FONÉTICA INGLESA II – KEY TO PRACTICE BOOKLET FFyL-UNT

2021

 Further practice. On your own. Read the following text and find all cases of
allophonic and phonemic assimilation in the matter of voice, point and manner
articulation. Do not include devoicing. Analyze them in the chart below. One
example has been done you.

Word and Type of Direction Time In the Further information (name + short
diacritics Assim./Eli matter explanation)
sion of:
s+j phonemic coalescent historic point Palatalization. When the alveolar plosive /s/
/eɪnʃənt/ al
 was followed by the semivowel /j/ in OE, they
ʃ coalesced into the post-alveolar /ʃ/
t+j phonemic coalescent historic point Palatalization When the alveolar plosive /t/
/i/əˈdʒɪpʃn/ al
 was followed by the semivowel /j/ in OE, they
ʃ coalesced into the post-alveolar /ʃ/,
especially the suffix '–tion'
t+j phonemic coalescent historic point Palatalization When the alveolar plosive /t/
/sɪvlaɪˈzeɪʃn/ al
 was followed by the semivowel /j/ in OE, they
ʃ coalesced into the post-alveolar /ʃ/, especially
the suffix '–tion'
t+j phonemic coalescent historic point Palatalization When the alveolar plosive /t/
/ kənˈdɪʃnz/ al
 was followed by the semivowel /j/ in OE, they
ʃ coalesced into the post-alveolar /ʃ/, especially
the suffix '–tion'
t+j phonemic coalescent historic point Palatalization When the alveolar plosive /t/
/ ɪrɪˈɡeɪʃn / al
 was followed by the semivowel /j/ in OE, they
ʃ coalesced into the post-alveolar /ʃ/,
especially the suffix '–tion'
t+j phonemic coalescent historic point Palatalization When the alveolar plosive /t/
/pɒpjuˈleɪʃn/ al
 was followed by the semivowel /j/ in OE, they
ʃ coalesced into the post-alveolar /ʃ/,
especially the suffix '–tion'
s+j phonemic coalescent historic point Palatalization When the alveolar plosive /s/
/ ˈsəʊʃl / al
 was followed by the semivowel /j/ in OE, they
ʃ coalesced into the post-alveolar /ʃ/
tj phonemic coalescent historic point Palatalization When the alveolar plosive /t/
/kɒntrɪˈbjuːʃnz/ al
 was followed by the semivowel /j/ in OE, they
ʃ coalesced into the post-alveolar /ʃ/, especially
the suffix '–tion'
t+j phonemic coalescent historic point Palatalization When the alveolar plosive /t/
/ə/ædmɪnɪˈstreɪʃn al
 was followed by the semivowel /j/ in OE, they
ʃ coalesced into the post-alveolar /ʃ/,
especially the suffix '–tion'
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t+j phonemic coalescent historic point Palatalization When the alveolar plosive /t/
/kənˈstrʌkʃn / al
 was followed by the semivowel /j/ in OE, they
ʃ coalesced into the post-alveolar /ʃ/,
especially the suffix '–tion'
t+j phonemic coalescent historic point Palatalization When the alveolar plosive /t/
/ɔːɡənaɪˈzeɪʃn/ al
 was followed by the semivowel /j/ in OE, they
ʃ coalesced into the post-alveolar /ʃ/, especially
the suffix '–tion'
s+j(ʊə) phonemic coalescent historic point Palatalization When the alveolar plosive /s/
 al
/ɪnˈʃɔːd / was followed by the semivowel /j/ in OE, they
 coalesced into the post-alveolar /ʃ/
ʃ
t+j phonemic coalescent historic point Palatalization When the alveolar plosive /t/
/kəʊɒpəˈreɪʃn/ al
 was followed by the semivowel /j/ in OE, they
ʃ coalesced into the post-alveolar /ʃ/, especially
the suffix '–tion'.
t+j phonemic coalescent historic point Palatalization When the alveolar plosive /t/
/eksplɔɪteɪʃn̩/ al
 was followed by the semivowel /j/ in OE, they
ʃ coalesced into the post-alveolar /ʃ/, especially
the suffix '–tion'
d+m phonemic regressive contextu point Bilabialization: the alveolar plosive /d/ is
/ˈspɒnsəd ˈmɪnrəl/ al followed by the bilabial plosive /b/ so it is
b pronounced with its corresponding bilabial
counterpart /b/ at word boundary.
n+p phonemic regressive contextu point Bilabialization: the alveolar nasal /n/ is
/ i/əˈdʒɪpʃn piːpl/ al followed by the alveolar plosive /p/ so it is
m pronounced with its corresponding bilabial
counterpart /m/ at word boundary.
d+m phonemic regressive contextu point Bilabialization: the alveolar plosive /d/ is
/ə/ædmɪnɪstreɪʃn̩/ al followed by the bilabial nasal /m/ so it is
b pronounced with its corresponding bilabial
counterpart /b/ at word boundary.
d+m phonemic regressive contextu point Bilabialization: the alveolar plosive /d/ is
/ə/ædmɪnɪstreɪtəz al followed by the bilabial nasal /m/ so it is
b pronounced with its corresponding bilabial
counterpart /b/ at word boundary.
/ˈpɑːtLli / allophoni regressive contextu manner Lateralization: the plosive /t/ is influenced by
 c al the following lateral /l/ so the air goes out
through the sides of the mouth.
/priˈdɪktəbLl / allophoni regressive contextu manner Lateralization: the plosive /b/ is influenced by
 c al the following lateral /l/ so the air goes out
through the sides of the mouth.
/ ɪnˈkLluːd / allophoni regressive contextu manner Lateralization: the plosive /k/ is influenced by
 c al the following lateral /l/ so the air goes out
through the sides of the mouth.
/ piːpLl / allophoni regressive contextu manner Lateralization: the plosive /p/ is influenced by

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 c al the following lateral /l/ so the air goes out

through the sides of the mouth.
e+r phonemic coalescent historic point Centralization of vowel in non-prominent
/ rɪvə / al syllable. Words which were pronounced with
 any of the front or back vowels followed by the
ə post-alveolar frictionless continuant in the
same syllable coalesced into the central vowel
/ə/ in an unstressed syllable.
e+r phonemic coalescent historic point Centralization of vowel in prominent syllable.
/ˈfɜːtaɪl / al Words which were pronounced with any of the
 front or back vowels followed by the post-
ɜː alveolar frictionless continuant in the same
syllable /er/coalesced into the central vowel
/ɜː/ in prominent syllables.
ea+r phonemic coalescent historic point Centralization of vowel in prominent syllable.
/ˈɜːli / al Words which were pronounced with any of the
 front or back vowels followed by the post-
ɜː alveolar frictionless continuant in the same
syllable /er/coalesced into the central vowel
/ɜː/ in prominent syllables.
u+r phonemic coalescent historic point Centralization of vowel in prominent syllable.
/ ˈsɜːpləs / al Words which were pronounced with any of the
 front or back vowels followed by the post-
ɜː alveolar frictionless continuant in the same
syllable /er/coalesced into the central vowel
/ɜː/ in prominent syllables.
o+r phonemic coalescent historic point Centralization of vowel in non-prominent
/ ˈspɒnsəd / al syllable. Words which were pronounced with
 any of the front or back vowels followed by the
ə post-alveolar frictionless continuant in the
same syllable coalesced into the central vowel
/ə/ in an unstressed syllable.
ɔ+ʊ phonemic regressive historic point Centralization of diphthong: In the
/ kənˈtrəʊld / al development of the English language, speakers
əʊ began to pronounce the back rounded starting

point of the closing diphthong /ɔʊ/ with an
advanced articulation towards the mid-central
unrounded articulation of /ə/ under the
influence of the centralized glide /ʊ/.
ɔ+ʊ phonemic regressive historic point Centralization of diphthong: In the
al development of the English language, speakers
/ˈsəʊʃl /
began to pronounce the back rounded starting
əʊ
point of the closing diphthong /ɔʊ/ with an

advanced articulation towards the mid-central
unrounded articulation of /ə/ under the
influence of the centralized glide /ʊ/.

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ɔ+ʊ phonemic regressive historic point Centralization of diphthong: In the

al development of the English language, speakers
/kəʊɒpəˈreɪʃ began to pronounce the back rounded starting
n/
point of the closing diphthong /ɔʊ/ with an
əʊ advanced articulation towards the mid-central

unrounded articulation of /ə/ under the
influence of the centralized glide /ʊ/.
ɔ+ʊ phonemic regressive historic point Centralization of diphthong: In the
/ ˈfeərəʊ / al development of the English language, speakers
əʊ began to pronounce the back rounded starting

point of the closing diphthong /ɔʊ/ with an
advanced articulation towards the mid-central
unrounded articulation of /ə/ under the
influence of the centralized glide /ʊ/.
t+j phonemic coalescent historic manner Affrication: The alveolar plosive consonants
/æɡrɪ/əkʌltʃə/ al /d/ and /t/ when followed by the palatal

tʃ semivowel /j/, in words of French origin.
t+j phonemic coalescent historic manner Affrication: The alveolar plosive consonants
/ ˈkʌltʃə / al /d/ and /t/ when followed by the palatal

tʃ semivowel /j/, in words of French origin.
t+j phonemic coalescent historic manner Affrication: The alveolar plosive consonants
/æɡrɪ/əkʌltʃrəl al /d/ and /t/ when followed by the palatal

tʃ semivowel /j/, in words of French origin
n+k phonemic regressive contextu point Velarization. It occurs when the alveolar nasal
ɪnˈkluːd
al /n/ is followed by a non-prominent syllable
ŋ beginning with the velar consonants /g/ or
/k/. As a result the alveolar nasal /n/ takes a
velar point of articulation /ŋ/
n+k phonemic regressive contextu point Velarization. It occurs when the alveolar nasal
/sɪvlaɪˈzeɪʃn keɪm/ al /n/ is followed by a non-prominent syllable
ŋ
beginning with the velar consonants /g/ or
/k/. As a result the alveolar nasal /n/ takes a
velar point of articulation /ŋ/
n+k phonemic regressive contextu point Velarization. It occurs when the alveolar nasal
/ən kənˈtrəʊld/ al /n/ is followed by a non-prominent syllable
ŋ
beginning with the velar consonants /g/ or
/k/. As a result the alveolar nasal /n/ takes a
velar point of articulation /ŋ/
n+k phonemic regressive contextu point Velarization. It occurs when the alveolar nasal
/ ən kʌltʃə / al /n/ is followed by a non-prominent syllable
ŋ
beginning with the velar consonants /g/ or
/k/. As a result the alveolar nasal /n/ takes a
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velar point of articulation /ŋ/

n+g phonemic coalescent historic point Velarization. Words ending in “-ng” in the
/ˈflʌdɪŋ / al same syllable. The alveolar nasal /n/ and the
 voiced velar plosive /g/coalesced into/ŋ/ in
ŋ most of the cases.
n+g phonemic coalescent historic point Velarization. Words ending in “-ng” in the
/məʊtɪveɪtɪŋ/ al same syllable. The alveolar nasal /n/ and the
 voiced velar plosive /g/coalesced into/ŋ/ in
ŋ most of the cases.
n+g phonemic coalescent historic point Velarization. Words ending in “-ng” in the
/ɔːɡənaɪzɪŋ/ al same syllable. The alveolar nasal /n/ and the
 voiced velar plosive /g/coalesced into/ŋ/ in
ŋ most of the cases.
p+z phonemic progressiv historic voice Fully or completely voiceless: Plural
/ krɒps /
s e al formation voicing rule /s/ because of the
preceding voiceless plosive.
phonemic progressiv historic voice Fully or completely voiceless: Plural
f+z
/ bi/əliːfs / e al formation voicing rule /s/ because of the
s preceding voiceless plosive.

/ ɪn̪ ðə / allophoni regressive contextu point Dentalization: the alveolar /n/ is influenced
 c al
by the dental /ð/ so the alveolar consonant
changes its point of articulation and becomes
dental.
/ ɪnˈʃɔːd̪ ðə / allophoni regressive contextu point Dentalization: the alveolar /d/ is influenced
 c al
by the dental /ð/ so the alveolar consonant
changes its point of articulation and becomes
dental.
/ɪndi/əˈpendən allophoni regressive contextu point Post-alveolar art.: the alveolar /t/ is influenced
tr raɪtɪŋ/ c al by the following post-alveolar /r/ at word
 boundary. The alveolar becomes dental.

 Further practice. On your own. Now transcribe the text in phonetic script.

The success of ancient Egyptian civilization came partly from its ability to
adapt to the conditions of the Nile River valley for agriculture. The
predictable flooding and controlled irrigation of the fertile valley produced
surplus crops, which supported a more dense population, and social
development and culture. The contributions of ancient Egypt include: the
administration of sponsored mineral exploitation of the valley, the early
development of an independent writing system, the organization of collective
construction and agricultural projects, trade with surrounding regions.
Motivating and organizing the administrative activities was a bureaucracy of

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elite scribes, religious leaders, and administrators under the control of a

pharaoh, who ensured the cooperation and unity of the Egyptian people in
the context of an elaborate system of religious beliefs. (124 words)

//ðə səkses əv eɪnʃənt iʤɪpʃn sɪvlaɪzeɪʃn keɪm pɑːtli frəm ɪts əbɪlə/ɪti tu
ədæpt tə ðə kəndɪʃnz əv ðə naɪl rɪvə væli fə ˡægrɪˌkʌlʧə / ðə pri/ədɪktəbl
flʌdɪŋ ən kəntrəʊld ɪrɪgeɪʃn əv ðə fɜːtaɪl væli prədjuːst sɜːpləs krɒps / wɪʧ
səpɔːtɪ/əd ə mɔː dens pɒpju/əleɪʃn / ən səʊʃl di/əveləpmənt ən kʌlʧə / ðə
kɒntrɪbjuːʃnz əv eɪnʃənt iːʤɪpt ɪn/ŋkluːd / ði ə/ædmɪnɪstreɪʃn əv spɒnsəd
mɪnrəl eksplɔɪteɪʃn əv ðə væli / ði ɜːli di/əveləpmənt əv ən ɪndi/əpendənt
raɪtɪŋ sɪstə/ɪm / ði ɔːgənaɪzeɪʃn əv kəletɪv kənstrʌkʃn ən ægrɪˡkʌlʧrəl
prɒ/əʊʤe/ɪkts / treɪd wɪð səraʊndɪŋ riːʤənz / məʊtɪ/əveɪtɪŋ ən
ɔːgənaɪzɪŋ ði ə/ædmɪnɪstrətɪv æktɪvə/ɪtiz wəz ə bju/ɔː/ərɒkrəsi əv i/eɪliːt
skraɪbz / ri/əlɪʤəs liːdəz / ən ə/ædmɪnɪstreɪtəz ʌndə ðə kəntrəʊl əv ə
ˡfeərəʊ huː ɪ/e/ənʃɔː/ʊə/sjʊəd ðə kəʊɒpəreɪʃn ən juːnɪ/əti əv ði iʤɪpʃn
piːpl ɪn ðə kɒntekst əv ən i/əlæbərət sɪstəm əv ri/əlɪʤəs bi/əliːfs//

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UNIT ONE: SOUNDS IN CONTEXT

Elision

Actvities

🗣🎧  Identify the contracted forms in the dialogue between Dave & Jean (Practice
Booklet, pp. 6-7) and write them below. Then write between brackets the segments that
have been elided. Example: “isn’(o)t” /ɪzn(ɒ)t/

1. I' (a)m / aɪ(ə)m /

2. You'(a)re / jɔː/

3. aren'(o)t / ɑːn(ɒ)t /

4. wouldn'(o)t / wʊdn(ɒ)t /

5. You'(ha)ve/ juː(hə)v /

6. it'(i)s / ɪt(ɪ)s /

7. couldn'(o)t / kʊdn(ɒ)t /

8. what'(i)s / wɒt(ɪ)s /

9. I'(ha)ve / aɪ(hə)v /

10. Can´(o)t / kɑːn(ɒ)t /

11. Wasn(o)´t / wɒzn(ɒ)t /

12. There´(i)s / ðə(ɪ)z /

🗣🎧  Identify all the other cases of elision of vowels. Then complete the chart with
the cases you have found.

Word and Type of Direction Time In the Further information

diacritics Assim./ matter of: (name+short explanation)
Elision
Ex.: /ɪzn(ə)t/ Elision of vowels:
Elision of -------- Contextual Vowels contextual elision in
/ɪz nɒt/ vowels

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contracted forms of
structural words.
/ deɪv(ə) / Elision of -------- Historical Vowels Elision of final /ə/ in
vowels monosyllabic words with
strong or long vowels
2. / sek(ə)nd / Elision of -------- Historical Vowels NLA rule: Elision of /ə/,/ɪ/
vowels when they are preceded by a
stressed syllable and
followed by a nasal, lateral
or approximant sound.
3. / sʌd(ə)n̩li / Elision of -------- Historical Vowels NLA rule: Elision of /ə/,/ɪ/
vowels when they are preceded by a
stressed syllable and
followed by a nasal, lateral
or approximant sound.
4./fɔːtʃuːn(ə) / Elision of -------- Historical Vowels Suffixes of derivation and
vowels inflexion and other word
endings were reduced to /ə/,
/ə/+ Cons / or Consonant/s
only.
5. / dɪst(ə)ns / Elision of -------- Historical Vowels NLA rule: Elision of /ə/,/ɪ/
vowels when they are preceded by a
stressed syllable and
followed by a nasal, lateral
or approximant sound.
6. / waɪl(ə) / Elision of -------- Historical Vowels Elision of final /ə/ in
vowels monosyllabic words with
strong or long vowels
7. / seɪm(ə) / Elision of -------- Historical Vowels Elision of final /ə/ in
vowels monosyllabic words with
strong or long vowels
8. / ʌŋk(ə)l̩ / Elision of -------- Historical Vowels NLA rule: Elision of /ə/,/ɪ/
vowels when they are preceded by a
stressed syllable and
followed by a nasal, lateral
or approximant sound.
9. / steɪ(ɪ)d / Elision of -------- Historical Vowels Suffixes of derivation and
vowels inflexion and other word
endings were reduced to /ə/,
/ə/+ Cons / or Consonant/s
only
10./əkɒmədeɪʃ(ə Elision of -------- Historical Vowels NLA rule: Elision of /ə/,/ɪ/
vowels when they are preceded by a
)n̩/ stressed syllable and
followed by a nasal, lateral
or approximant sound.
11./ rent(ə)l̩ / Elision of -------- Historical Vowels NLA rule: Elision of /ə/,/ɪ/
vowels when they are preceded by a
stressed syllable and

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followed by a nasal, lateral

or approximant sound.
12./sɪtʃʊeɪʃ(ə)n̩/ Elision of -------- Historical Vowels NLA rule: Elision of /ə/,/ɪ/
vowels when they are preceded by a
stressed syllable and
followed by a nasal, lateral
or approximant sound.
13. / pleɪs(ə) / Elision of -------- Historical Vowels Elision of final /ə/ in
vowels monosyllabic words with
strong or long vowels
14. Elision of -------- Historical Vowels Suffixes of derivation and
/fæbjʊl(ou)əs/ vowels inflexion and other word
endings were reduced to /ə/,
/ə/+ Cons / or Consonant/s
only
15./speɪʃ(ou)əs / Elision of -------- Historical Vowels Suffixes of derivation and
vowels inflexion and other word
endings were reduced to /ə/,
/ə/+ Cons / or Consonant/s
only
16. / leɪk(ə) / Elision of -------- Historical Vowels Elision of final /ə/ in
vowels monosyllabic words with
strong or long vowels
17. / həʊl(ə) / Elision of -------- Historical Vowels Elision of final /ə/ in
vowels monosyllabic words with
strong or long vowels
18. / skaɪlaɪn(ə) Elision of -------- Historical Vowels Elision of final /ə/ in
vowels monosyllabic words with
/ strong or long vowels

19. / pruːv(ə) / Elision of -------- Historical Vowels Elision of final /ə/ in

vowels monosyllabic words with
strong or long vowels
20. / laɪk(ə) / Elision of -------- Historical Vowels Elision of final /ə/ in
vowels monosyllabic words with
strong or long vowels
21. / naɪs(ə) / Elision of -------- Historical Vowels Elision of final /ə/ in
vowels monosyllabic words with
strong or long vowels
22./ mɒd(ə)n̩ / Elision of -------- Historical Vowels NLA rule: Elision of /ə/,/ɪ/
vowels when they are preceded by a
stressed syllable and
followed by a nasal, lateral
or approximant sound.
23./ lɪt(ə)l̩ / Elision of -------- Historical Vowels NLA rule: Elision of /ə/,/ɪ/
vowels when they are preceded by a
stressed syllable and
followed by a nasal, lateral
or approximant sound.
24./ ev(ə)ri / Elision of -------- Historical Vowels NLA rule: Elision of /ə/,/ɪ/
vowels when they are preceded by a

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stressed syllable and

followed by a nasal, lateral
or approximant sound.
25. / feɪm(ou)əs Elision of -------- Historical Vowels Suffixes of derivation and
vowels inflexion and other word
/ endings were reduced to /ə/,
/ə/+ Cons / or Consonant/s
only
26. / ʌnspɔɪl(ɪ)d Elision of -------- Historical Vowels Suffixes of derivation and
vowels inflexion and other word
/ endings were reduced to
/ə/, /ə/+ Cons / or
Consonant/s only
27. / neɪtʃ(ur)ə / Elision of -------- Historical Vowels Suffixes of derivation and
vowels inflexion and other word
endings were reduced to /ə/,
/ə/+ Cons / or Consonant/s
only
28. / aɪ(ə)m/ Elision of -------- Contextual Vowels Contextual elision in
vowels contracted forms of
structural words
29. / jɔː(ə) / Elision of -------- Contextual Vowels Contextual elision in
vowels contracted forms of
structural words
30. /ɑːn(ɒ)t/ Elision of -------- Contextual Vowels Contextual elision in
vowels contracted forms of
structural words
31./wʊdn(ɒ)t/ Elision of -------- Contextual Vowels Contextual elision in
vowels contracted forms of
structural words
32. / juː(hə)v / Elision of -------- Contextual Vowels Contextual elision in
vowels contracted forms of
structural words
33. /ɪt(ɪ)s/ Elision of -------- Contextual Vowels Contextual elision in
vowels contracted forms of
structural words
34. /kʊdn(ɒ)t / Elision of -------- Contextual Vowels Contextual elision in
vowels contracted forms of
structural words
35. /wɒt(ɪ)s/ Elision of -------- Contextual Vowels Contextual elision in
vowels contracted forms of
structural words
36. /aɪ(hə)v / Elision of -------- Contextual Vowels Contextual elision in
vowels contracted forms of
structural words
37. /kæn(ɒ)t / Elision of -------- Contextual Vowels Contextual elision in
vowels contracted forms of
structural words

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Word and Type of Time Direction In the Further information

diacritics Assim./Elisn matter of: (name+short explanation)
Elision of Historical -------- Vowels Elision of final /ə/ in
VOWEL
/ naɪs(ə)/ monosyllabic words with
strong or long vowels.
t+j Phonemic Contextual Coalescent Manner Affrication: The alveolar
Assim. plosive voiceless /t/ when
/miːt ju/ followed by the palatal
tʃ semivowel /j/, coalesced into
 the affricate /tʃ/.

Elision of -------- Contextual Vowels Contextual elision in

/həʊtel(ɪ)z/
vowels contracted forms of structural
words

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FONÉTICA INGLESA II – KEY TO PRACTICE BOOKLET FFyL-UNT
2021

Allophonic Contextual Between Voice Half-voicing: the voiceless

/jɔː hɦəʊtelz/
Assim. voiced sounds glottal /h/ becomes half-
 voiced under the influence of
the preceding and following
diphthongs.
e+r Phonemic Historical Coalescent Point Centralization of vowels:
/sentə/ Assim. Words which were
ə pronounced with any of the
 front or back vowels followed
by the post-alveolar
frictionless continuant in the
same syllable coalesced into
the central vowel /ə/ in an
unstressed syllable.
Elision of Contextua ____ Vowels Contextual elision in
/ɪt(ɪ)s/
vowels l contracted forms of structural
words
t+z Phonemic Contextua Progressiv Voice Completely or Fully
Assim. l e Voiceless: The contracted
/ɪts/ forms of ‘is’ and ‘has’
s preceded by a subject ending
in a voiceless consonant
except a sibilant is realised
as /s/
Allophonic Contextual Regressive Point Dentalization: the alveolar,
/əbaʊt̪ θɜːti/
 Assim. plosive voiceless /t/ is
influenced by the dental /θ/
so the alveolar consonant
changes its point of
articulation and becomes
dental.
Phonemic Historical Coalescent Point Centralization of vowels:
i+r
Assim. Words which were
/θɜːti/ pronounced with any of the
 front or back vowels followed
ɜː by the post-alveolar
frictionless continuant in the
same syllable coalesced into
the central vowel /ɜː/ in
prominent syllables.
Phonemic Historical Progressiv Voice Completely or Fully
t+z
Assim. e Voiceless:The realization of
/mɪnɪts/ the regular plural in nouns in
s
which the last consonant
sound is voiceless, is
produced as voiceless
sibilant sounds /s/.

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FONÉTICA INGLESA II – KEY TO PRACTICE BOOKLET FFyL-UNT
2021

Elision of Contextua _____ Vowels Contextual elision in

/træfɪk(ɪ)s/
vowels l contracted forms of structural
words
d+j Phonemic Contextual Coalescent Manner Affrication: The alveolar
/wʊd ju/ Assim. plosive voiced /d/ when
 followed by the palatal
dʒ semivowel /j/, coalesced into
the affricate/dʒ/.
/laɪk(ə)/ Elision of Historical -------- Vowels Elision of final /ə/ in
VOWEL monosyllabic words with
strong or long vowels.
Phonemic Historical Coalescent Point Centralization of vowels:
i+r
Assim. Words which were
/fɜːst/ pronounced with any of the
 front or back vowels followed
ɜː by the post-alveolar
frictionless continuant in the
same syllable, coalesced into
the central vowel /ɜː/ in
prominent syllables.
Allophonic Contextual Regressive Point Labiodentalization: the
/aɪm faɪn/
ɱ
Assim. bilabial nasal /m/ is

influenced by the following
labiodental fricative /f/. As a
result the nasal is articulated
with the upper teeth on the
lower lip.
Elision of Contextua ____ Vowels Contextual elision in
/aɪ(ə)m faɪn/
vowels l contracted forms of structural
words
Phonemic Historical Regressive Point
n+k Velarization: The alveolar
Assim. nasal /n/ is followed by a
/θæŋks/ non-prominent syllable
ŋ beginning with the velar
consonants / k/. As a
result the alveolar nasal
/n/ takes a velar point of
articulation /ŋ/
Elision of Contextua -------- Vowels Contextual elision in
/kɑː(ɪ)z/
vowels l contracted forms of structural
words
Allophonic Contextual Regressive Point Dentalization: the alveolar
/ɪn̪ ðə/
 Assim. /n/ is influenced by the
dental /ð/ so the alveolar
consonant changes its point
of articulation and becomes
dental.

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FONÉTICA INGLESA II – KEY TO PRACTICE BOOKLET FFyL-UNT
2021

Allophonic Contextual Between Voice Half-voicing: the voiceless

/aɪ hɦelp/

Assim. voiced sounds glottal /h/ becomes half-
voiced under the influence of
the preceding and following
diphthongs.
Elision of Contextua ------- Vowels Contextual elision in
vowels l contracted forms of structural
/ɪt(ɪ)s/ words

t+z Phonemic Contextua Progressiv Voice Completely or Fully

Assim. l e Voiceless:The contracted
/ɪts/ forms of ‘is’ and ‘has’
s preceded by a subject ending
in a voiceless consonant
except a sibilant is realised as
/s/
Elision of Contextua ------- Vowels Contextual elision in
let(ə)s
vowels l contracted forms of structural
words

  Listen and mark. Listen to what this man says and mark all the assimilations and
elisions he produces in his speech. Remember that pauses may not allow some of these
processes.

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ENGLISH PHONETICS II KEY - JUSTIFICATION OF TONES 2021

h. Analyse the tone units Kim used to offer information in her conversation with Sue.
Which ones offer new/old information and justify with the theoretical background.
Use the chart below.

TONE UNIT INFORMATIVE NEW OLD SPEECH

NEW OLD INFORMATION INFORMATION ACTS
CW ECG PF MP MA GoC CBK

ˈover ↘here X X CR- Indicating location +

invitation to go to where she is
√ Yeah X X Agreeing

a couple of ˈmonths X X Specifying time…

at ↗ least

√ Yeah X DM- Prefacing a PREF. RM

/ I’m √fine X X CR- Providing inf. about well-

being
I’m ˈstill working X X Reporting her working situation.
at that ˈnew place I
√ told you about/
DM with a level tone
// Oh, er, →
well
things are really X X Complaining
↘busy
Listing
lots of →
meetings / and
→deadlines /
and ↗stuff
And at the X X Complaining about not having a lot of
↘moment / this is time
my ˈonly free ↘
evening /

I’ve ˈstarted doing X X Explaining

loads of ↘evening
classes

ˈlast night I did X X Describing the classes she is taking

creˈative ↗writing

It sounds ↘fun / X X
ENGLISH PHONETICS II KEY - JUSTIFICATION OF TONES 2021
but ˈactually it’s
quite Assessing – giving her opinion
√challenging // X X
we have to write X X Explaining/justifying her opinion about
ˈsomething in class the course
ˈevery ↘week/

'yesterday I had to X X Describing the tasks she has to do

i'magine I was an
↘animal /
and write a X X Describing the tasks she has to do

'story about a
'typical √day
Giving her opinion -assessing
he’s ↘great X X

and sup↘portive X X Giving her opinion -assessing

he’s written 'two X X Justifying her opinion

↘novels /

I guess he 'knows X X Giving her opinion- assessing

what he’s √talking
about

on √Mondays X Sharing old info mentioned in K4

I do a X Sharing old info mentioned in K5

pho'tography
√course /

I got a 'digital X Sharing new info

'camera for my
↘birthday /

and there are 'lots X Sharing old info

of things I 'don’t
know how to √do

References:

FOE: Finding Out Enquiry

CW: to Change world of H
MP: Mentioned Previously (Anaphoric reference)
MSE: Making Sure Enquiry
ECG: to Enlarge Area of Common Ground
ENGLISH PHONETICS II KEY - JUSTIFICATION OF TONES 2021
MA: Mentioned Afterwards (Cataphoric reference)
PF: to Proclaim a Fact / State of Affairs
GoC: Going on in Conversation
CBK: Common Background Knowledge

i. .Analyse the tone units Kim and Sue used to elicit information in their conversation. Which ones
are eliciting for information or for confirmation? Justify with the theoretical background. Use the
chart above.

K2: ….. ↘ How are things // FOE CR

S2: …. What about ↘you // FOE CR
S4: // ˈWhy’s λthat // FOE
S6: // ˈHow do you ↘mean // FOE
S7: ......./ 'What’s the ↘teacher like // FOE
S8: ……./ What ↘else are you doing / FOE