Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Flood
Risk Reduction Hurricanes
Lesson 1: Disaster and Disaster Risk Volcanic Eruptions
What is the Ring of Fire? Tornadoes
Circum-Pacific Belt Tsunamis
The Ring of Fire, also referred to as the Earthquake
Circum-Pacific Belt, is a path along the Storms
Pacific Ocean characterized by active Man-Made Disasters
volcanoes and frequent earthquakes. The Man-made disasters are the result of man’s
majority of Earth’s volcanoes and negligence, errors, or intention.
earthquakes take palace along the Ring of 3 Categories of Man-Made Disasters
Fire. 1. Technological or Industrial Disasters
450 active and dormant volcanoes This includes infrastructure collapse,
75% of Earth’s volcanoes leaks of hazardous materials,
Recorded 99% of the deadliest accidental explosions or utility
earthquakes failures
What is Disaster? And these happen due to unregulated
Disaster is a sudden calamitous industrialization and inadequate
occurrence that causes great harm injury safety standards
and destruction and devastation to life 2. Transportation Disasters
and property This includes crash or collision of
It disrupts the usual course of life any road, rail, water, aviation and
causing both physical and emotional space transportation resulting to loss
stress of life and major damage to
An intense feeling of helplessness and properties
hopelessness 3. Social Disasters
Disruption Or disasters induced entirely by
There is a break or interruption or human
problem in an otherwise normal flow of Examples are war and terrorism,
life for people or community social unrest and any economic
Serious Disruption activities that might push people in
Large scale damage the state of need
Widespred People Are Displaced from Their Homes
The affected community don’t have the Lack of personal safety
ability to manage on their own Lack of access of adequate basic
Two Elements Are Often At Risk During needs
Disaster Basic Needs affected by disaster:
a. The People Food
Injury Health Services
There is a threat to life Shelter
Diseases Water
Emotional and mental instability How Does Disaster Risk Come About?
Death Disaster Risk refers to the potential disaster
b. The Property losses in lives, health status, livelihoods,
Uncountable damage to property assets and services which could occur in a
Loss of assets community or society over some specified
Social and economic disruptions future time period
Environmental destruction Potential Disaster Losses
Classification of Disaster Product of possible damage caused by a
Natural Disasters hazard
A natural disaster is a major adverse event Combination of the probability of an
resulting from natural processes of the Earth. event and its negative consequences
Are we dealing with babies?
Are we dealing with kids?
Are we dealing with adults?
3. Socio-Cultural Factors
Religion
Social status
Traditions
Perception by society
4. Economic Factors
Assets and liabilities
Income
Social and economic class
Hazard
5. Political Factors
Hazard is potentially damaging physical
Government structure
event, phenomenon, or huma activity that
Diplomatic issues
may cause the loss of life or injury, property
Local government units
damage, social and economic disruption or
6. Biological Factors
environmental damage.
Flora and fauna in the environment
Vulnerability
Health issues
Vulnerability is defined as the
Injuries
characteristics and circumstances of a
Diseases
community, system or resource that make it
NOTE: Disaster is an event that has
susceptible to the damaging effects of a
happened already
hazard.
NOTE: Disaster Risk is an event that has
Exposure
potential to occur
Exposure refers to the degree to which a
community is likely to experience hazard
Lesson 2: Risk Factors Underlying
events of different magnitude. Disasters
Capacity (In the Context of DRRM) Risk Factors
Capacity is the capability and coping ability Risk Factors are processes or conditions,
of schools, households, and communities to often development-related, that influence the
manage when disaster hits. level of disaster risk by increasing levels of
exposure and vulnerability or reducing
capacity
Risk Factors Underlying Disaster
1. Severity of Exposure
Make an emergency kit which
Reduction of the level of vulnerability and measure those who experience
exposure is possible by keeping people and disaster first-hand which has the
property as distant as possible from hazards. highest risk of developing future
Disaster Risk Factors mental problems, followed by those
Disaster Risk Factors are variables that in contact with the victims such as
either worsen or lessen the effects of rescue workers and the lowest risk are
hazards, affecting the degree or scope of a those most distant like those who
disaster. have awareness of the disaster only
1. Physical Factors – tangible objects through news.
infrastructure 2. Gender and Family
Availability of fire exits The female gender suffers more
Sturdiness of the building adverse effects. This worsens when
Presence or absence of objects that children are present at home.
can harm you or help you Marital relationships are placed
2. Psychological Factors – include state of under strain.
mental capacity and health
3. Age Disaster – event that harms human and
Adults in the age range of 40-60 are society
more stressed after disasters but in
general, children exhibit more stress
after disasters than adults do
1. Flame
Flammable
Self-Heating
Emits Flammable
Gas Lesson 10: Hazard: Its Impact,
Pyrophoric Identification and Risk Assessment
Hazard
2. Health Hazard It is defined as a condition or a set of
Reproductive circumstances that present a potential for
toxicity harm.
Respiratory Two Broad Categories:
sensitizer Health Hazard (Can Cause Occupational
Target organ Illnesses)
toxicity Safety Hazard (Can Cause Physical
Aspiration toxicity Harm or Injuries)
What are the Different Impacts of
Hazards?
3. Exploding Bomb
One way to classify hazard impacts is by prioritized by taking into consideration the
means of general impact themes namely: probability and severity of impact
Danger to life which includes physical Steps in Hazard Identification and Risk
and psychological harm and diseases Assessment
Denial of access like energy, water, 1. Identify Hazards
communication and transport access Observation - use your senses of sight,
Damage to the physical environment like hearing, smell and touch - combined
buildings and land with knowledge and experience.
Types of Hazard Impacts Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) -
1. Physical Impact obtain them from manufacturers and
Physical injuries (bone fracture, wounds, suppliers. It gives information on
bruises) possible harm from hazardous
Destruction and loss of vital substances and precautions that need to
infrastructure like transportation system, be taken.
roads, bridges, power lines and Hazard and risk surveys - interview
communication lines. other people about their safety concerns
Wide spread destruction of housing and as far as the workplace is concerned.
buildings Utmost consideration should be given to
2. Psychological Impact children or visitors who could be at risk.
Grief and psychological illness Discussion groups - are useful for
Marital conflict identifying hazards and recommending
Depression due to loss of loved ones and solutions.
properties Safety audits – a committee must be
Chronic anxiety assigned to periodically check safety in
3. Socio-Cultural Impact the area
Displacement of population 2. Assess the risk
Loss of cultural identity Once a hazard has been identified, the
Forced of adoption of new sets of culture likelihood and possible severity of injury or
Ethnic conflicts harm will need to be assessed before
4. Economic Impact determining the best way to minimize the
Loss of job due to displacement risk. High-risk hazards need to be addressed
Loss of harvest and livestock more urgently than low- risk ones.
Loss of farms, fish cages and other 3. Make the changes
source of food Once risks are assessed, the next step is to
Loss of money and other valuables make decision for some necessary changes.
5. Environmental Impact These changes include removing the hazard
Loss of forest due to forest fires and replacing it with something less
Loss of fresh water due to salination hazardous, engineering modifications like
Disturbance of biodiversity installation of exhausts, safety barriers and
Loss of natural rivers safety exits, modification of procedures, etc.
6. Biological Impact 4. Checking the changes made
Epidemic to people, flora and fauna To make sure risk has been minimized, and a
Chronic and permanent illness caused by further hazard has not been created, the new
biological agents safety measures may need to be carefully
Proliferation of different viral disease tested before work begins again. It is
Identification of Hazards and Risk essential that these changes made are
Assessment monitored and checked. It must be
Hazard Identification is the process of monitored if the changes done are being
determining all physical and nonphysical followed consistently and if these changes
agents in the workplace or specific contribute to the improvement of safety
environment management in the workplace
Risk Assessment is a way to determine
which hazards and risks should be
Lesson 11: Earthquake Hazards and
Risk Reduction Methods
Earthquake Concepts
An earthquake is the vibration of Earth
produced by the rapid release of energy
within the lithosphere.
The energy released by an earthquake
travel in all directions from the focus in
the form of seismic waves
Earthquakes are caused by slippage
along a break in the lithosphere, called a
fault.
Moment-Resisting Frames
The movement that occurs along faults
during earthquakes is a major factor in
changing Earth’s surface.
Forces inside Earth slowly deform the
rock that makes up Earth’s crust, causing
rock to bend.
Elastic rebound is the tendency for the
deformed rock along a fault to spring
back after an earthquake
An aftershock is an earthquake that
occurs sometime soon after a major
earthquake
A seismograph is a device used to record
the motion of the ground during an
earthquake What are Earthquake Hazards?
Shear Walls refer to earthquake agents which have the
potential to cause harm to vulnerable targets
which can either be humans, animals or even
your environment
The effects of an earthquake can be
classified as:
Primary - are permanent features an
earthquake can bring out. Examples include
fault scarps, surface ruptures, and offsets of
natural or human-constructed objects
Secondary - happen when ground
movement results to other types of
destruction. Examples include landslides,
tsunami, liquefaction and fire
Horizontal Frames
Four Earthquake Hazards Which are
Considered as Secondary Effects of an
Earthquake:
1. Landslides - Seismic vibration is a
common triggering mechanism for
landslides. Landslides can have particularly
devastating effects like floods, blocking of
rivers, death, and damage to land and natural
resources
2. Tsunami - Is a huge sea wave triggered by
a violent displacement of the ocean floor.
Underwater earthquakes, volcanic eruptions coast, exposing the ocean floor, reefs and
or landslides can cause tsunami. As it fish before returning as a fast-moving wall
approaches a shallow coastline, its speed of water (tsunami). This is called
decreased, but the height of the tsunami “drawback”. Drawback can exceed hundreds
increases drastically, bringing so much of meters exposing normally submerged
damage to nearby communities areas
3. Liquefaction - It is caused by vibration or 3. Hear an Unusual Roaring Sound-
saturation with water which causes the soil abnormal Ocean activity, a wall of water,
to decrease in density. This poses danger for and an approaching tsunami can create a
it leads to unstable structures of buildings loud “roaring” sound similar to that of a
due to ground subsidence train or jet aircraft
4. Fires – Earthquakes cause fires. Even What Should You Do When a Tsunami
moderate ground shaking can break gas and Threatens?
electrical lines, sever fuel lines, and overturn a. Preparations before a tsunami:
stoves Learn about the risk of a tsunami – some
Most Commonly Used Methods of at-risk communities have maps with
Reducing Earthquake Risks evacuation zones and routes
a. Effective Recording and Interpretation of Learn the signs of an impending tsunami
Ground Motion - This can be done by – locally-generated tsunami can arrive in
effective instrumentation in order to minutes, so it is important to recognize
determine the location, strength and the natural signs – “shake, drop, and
frequency of earthquakes. This assists in roar”
providing alerts and warnings especially to Community evacuation plan – know and
high-risk or vulnerable areas for preparation practice community evacuation plans
and emergency response. and map out your routes from coming
from your house, work and other areas
Educate your family – create a family
b. Constructing Seismic Hazard Maps - A emergency plan with all your family
seismic hazard map shows the potential members
hazards in a given area. In many regions in b. During the event of a Tsunami:
our country, seismic expectancy maps or protect yourself first from an earthquake
hazard maps are now available for planning if you are in a tsunami area – do the
purposes Duck, Cover, and Hold. Tsunamis
c. Developing Resistant Structures - generated in distant locations will
Resistant structures are able to withstand generally give people enough time to
collapse by redistributing forces caused by move to higher ground
seismic waves through shear walls. Observe the warning signs and take
Developing engineered structural designs prompt action – if there is a warning,
that are able to resist the forces generated by either from the officials or a natural sign,
seismic waves can be achieved either by move immediately to a safe place as high
following building codes based on hazard and as far from the inland as possible
maps or by appropriate methods of analysis Do not enter the danger zone – if you are
Lesson 12: Natural Signs of outside the tsunami hazard zone and a
Impending Tsunami warning has been issued, stay where you
What are the Natural Signs of an are unless officials tell you otherwise
Impending Tsunami? Heed the authorities’ advice – if you are
1. Feel an Earthquake – Severe ground in school and a tsunami warning has
shaking from local earthquakes may cause been issued, follow the advice of
tsunamis. However, an earthquake may not teachers and other school personnel
be felt if the event is far away Always follow the evacuation
2. See Ocean Water Disappear from Beach, instructions – if you are at home and
Bay, River – Water may recede from the hear there is a tsunami warning, you
should make sure your entire family is
aware of the warning. Move in an 1. Length – It depends on the
orderly, calm and safe manner to the magnitude of an earthquake.
evacuation site or to any safe place Earthquake with 6.5 magnitudes
outside your evacuation zone and above will result to larger
Do not stay in low-lying coastal areas – rupture
high, multi-story, reinforced concrete 2. Width – the deformation along the
hotels are located in many low-lying
coastal areas. The upper floors of these
hotels can provide a safe place to find
refuge should there be a tsunami
warning and you cannot move quickly
inland to higher ground
Stay away from all low-lying coastal
areas – offshore reefs and shallow areas
may help break the force of tsunami
waves, but large and dangerous waves
can still be threat to coastal residents in
these areas
Do not return to ports – tsunamis are length of ground rupture also
imperceptible and can cause rapid largely depends on the type of
changes in water level and unpredictable faulting
dangerous currents in harbors and ports Two types of Ground Ruptures
Get in touch with the harbor authority – 1. Vertical Displacement – occurs when one
contact the harbor authority before side of the ground goes up or down or both
returning to port to verify that conditions sides move with one side going up and the
in the harbor are safe for navigation and other going down
berthing 2. Horizontal Displacement – happens when
there is lateral movement from side to side;
one side goes to left or right or both moves
Lesson 13: Effects of Different sideways in different directions
Liquefaction
Earthquake Hazards
Is a transformation of the behavior of a body of
Potential Earthquake Hazards sediments or soil form to liquid form. It is a
Ground Shaking process caused by water pressure which makes
caused by rapid vibration of the ground. It is soil more compact. It decreases the ground’s
produced by passing of seismic waves ability to support structures
beneath the structure that generate sudden Tsunami
slip on the fault. Ground shaking can Is a series of waves caused by an earthquake
damage, fall or collapse building or structure under the sea. Wave’s height could be greater
resulted by shaking of grounds. Group than 5 meters. It is also known as tidal waves.
Shaking is measured in terms of the Tsunami can cause flooding, coastal erosion;
following: drowning of people and damage to properties
a. velocity Earthquake-Induced Landslide
Is down slope movements of rocks and other
b. acceleration
debris commonly triggered by strong shaking. It
c. frequency
may include soil, debris, and/or rocks. It can
d. duration cause erosion, burial and blockage of road and
a. Ground Rupture/Ground Displacement – rivers
is deformation on the ground that marks the Earthquake-Induced Ground Subsidence
intersection of the fault with the earth’s Is the sinking or settling of the ground surface
surface. Ruptures occur along zones of due to various causes, such as extraction of
weakness, such as pre-existing faults or ground water and natural gas, mining and
fractures earthquakes
Characteristics of Ground Rupture Interpret Earthquake Hazard Map
What Is A Hazard Map?
A hazard map is a map that highlights areas
that are affected by or are vulnerable to a
particular hazard.
They are typically created for natural
hazards, such as earthquakes, volcanoes,
landslides, flooding and tsunamis. Hazard
maps help prevent serious damage and
deaths
Hazard maps provide important information
to help people understand the risks of natural
hazards and to help mitigate disasters.
Hazard maps indicate the extent of expected
risk areas, and can be combined with
disaster management information such as
evacuation sites, evacuation routes, and so
forth
Seismic Design Categories
Is an indicator of how much attention must
be paid to the seismic design and
construction of a building.
The following table describe the hazard
level associated with each SDC and the
associated levels of shaking:
How to Read and Interpret an
Earthquake Hazard Map?
7 Components of A Map
1. Compass Rose – give you proper direction.
Also called “orientation”
2. Title – it tells what the map is about
3. Symbols – pictures instead of symbols
4. Legend/Key – explains the meaning of
symbols and colour
5. Colour – highlights the important information
to help interpre maps
6. Scale – shows the proportion of map to real
life
7. Grid Reference – intersecting lines to help
locate specific places on the maps. Also called
“border”