raise their awareness and readiness vehicles;
for imminent and possible disasters.  Can damage also roofing at home, in
4. Are basis for spatial development plans addition to it break power and
and formulation of building rules and communication lines, ash, and very hot
regulations for specific areas. gases.

VOLCANIC HAZARDS Pyroclastic Flow contain a highly-density mix of

hot lava blocks, pumice, ash and volcanic gases.
A Volcano is a vent, hill or mountain from They move at very high speed down volcanic
which hot and molten rocks (lava), rock slopes typical following valleys.
fragments and gaseous materials have been
ejected. Magma is molten or hot liquid rock in the  It consists of two parts: a lower (basal)
Earth’s mantle, whereas magma or molten rock flow of coarse fragments that moves along
that reached the earth’s surface is called lava. the ground, and a turbulent cloud of ash
that arises above the basal flow.
These are observable hazards that are  Pyroclastic flows have extreme temperatures
arising due to volcanic activity such as eruption. ranging between 200 and 700 degrees
These have potential threat, foreseeable crisis Celsius. It can travel at an average of 80
that directly affect to human beings, animals, km/h.
properties, infrastructure, tourism, and even  Pyroclastic flows can destroy anything on its
political stability to mention some within a path by direct impact. It burns sites with hot
specific period of time. rocks debris. It burns forest, farmlands,
 Lava flow are streams of molten rocks destroy crops and buildings.
that are poured or oozed from an erupting Ballistic Projectile are rock fragments that are
vent (Quebral,2016). ejected from volcano’s mouth that are
 Lava flows rarely threaten human life comparable to cannonballs. These reach its
because it moves slowly. It is mostly projectile up to 5 km to 3 miles.
characterized as quiet effusion of lava.
 Ballistic projectiles endanger life and
- The spread of lava flow depends on the property by:
following factors: 1. The force of impact of falling fragments,
a. Steepness of the slope of the ground where it but this occurs only close to an eruption.
travels. 2. Loss of agricultural lands if burial is
greater then 10 cm depth.
b. type of lava and its viscosity 3. Producing suspensions of fine-grained
particles in air and water which clogs
c. whether the lava flows in a restricted channel,
filters and vents of motors, human lungs,
down a lava tube or as a broad sheet.
industrial machines, and power plants.
c. lava production rate at the vent. 4. Carrying of noxious gases, acids, salts,
and close to the vent, heat.
Negative Effects: It may instigate other types of
hazards such as pyroclastic flow. It damages the Lahar is a mudflow or debris flow, a minute of
properties, agricultural lands, and even human pyroclastic materials and water rapidly flowing
lives by burying, burning everything in their down a volcano slope through rivers and
path. channels. Lahar usually occurs when a volcanic
eruption happens together with rainfall
Pyroclastic fall occurs when pyroclastic contributed by typhoons, monsoons, or
fragments of rocks, or tephra, are ejected in a thunderstorms.
great distance and propelled through the
atmosphere that fallout from the plumes of a Lahars can destroy buildings and other
volcanic eruption. structures such as bridges and roads and
agricultural lands. It can also cause loss of huma  Development of new thermal areas and/or
and animal lives. reactivation of old ones; appearance of
solfataras.
Volcanic gases are gases that are released to 1. Ground deformation- any surface
the atmosphere during eruptions. Volcanic gases changes on a volcano (subsidence/sinking,
include water vapor, carbon dioxide, carbon tilting, bulging); often use of tiltmeters as
monoxide, and sulfur dioxide. Water vapor is the well as satellite imaging which results to
most abundant volcanic gas which is non-toxic or less exposure on the ground or safer for
non-poisonous. Other volcanic or poisonous to volcanologists. However, interpretation
people, animals, and agricultural crops. need field verification sometimes.
In the Mt.Pinatubo eruption in 1991, it emitted 2. Seismic Activity- when magma rises up,
more than 250 megatrons of gas in the it breaks rock along the way. Thus,
atmosphere in just one day. earthquakes are generated. Monitoring of
quakes/tremors is done by using a
Negative effects: seismometer that determines which
patterns of seismic waves precede an
 These gases are all potentially hazardous
eruption.
to all living things as well as to agriculture
3. Gases – monitor types and rate of
and property.
emission of different gases; concentrations
 The carbon dioxide that is held at low-lying
of gases are sometimes high enough to
areas can be detrimental to humans and
create acid rain that kills vegetation
animals.
around the volcano; collection of samples
 Sulfur dioxide is lethal also to human
from vents directly with the use of remote
beings, it irritates the eyes, skin, and can
sensing instruments that identify and
cause respiratory tract infection. In
quantify the present of gases.
addition to this, sulfur dioxide, when it
4. Sensory observations
reacts with water in the atmosphere, its
- Visual – Intensified presence of steam;
product would be acid rain the hydrogen
drying up of vegetation, wells/spring/lake;
sulfide in a high concentration would be
crater glow at the mouth of the volcano.
toxic too.
- Auditory – rumbling of sounds are
IMPENDING SIGNS OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION heard.
-Olfactory – observed foul smell, cause by
 Increase in the frequency of volcanic presence of volcanic gases.
quakes with rumbling sounds; occurrence -Tactile – ground movement/earthquake is
of volcanic tremors. felt.
 Increased steaming activity; change in
color of steam from white to gray due to
entrained ash.
 Crater glow due to presence of magma at
or near the crater.
 Ground swells (or inflation), ground tilt and
ground fissuring due to magma intrusion.
 Localized landslides, rock falls and
landslide from the summit area that are
not attributed to heavy rains.
 Noticeable increase in drying up the
vegetation around the volcano’s upper
slopes.
 Increase in temperature of hot springs,
wells, and crater lake, near the volcano.
 Noticeable variation in the chemical
content of springs crater lakes within the
vicinity of the volcano.
 Drying up of springs/wells around the
volcano.