LINEAR IC APPLICATIONS LAB
S.NO. Name of the Experiment
PART-A: Linear IC Applications
1 Op-Amp Applications-Adder, Subtractor, Comparator
2 Integrator and Differentiator Circuits using IC741
3 Active Filters Applications-LPF, HPF
4 IC741 Waveform Generators- Square wave and Triangular waves.
5 IC 555 Timer- Astable Multivibrator Circuit
6 Voltage regulator IC 723
7 Calculation of Capture Range and Lock Range Using IC 565 – PLL applications
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PART-A
Linear IC Applications
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Experiment No. 01
OP AMP APPLICATIONS - ADDER, SUBTRACTOR, COMPARATOR
CIRCUITS
AIM: To study the applications of IC 741 as adder, Subtractor, comparator.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Name of the component/Equipment Type/Range Quantity
1 Op-Amp IC µA 741 1
2 Resistor 1KΩ 4
3 Function Generator (0.1-1M)Hz 1
4 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (0-20M)Hz 1
5 Digital panel Voltmeter (0-20)V 1
6 Regulated Power Supply (Dual Channel). (0-30)V 1
7 Bread Board --- 1
BNC to Crocodile
8 CRO Probes 2
Connector
Connecting Wires and Patch Cards -- Required Nos
Circuit Diagrams:
Adder:
Design:
3
Subtractor:
om the figure, the output voltage of the differential amplifier with a gain of‘1’ is
Design:
Comparator:
4
PROCEDURE
Adder:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure (a).
2. Apply +Vcc =+12V and –Vcc = – 12V to Pin 7 and 4 of 741IC
3. Apply the input voltage V1 and V2.
4. Measure the output voltage using Multi meter.
5. Verify with theoretical value.
6. Repeat the above for different values of V1 and V2.
Subtractor:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure (b).
2. Repeat the above steps from 3 to 6.
Comparator:
1. Connect the circuit shown in Fig. And adjust the 10 kΩ potentiometer so that Vref = +0.5V
2. Adjust the signal generator so that vi = 2V pp sine wave at 1 kHz.
3. Using a CRO observe the input and output waveform simultaneously. Plot the
Output waveform.
4. Adjust the 10 k potentiometer so that Vref = -0.5V. Repeat step 3
To make a zero crossing detector, set Vref = 0V and observe the output waveforms
Model graphs for Comparator
OBSERVATIONS:
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ADDER:
Input to Inverting Terminal Output
V1(volts) V2(volts) Theoretical Practical
SUBTRACTOR:
Output Voltage V0(Volts)
V1(volts) V2(volts)
Theoretical Theoretical
RESULT. The operation of IC 741 Op-Amp as adder, sub tractor and comparator is studied and values
are noted.
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Experiment No. 02
INTEGRATOR AND DIFFERENTIATOR USING IC741
AIM:
1. To study the differentiator circuit using IC 741 op.amp.
2. To study the integrator circuit using IC 741 op.amp
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Name of the component/Equipment Type/Range Quantity
1 Op-Amp IC µA 741 1
2 Resistors 10KΩ 2
(0.1-1M)Hz 1
3 Function Generator
100KΩ Pot 1
4 Capacitors 0.1µF 1
5 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (0-20M)Hz 1
6 Regulated Power Supply (Dual Channel). (0-30)V 1
7 Bread Board --- 1
BNC to Crocodile
8 CRO Probes 2
Connector
9 Connecting Wires and Patch Cards -- Required No’s
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
(a) Integrator:
Figure.1
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(b) Differentiator:
Figure.2
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PROCEDURE:
Integrator
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.1 on the breadboard.
2. Switch ‘ON’ the power supply and apply +15V to pin no.7 and -15V to pin no.4 of the
IC741.
3. Apply a sine wave input signal of 2V peak-to-peak amplitude at 1 KHz frequency from
the function generator (at pin no.2 of the IC741).
4. Connect the C.R.O at (pin no.6) the output terminals.
5. Observe and plot the input & output voltage waveforms.
6. Measure the output voltage (Vo) from the experimental results.
7. Calculate the output voltage of the inverting Amplifier theoretically using the formula
8. Apply a square wave input signal of 2V P-P amplitude at 1 KHz frequency from the
function generator and repeat the above steps.
9. Compare the experimental results with the theoretical values.
Differentiator
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.2 on the breadboard.
2. Switch ‘ON’ the power supply and apply +15V to pin no.7 and -15V to pin no.4 of the
IC741.
3. Apply a sine wave input signal of 2V peak-to-peak amplitude at 1 KHz frequency from
the function generator (at pin no.2 of the IC741).
4. Connect the C.R.O at (pin no.6) the output terminals.
5. Observe and plot the input & output voltage waveforms.
6. Measure the output voltage (Vo) from the experimental results.
7. Calculate the output voltage of the inverting Amplifier theoretically using the formula
VO = RFC1dVin /dt
8. Apply a square wave input signal of 2V P-P amplitude at 1 KHz frequency from the
function generator and repeat the above steps.
9. Compare the experimental results with the theoretical values.
EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:
Output waveform of Integrator for Sine wave input
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Output waveform of Integrator for Square wave input
Output waveform of Differentiator for Sine wave input
Output waveform of Differentiator for Square wave input
OBSERVATIONS:
INTEGRATOR
10
RESULT: The Integrator & Differentiator circuits were constructed using IC 741 and verified their
response for sine & square wave inputs.
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Experiment No. 03
ACTIVE FILTER APPLICATIONS - LPF, HPF [FIRST ORDER]
AIM: To design and study the First order
a) Low pass filter b) High pass filter Using IC 741
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Name of the component/Equipment Type/Range Quantity
1 Op-Amp IC µA 741 1
10KΩ 2
2 Resistor 100 KΩ 1
1 KΩ Pot 1
3 Capacitors 0.1µF, 0.01µF each1
4 Function Generator (0.1-1M)Hz 1
5 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (0-20M)Hz 1
6 Regulated Power Supply (Dual Channel). (0-30)V 1
7 Bread Board --- 1
BNC to Crocodile
8 CRO Probes 2
Connector
9 Connecting Wires and Patch Cards -- Required No’s
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
a) 1ST ORDER LOW PASS FILTER
Fig .1. Circuit diagram of 1st Order LPF
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b) 1ST ORDER HIGH PASS FILTER
c)
Fig .2. Circuit diagram of 1st Order HPF
PROCEDURE:
1st order Low pass Filter
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.1 on the breadboard.
2. Switch ‘ON’ the power supply and apply +15V to pin no.7 and -15V to pin no.4 of the IC741.
3. Apply a sine wave input signal of 2V peak-to-peak amplitude from the function generator (at
pin no.3 of the IC741 via RC Low pass network).
4. Connect the C.R.O at (pin no.6) the output terminals.
5. Increase the input signal frequency in steps from 10Hz to 1MHz & Observe the corresponding
output voltage of the filter and tabulate the results.
6. Calculate the gain of the filter from the experimental results.
7. Plot the frequency response curve of the low pass filter with the experimental results obtained
&compares it with the expected waveform shown in Fig.3.
OBSERVATION TABLE: VIN = 5V p-p
Input Frequency Output Voltage GAIN
f( Hz) Vout( volts) Vout/ Vin 20 Log (Vout/ Vin) dB
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1st order High pass Filter
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.2 on the breadboard.
2. Switch ‘ON’ the power supply and apply +15V to pin no.7 and -15V to pin no.4 of the IC741.
3. Apply a sine wave input signal of 2V peak-to-peak amplitude from the function generator (at
pin no.3 of the IC741 via RC High pass network).
4. Connect the C.R.O at (pin no.6) the output terminals.
5. Increase the input signal frequency in steps from 10Hz to 1MHz & Observe the corresponding
output voltage of the filter and the results.
6. Calculate the gain of the filter from the experimental results.
7. Plot the frequency response curve of the high pass filter with the experimental results obtained
& compare it with the expected waveform shown in Fig.4.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Input Frequency Output Voltage GAIN
F ( Hz) Vout( volts) 20 Log (Vout/ Vin) dB
Vout/ Vin
EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:
Frequency response of 1st Order LPF
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Frequency response of 1st Order HPF
RESULT: The first order LPF & HPF are designed for a chosen cutoff frequency and the
frequency response curves were plotted between voltage gain (dB) and frequency
(Hz).
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Experiment No. 04
IC741 Waveform Generators-Square wave and Triangular waves.
AIM: To generate square waveand triangular wave using Op-Amp IC 741.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Name of the component/Equipment Type/Range Quantity
1 Op-Amp IC µA 741 1
1.5KΩ 2
10 KΩ 2
2 Resistor 22KΩ 1
100KΩ
30KΩ
0.1µF 2
3 Capacitors 0.01µF 1
0.001µF
3 Function Generator (0.1-1M)Hz 1
4 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (0-20M)Hz 1
5 Regulated Power Supply (Dual Channel). (0-30)V 1
6 Bread Board --- 1
BNC to Crocodile
7 CRO Probes 2
Connector
8 Connecting Wires and Patch Cards -- Required Nos
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Square wave Generator
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Triangular wave Generator
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram shown in Fig 1.
2. Obtain square wave at A and Triangular wave at Vo as shown in fig (a) and (b).
3. Draw the output waveforms as shown in fig (a) and (b).
4. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram shown in Fig 2.
5. Obtain sine wave at the output of fig.2
6. Draw the output waveform,.
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RESULT: Square wave, sine wave and triangular wave are generated and the output waveforms
are observed.
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Experiment No. 05
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR USING IC 555 TIMERS
AIM: To study the operation of Astable multivibrators using IC 555 Timer.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Name of the component/Equipment Type/Range Quantity
1 Timer IC NE555 1
1KΩ 1
2 Resistor 10KΩ 1
100 KΩ
0.1µF 1
3 Capacitors 0.01µF 1
0.047µF 1
4 Diode 1N4007 1
5 Function Generator (0.1-1M)Hz 1
6 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (0-20M)Hz 1
7 Regulated Power Supply (Dual Channel). (0-30)V 1
8 Bread Board --- 1
BNC to Crocodile
9 CRO Probes 2
Connector
10 Connecting Wires and Patch Cards -- Required Nos
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR:
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Design Equations:
Let R1=1K and R2= 10K
and
f0=1.5 K Hz
C=0.1uF
PROCEDURE:
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR:
1. Connect the IC 555 timer in Astable mode as shown in figure.4
2. Connect the C.R.O at the output terminal (pin 3) and observe the output.
3. Record the waveforms at pin3, across the capacitor & compare them with the sample output
waveforms as shown in fig (6).
4. Measure the charging time (tc), discharging time (td) and total time period/ Frequency from the
output waveform.
5. Calculate tc, td, time period (T), frequency (f) of the square wave output and percentage duty
cycle theoretically.
6. Compare the theoretical values charging time (tc), discharging time (td) ,total time period/
Frequency & % Duty cycle with the practical values.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.No Theoretical value of o/p pulse width (in m.sec) (tp Practical value of the o/p
=1.1RC) pulse width (in m.sec)
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EXPECTED WAVEFORMS
RESULT:
Hence designed & studied 555 timer as a Astable multivibrator also theoretical & Practical
time period values of the output waveform are compared.
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Experiment No. 06
Voltage Regulator using IC 723
Aim: - To study the operation of precision voltage regulator IC 723
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Name of the component/Equipment Type/Range Quantity
1 Voltage Regulator IC IC 723 1
2.2KΩ 2
2 Resistor 1KΩ 1
DRB 1
3 Capacitors 100pF 1
4 Digital panel Ammeter (0-200)mA 1
5 Digital panel Voltmeter (0-20)V 1
3 Function Generator (0.1-1M)Hz 1
7 Regulated Power Supply (Dual Channel). (0-30)V 1
9 Bread Board --- 1
10 Connecting Wires and Patch Cards -- Required Nos
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Low voltage Regulator
Figure.1
High Voltage Regulator
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LOW VOLTAGE REGULATOR
1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in figure.1.
2. Apply the unregulated voltage to the 723 IC and note down the regulator output voltage.
3.Calculate the line regulation of the regulator using the formula
Line Regulation = ΔVO / ΔVi-------------(3)
4. By varying 10K potentiometer at the load section and note down the regulator output voltage.
5. Calculate the Load regulation of the regulator using the formula
Load Regulation ==ΔVO / ΔIL ------------ (4)
6. Also calculate the Percentage of load regulation using the formula
E1 E2
*100
E1 ----------------- (5)
Where E1 = Output voltage without load & E2 = Output voltage with load.
HIGH VOLTAGE REGULATOR
1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in figure.2.
2. Apply the unregulated voltage to the 723 IC and note down the regulator output voltage.
3. Calculate the line regulation of the regulator using the formula
Line Regulation = ΔVO / ΔVi ------------ (6)
4. By varying 10K potentiometer at the load section and note down the regulator output voltage.
5. Calculate the Load regulation of the regulator using the formula
Load Regulation = ΔVO / ΔIL ------------ (7)
6. Also calculate the Percentage of load regulation using the formula
E1 E2
*100
E1 ----------------- (8)
Where E1 = Output voltage without load & E2 = Output voltage with load.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
FOR LOW VOLTAGE REGULATOR
LINE REGULATION: (RL is constant)
S.No Unregulated DC input, Vi in Volts Regulated DC output, VO in Volts
FOR HIGH VOLTAGE REGULATOR
LINE REGULATION: (RL is constant)
S.No Unregulated DC input, Vi in Volts Regulated DC output, VO in Volts
RESULT:
Low and high voltage regulators using IC 723 constructed and studied.
Experiment No. 07
Calculation of capture range and Lock range Using IC 565 PLL
AIM:To study the operation of NE565 PLL.
APPARATUS: 1. DC power supply
2. IC-565
3. CRO
4. Function generator
5. Resistors
6. Capacitors
7. Bread board
THEORY: Phase Locked Loop Operation
The basic concept of the operation of the PLL is relatively simple, although the mathematical
analysis and many elements of its operation can become more complicated The Voltage Controlled
Oscillator, VCO, within the PLL produces a signal which enters the phase detector. Here the phase
of the signals from the VCO and the incoming reference signal are compared and a resulting
difference or error voltage is produced. This corresponds to the phase difference between the two
signals. The error signal from the phase detector passes through a low pass filter which governs
many of the properties of the loop and removes any high frequency elements on the signal. Once
through the filter the error signal is applied to the control terminal of the VCO as its tuning
voltage. The sense of any change in this voltage is such that it tries to reduce the phase difference
and hence the frequency between the two signals. Initially the loop will be out of lock, and the
error voltage will pull the frequency of the VCO towards that of the reference, until it cannot
reduce the error any further and the loop is locked.
When the PLL, is in lock a steady state error voltage is produced. By using an amplifier
between the phase detector and the VCO, the actual error between Dept of ECE, AVN Institute of
engineering and technology 75 IC Lab Manual 2018 the signals can be reduced to very small
levels. However, some voltage must always be present at the control terminal of the VCO as this is
what puts onto the correct frequency. The fact that a steady error voltage is present means that the
phase difference between the reference signal and the VCO is not changing. As the phase between
these two signals is not changing means that the two signals are on exactly the same frequency.
The 565 is available as a 14-pin DIP package. It is produced by Signetics Corporation. The output
Frequency of the VCO can be rewritten as:
Circuit Diagrams:
Expected Graphs:
IC 565 PLL has been studied and capture and lock rage frequencies are identified.
