ICSE Class 10 Mathematics Formulas, Theorems, and Properties
Algebra
- Quadratic Equation: ax² + bx + c = 0; Roots: x = (-b ± sqrt(b² - 4ac)) / 2a
- Sum of roots: -b/a, Product of roots: c/a
- Arithmetic Progression (AP): nth term = a + (n-1)d, Sum = (n/2) * (2a + (n-1)d)
- Geometric Progression (GP): nth term = a * r^(n-1), Sum (finite) = a(1 - r^n) / (1 - r)
Geometry - Circles
- Tangent Theorem: The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius at that point.
- Angle in a Semicircle: Always 90°.
- Equal Chords Theorem: Equal chords subtend equal angles at the center.
- Alternate Segment Theorem: The angle between the tangent and the chord equals the angle in the
alternate segment.
Geometry - Similarity of Triangles
- AA Criterion: Two triangles are similar if two corresponding angles are equal.
- SSS Criterion: If the sides of one triangle are proportional to the sides of another, they are similar.
- Basic Proportionality Theorem (Thales? Theorem): A line parallel to one side of a triangle divides
the other two sides proportionally.
Trigonometry
- sin²? + cos²? = 1
- tan? = sin? / cos?
- 1 + tan²? = sec²?, 1 + cot²? = csc²?
- sin(90° - ?) = cos?, cos(90° - ?) = sin?
Mensuration
- Cylinder: Curved Surface Area = 2?rh, Total Surface Area = 2?r(h + r), Volume = ?r²h
- Cone: Curved Surface Area = ?rl, Volume = (1/3)?r²h
- Sphere: Surface Area = 4?r², Volume = (4/3)?r³
Statistics & Probability
- Mean = (?x) / n
- Probability = (Favorable outcomes) / (Total outcomes)
