UNIVERSITY OF PORT HARCOURT

East/West Road, P.M.B 5323 Choba, Rivers State.

DEPARTMENT OF HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT

AND TOURISM

FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCE

COURSE TITLE – INTRODUCTION TO HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT

AND

TOURISM

COURSE CODE – HMT 221.1

LECTURER – MR ETUK

TOPIC
HISTORY OF HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT
STUDENTS FOR GROUP THREE
OKOR OGHENENYORE MARIAN - U2020/0635024
OBASI BLESSING NKEIRUKA - U2020/0635020
EMEKAM JANET IJEOMA. - U2020/0635021
ONUOHA CHINWEOTUTO GLORY - U2020/0635022
ADOKIYE FRANK PRINCEWILL - U2020/0635023
SAMPON DEBORAH CHIGOZIRIM - U2020/0635025
UMEOKWOCHI CHINAZA BLESSING - U2020/0635026
ONYEKACHI GRACE ULOMA. - U2020/0635027
ROMANUS CHINAZAEKPERE MARYANN – U2020/0635028
TARIAH EMMANUELLA BELE - U2020/0635029
HISTORY OF HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT
INTRODUCTION
Hospitality management is a broad field that involves overseeing the day-
to-day administrative, operational and commercial activities of businesses
in the hospitality industry. As opposed to the more narrowly focused
“hotel management”, hospitality management is an umbrella term that
covers various industries such as food and beverage, travel and
accommodation and event management. The departments under a
hospitality manager’s stewardship may range from maintenance and
housekeeping to spa services, concierge, reception and many more.
The responsibilities that fall to hospitality managers differ according to the
setting in which they are employed. Chiefly, these can include the
following:
 Accounting and budgeting
 Interviewing, training and managing staff
 Assisting with daily operations
 Optimizing business performance
 Fielding customer complaints and inquiries
 Ensuring health and safety compliance
Hospitality Management courses are a breeding ground for entrepreneurs.
Hospitality management offers aspiring entrepreneurs a rare opportunity
to combine practical and theoretic education, known as a dual education
model, which sets you up for entrepreneurial success by strengthening
the essential hard and soft skills.

Hospitality is treating people like you would want to be treated when you
are traveling. In other words, it means making a tourist feel totally
welcome not only as your guest but also as the guest of the complete
family of the Hotel. Hospitality is a genuine smiling face.
Hospitality can be termed as a deliberate, planned and sustained effort to
establish and maintain mutual understanding between an organization
and the public i.e., the business of making and keeping friends, and
promoting an atmosphere of better understanding. The Oxford English
Dictionary defines it as “the act or practice of being hospitable; the
reception and entertainment of guests, visitors or strangers”. The word
hospitality is derived from the Latin word “Hospitalitias”
Very frequently we hear phrases like “He is always hospitable to his
visitors”, “We are grateful to friends for their hospitality in putting us up
while we were on holiday”, “She is so inhospitable that she grudges giving
us anything to eat or drink when we visit her”, etc. All such statements
are suggesting a positive or negative attitude of welcome towards visitors;
friends or strangers. Hospitality activity covers everything, providing
attentive and courteous services, facilities and amenities to a traveller,
meeting and greeting him at the door, providing efficient and caring
service of food and beverage to him in his room i.e., providing “A Home
away from Home”, and making his visit a memorable and pleasant
experience.
Reception, welcome and, the treatment of a guest or a stranger in the
most friendly manner is Hospitality. In most of the countries all over the
world, a guest is received with a great amount of courtesy and warmth
and is provided with entertainment. The basic concept of Hospitality is to
make the guest feel that he has come amongst friends and that Guests
Are Always Welcome. Although the basic concept of hospitality has
remained the same, yet with the passage of time and development of
technology and science, the needs and wants of travellers have changed
greatly thus providing numerous services and facilities in terms of
accommodation and other basic needs such as food and beverages. In
olden days kings, lords, maharajas, landlords, and sometimes the
panchayats used to provide food and shelter to travellers and their
animals free of charge and it used to be a benevolent activity. But with
the passage of time, it has not only remained a benevolent activity but
has also become a flourishing business.
A part of hospitality activity is being attentive, alert, and cordial with the
guest without forcing yourself and your ideas on him, and at the same
time being very polite and cooperative. All those working in the hospitality
industry have one common objective ‘Creating an image of friendly
reception and treatment‘ for guests and visitors.
As front office personnel, the hotel staff, in order to provide hospitality,
should make his guests feel at home and use a pleasant tone of voice
smilingly, and offer his assistance wherever possible. Don’t ignore the
guest, and don’t be abrupt no matter how busy you are, anticipate his
needs and wants and provide the same without him asking them-this
should be the motto.
As a hotelier, keep on checking the hospitality attitude of your
organization. Make a checklist and be sure that you and your staff are
fulfilling each and every point of the checklist. The checklist may include
areas such as front desk and lobby, etc. Make sure that the front desk is
always kept clean, orderly, and well lighted. Even the stationery used
should be so designed that it does not create confusion and clearly
indicates how it is to be filled in. and should be inviting. The lobby should
be kept clean and furniture kept at the proper place. The lighting system
should be soft and appealing. The welcome spirit that the guest is looking
for should be there. Floor covering, pictures, furnishing, etc. should be
appealing, attractive, and aesthetically designed.
Further, the checklist should include intangibles such as training of the
staff and willingness and positive attitude of the staff. The arriving guest is
always greeted with a smile and proper salutation to show interest in his
trip and his well being. Hospitality means anticipating and satisfying a
guest’s needs.

Hospitality management has been present in various forms throughout

history. The concept of hospitality began with offering food and shelter to
travelers and strangers. Hospitality management has evolved over time to
become one of the most significant industries globally. It encompasses
various fields, including hotels, restaurants, event planning, airlines, and
cruise lines. This paper presents an in-depth analysis of the history of
hospitality management.

The concept of hospitality can be traced back to ancient times. People of

different cultures considered hospitality a duty rather than a choice. For
example, the ancient Greeks had a word for hospitality, “xenia,” which
means guest-friendship. According to Greek traditions, a stranger was
welcomed with open arms, and it was considered a significant offense to
deny hospitality to a guest. Hospitality was not only a moral obligation but
also a way of demonstrating religious devotion. It was believed that the
gods had disguised themselves as guests to test a person's hospitality.

The Bible also mentions hospitality. In Genesis 18:1-8, Abraham receives

three strangers and offers them shelter, food, and water. The strangers
turn out to be angels, and Abraham receives a blessing from God for his
hospitality.

During the medieval period, the concept of hospitality continued to

develop. Inns and taverns were established to cater to the needs of
travelers. These establishments were known for providing a warm and
comfortable place to stay, along with food and drinks. Hospitality, in this
period, was primarily about offering basic needs to travelers.

Origins Of Hospitality Industry

The history of hospitality and tourism can be traced back centuries ago
to the 1700s when young, wealthy Europeans began touring around
Europe as a way to broaden their horizons with a historical, artistic, and
cultural education gained through travel. However, hospitality itself as an
industry has been found to have a history that is thousands of years old.
Caves in France designed to accommodate visiting tribes have been
discovered and dated back to 15,000 BCE. Work associated with the
movement and accommodation of people has been an important part of a
variety of different societies throughout history.
Ancient Civilizations: In ancient civilizations such as Egypt, Greece, and
Rome, hospitality was considered a sacred duty. Travelers were provided
with food, shelter, and protection in designated guest houses or private
homes. Inns and taverns also emerged as places for travelers to rest and
refresh themselves.
Middle Ages: During the Middle Ages, the concept of hospitality expanded
with the establishment of monasteries, which provided accommodation
and hospitality to pilgrims and travelers. The hospitality industry started
to develop, and coaching inns emerged along major trade routes, offering
lodging, food, and stabling for horses.
 During the Middle Ages, we find once again the intermingling of
religion and hospitality. It was considered as the duty of the Christians to
offer hospitality to travelers and pilgrims.
Monasteries functioned as inns, providing accommodations and food for
the weary traveler. Some monasteries and churches, concerned perhaps
with the invasion of private meditations by the traveling public,
constructed a separate building to accommodate travelers. These building
were known asxenodocheions, a Greek word meaning inns or resting
places.
Charlemagne during his reign enacted laws setting out the duty of a
Christian to provide a free resting place for a traveler. However, in
consideration perhaps of the possibility that a traveler might overstay his
welcome, and also the burden or providing free food for an indefinite
period of time, the law limited the stay of any traveler in any place to
three nights.
In 1282 in Florence Italy, the great innkeepers of the city incorporated
an association for the purpose of turning hospitality into a business.
Inns became licensed and were permitted to import and resell wine. The
inns themselves belonged not to the innkeepers but to the city, and they
were operated under three-year leases, which was sold by auction. In the
year 1290, 86 inns in Florence were members of the guild.
Shortly thereafter, the business of hospitality spread to Rome and other
Italian cities. It is interesting to note that during that period many of the
innkeepers were German rather than Italian- possibly because many of
the merchants who were traveling themselves German and were eager to
find accommodation where they would find their own language and food
they were accustomed to.

Renaissance and Early Modern Era: In the Renaissance period, the

concept of hospitality became more refined. Grand hotels started to
emerge in Europe, particularly in cities like London and Paris, providing
luxurious accommodation for nobility and wealthy travelers. These hotels
offered amenities such as private rooms, dining areas, and entertainment
facilities.
Industrial Revolution: The Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th
centuries brought significant changes to the hospitality industry. The
development of transportation, including railways and steamships, made
travel more accessible to the masses. Hotels expanded in number and
size to accommodate the growing number of travelers.
20th Century: The 20th century saw the rise of chain hotels and the
professionalization of the hospitality industry. Hotel chains such as Hilton,
Marriott, and InterContinental started to establish standardized operations
and services across multiple locations. The emergence of tourism as a
major industry also contributed to the growth of hospitality management.
Modern Era: In recent decades, hospitality management has undergone
further evolution. Technology has played a crucial role in streamlining
operations, with the introduction of computerized reservation systems,
online booking platforms, and customer relationship management
software. The focus has shifted towards providing personalized
experiences and exceptional customer service.
Today, hospitality management encompasses a wide range of sectors,
including hotels, resorts, restaurants, event planning, tourism, and more.
It involves various aspects such as operations management, marketing,
finance, human resources, and customer service. The industry continues
to adapt to changing consumer demands and advances in technology to
provide memorable experiences for guests.

Hospitality and tourism, although now generally considered a singular

industry, have developed on parallel but separate planes. Hospitality as
an industry is dependent on travel and tourism. It is a dynamic category
of commercial activity surrounding the travel industry. The term
hospitality means the welcoming reception of guests, whether that be
through a kind greeting, a well-appointed guest room, a delicious meal, or
an entertaining event. The sector includes transportation,
accommodation, dining, events, and entertainment. Contemporary
hospitality is heavily involved with the leisure tourism industry, but is also
significant in all forms of travel, including business, personal, medical, and
beyond. The overall goal of the hospitality industry is to provide people
comfort and convenience when they are away from home.

Tourism has a deep-rooted history that can also be dated back thousands
of years if it is considered as a by-product of the mobility of people.
Travel, as the movement of people, has existed as long as people have.
However, the tourism industry is a relatively modern innovation. Tourism
grew into its own commercial venture in the 18th century, with the Grand
Tour of British aristocrats who found educational experiences of art,
architecture, and culture by travelling through England, Belgium, France,
Italy, and Greece. Over time, as travel technology advanced and became
cheaper, the tourism industry expanded. Contemporary ideas of leisure
travel truly exploded in the 1950s with easier and less expensive access
to air travel, and there now exists entire organizations dedicated to leisure
travel, such as cruise lines and vacation resorts. Moreover, the internet
now brings travel to the masses, as anyone can go online and research
and reserve a vacation.

It is important to understand the history of both the hospitality industry

and the tourism industry in order to better establish the hospitality and
tourism industry as a whole. As more people come to travel as a form of
education and entertainment, there are numerous possibilities for the
industry. If caves can be considered the first evidence of a hospitality
industry, today's luxury resorts represent the immense breadth of
opportunities that are still to be discovered in the quest for welcoming
guests.
Early travelers were either warriors or traders or people in search of
knowledge and there were no hotels. Warriors and conquerors pitched
their tents for accommodation while traders and persons traveling for
knowledge placed a high value on hospitality and sometimes traded their
merchandise for lodging.
Inn keeping can be said to be the first commercial enterprise for
hospitality and one of the first services for which money was exchanged.
Inns of the Biblical times offered only a cot or a bench in the comer.
Guests stayed in large communal rooms with no sanitation and privacy.
The rates were, of course, reasonable. The company was rough. Travellers
shared the same quarters with their horses and animals.
King James Version of the Bible mentions that Mary and Joseph were
turned away by a Bethlehem innkeeper because there was “no room at
the inn”. According to Biblical scholars the innkeeper may have meant
that the room was unsuitable for a woman about to give birth to a child.
At that time, and probably for several centuries after that, men and
women shared ‘ the same accommodation accompanied by their horses
and livestock. The stable where Mary and Joseph spent the night was
probably almost as comfortable as an inn and at the same time certainly
more private than the inn itself.
In the 3rd century AD, the Roman Empire developed an extensive network
of brick-paved roads throughout Europe and Asia Minor, and a chain of
roadside lodges was constructed along the major thoroughfare from Spain
to Turkey. Till the Industrial Revolution of the 1700s, no significant
improvement was made in the inns and taverns and they were not very
suitable for aristocrats. To accommodate wealthy travelers, luxurious
structures were constructed with private rooms, individual sanitation, and
comforts of a European castle. These elegant new establishments adopted
the French word for mansion-‘Hotel’. Their rates were beyond the reach of
an ordinary person.
In America, early inns were modeled after European taverns with sleeping
quarters shared by two or more guests.
Herman Melville in his novel Moby Dick has mentioned a seaman who
checked into a room of a nineteenth-century inn and the next morning
woke up to find out that he was sharing the bed with a cannibal. Sharing
beds was a very common practice in early American and European inns.
Throughout the 1800s American innkeepers improved their services and
continued to build larger and more amply equipped properties and most
of these properties were located near seaport towns.
The tendency of Americans to travel more provided inspiration to lodging
operators. The nation’ s democratic spirit also led to the development of
comfortable and sanitary lodging within the reach of an ordinary person.
Hospitality Industry can be broadly defined as the collection of businesses
providing accommodation and/or food and beverages to people who are
away from home.

EVOLUTION OF HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY

The 18th century marked the beginning of the modern hospitality
industry. The first hotels appeared in Europe and the United States. These
hotels offered travelers more than just a place to stay. They provided food
and drinks, as well as other services like laundry and room service. The
first luxury hotel, the Tremont House, opened in Boston, Massachusetts in
1829. It was a five-story hotel with 170 rooms, boasting several new
innovations, like indoor plumbing and elevators.

The hospitality industry in Europe also grew during the 18th century. In
1774, the Hotel de Crillon in Paris opened its doors to the public,
becoming one of the most luxurious hotels in Europe. The hotel was
famous for hosting royalty and celebrities. During this period, hotels were
run by aristocrats, who employed professional managers to run the day-
to-day operations. These managers were responsible for hiring staff,
managing finances, and ensuring that guests were satisfied.

The 19th century saw an increase in the number of hotels, restaurants,

and other hospitality establishments. In 1840, the first railway hotel, the
Great Western Hotel, opened in Paddington Station, London. The hotel
was designed specifically to house passengers arriving by train and
offered a comfortable and convenient place to stay. During this period,
hotels were still considered the domain of the upper class. It was not until
the end of the 19th century that hotels became more accessible to the
middle class

In the year 1980, the United Nations World Tourism

Organization announced the day of September 27 as “World Tourism
Day”. The idea of this celebration is to bring sustainability to the tourism
sector all around the world. UN World Tourism Organization defines
tourism as “Activities of persons traveling to and staying in different
places for not more than a consecutive year for leisure, business or
traveling purpose.” The inception of traveling is as old as mankind. Our
ancient civilizations traveled great lengths in search of food and shelter.
Over the period of time, the purpose of traveling changed. The mere act
of traveling has now become a giant industry. The tourism industry is a
collage of various services like transportation, food, and beverages,
lodging, travel agencies, entertainment, etc… Back in the old times, land
and water were the only means of transportation. And they were often
considered risky. But as the innovations gave birth to more convenient
and safer ways of transportation, the tourism industry saw humongous
growth in the number of travelers all around the globe. The tourism
industry that we see today is the product of evolution in the hospitality
sector, Innovations in transportations, advancements in communication
technology, etc.
The idea of hospitality is what lies in the center of the tourism
industry. The term Hospitality has been derived from a French word
“Hospice” which means “Taking care of the travelers”. In Old times, locals
used to let the travelers rest on kitchen floors or other extra spaces during
their journey. There were no purpose-built resting facilities for tourists
until monasteries decided to build one. This gave birth to lodging services.
In the late 1700s, Inns came into being. Inns were nothing but a shelter by
the road where travelers can stop to take rest and get some food. They
would also take care of traveler’s horses while they rest. This is the time
when the seeds of the modern hospitality facility were planted. What we
see today is the growth of the past two millennia. Here’s how the lodging
facilities evolved with time.

19TH CENTURY: INDULGENCE OF LUXURY INTO THE EVOLUTION

OF HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY

In the early 1800s, “Inns” were the only lodging facility available for the
tourists. A lot of Inns were established prior 19th century. But, lodging was
not just about bedding and resting facility anymore. They started
providing food and drinks to the travelers. And soon the element of luxury
started to blend in. This gave birth to hotels. Hotels emerged as more
sophisticated facilities which provided better rooms and dining areas. The
year of 1829 is considered as a landmark in the timeline of the American
hospitality industry. It was the year when an American architect Isaiah
Rogers designed and constructed the first luxury hotel “Tremont Hotel” in
Boston, Massachusetts. It was the first hotel with private attached
bathroom and lock on the doors. It used a steam-powered pump to lift up
water to the storage tank on the roof. “Tremont Hotel” had set a
benchmark for the luxurious hotels in those days. The hotels and Inns
then on started giving more importance to services to stand out different
than other hotels. They kept improving their services and facilities. At the
later stage, hotels started to have bars. And soon the bars became an
important selling point for the hotels. The architecture and aesthetics of
the hotels were improving alongside. There were more multistory hotels
and they had the beautiful exterior to stand out different from other
hotels. Soon it was a trend for well-decorated ceilings and beautiful crystal
chandeliers.

In the 1920s, hotels like the Waldorf Astoria and the Ritz-Carlton set new
standards for luxury and elegance. These hotels became symbols of
sophistication and exclusivity. During this period, hotels began to
differentiate themselves based on the services they offered, like gourmet
cuisine, spas, and fitness facilities.

The 1950s saw the emergence of motel chains like Holiday Inn and
Howard Johnson's. Motels were designed to offer roadside accommodation
for travelers, usually in suburban or rural areas. They provided convenient
and affordable lodging, as well as amenities like swimming pools and
restaurants. However, they were often criticized for being sterile and
lacking in charm and character.
20TH CENTURY: BEGINNING OF MODERN HOSPITALITY ERA

The 20th century witnessed a significant growth in the hospitality

industry. With the increase in travel and tourism, hotel chains and
restaurant franchises became more common. The development of mass
transportation, like airplanes and cars, made travel more accessible and
affordable. This spurred the creation of new destinations and the
construction of hotels and resorts in previously undeveloped areas.

The hospitality industry continued to evolve in the latter half of the 20th
century. The emergence of the internet and online booking systems
allowed people to research destinations and compare prices before
traveling. This led to a focus on guest satisfaction and personalized
experiences. Hotels and other hospitality establishments began to tailor
their services to the needs and preferences of their customers. For
example, many hotels now offer loyalty programs and personalized
amenities to encourage repeat business.

Hospitality, which was rather a part of the culture, emerged as a huge

business opportunity. A lot of people are approaching Architectural Design
Firm to change the Hotel Design Architecture by incorporating more and
more facilities. Innovations in transportation systems enabled more and
more people to travel. Some people saw the opportunity and jumped into
the hotel business. That is why in the early to mid 20th Century, a lot of
giant hotel chains started doing their business. The industry had become
more competitive than ever. In the year 1919, Conard Hilton opened his
first hotel in Texas. Later on, Conard also bought the Ellsworth Statler’s
chain of hotels in the year 1954. Marriot (est. 1927), Sheraton (est. 1937)
and Hyatt (est. in 1957) also emerged as giant players in the industry.
There is an interesting story behind why Kemmon Wilson started Holiday
Inn series of hotels and inns. Once Kemmon Wilson had gone for a holiday
to Washington DC with his family. He had to pay extra for his five children
in all the hotels they stayed in. Kemmon found the accommodations very
expensive and uncomfortable for families. So he decided to start his own
hotel. That is how the first Holiday Inn started in the year 1952. Holiday
Inn went on to set better hospitality standards. Their main focus was to
build family-friendly hotels. With their first hotel built in 1952, Holiday
group went on to build its 1000th Holiday Inn in the year 1968. It was
indeed a phenomenal growth for any hotel brand in those days.
Cars became extremely popular in the mid 20th century. Intercity
traveling became more convenient because of the well-connected network
of roads. These factors favored the growth of Motels. The word motel is
made up of “Motor and Hotel”. Motels were small 10×10 Ft wooden cabins
for the travelers to take rest during the night journeys. These motels were
built alongside the main highways to host more and more people who
might want to take rest for a few hours or stay overnight during their
journey. The concept of the motel was well received and they grew
exponentially in numbers in a later stage. The motels were affordable and
convenient and that is the reason why the concept of Motels was well
received.

21ST CENTURY: TECHNOLOGICAL INTEGRATIONS IN THE

EVOLUTION OF HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY

While it all started with providing only a place for sleeping, the traditional
hospitality industry has evolved to become what we see today. Despite all
the changes the industry saw, the customer has always been the center. It
is consistently evolving to become more advanced. In this new century,
the hotels reached the new heights, literally. Some of the tallest hotels
were built in the 21st century. The technological advancements in the
Engineering Design Services made it all possible. Hotel Fairmont Makkah
and Burj al Arab are some examples of it.
Founded in the year 2008, Airbnb opened up a new segment in the
hospitality industry. It acts as a marketplace connecting people who
wanted to rent their property with those who want to rent it. Since more
and more people are traveling for business or for leisure, this gives them a
very convenient and affordable option. Also, there has been seen a great
hike in the number of solo travelers globally. These solo travelers not
much bothered about the amenities. They don’t mind sharing spaces.
They love meeting and interacting with locals as well as fellow travelers.
And that is why concepts of youth hostels and home-hospitality have
become new trends. The Internet helps a lot to such hospitality
businesses. People can see the availability, photos, and reviews from
other users. Today, we can browse through all our possible option for
staying in any part of the world. We can know about services and
amenities. Not only we can reserve our stay but we can also pay in
advance. The recent trends in the evolution of hospitality industry favor
the construction of hotels which has a classic historic touch integrated
with modern services.

The hotel industry has always contributed largely in terms of revenue for
any healthy economy. The modern hotel industry in 1960 valued around
$3 Billion, which crossed the mark of $25 Billion in the year 1990. These
numbers went down due to attacks of 9/11 and recession in the early
2000s. But the industry and its people stood strong and got back its lost
pace soon in the new decade. Today, the hotel industry is worth more
than $500 Billion providing jobs to 4.5 million people.

Jacques Derrida offers a model to understand hospitality that divides

unconditional hospitality from conditional hospitality. Over the centuries,
philosophers have devoted considerable attention to the problem of
hospitality. To Derrida, there is an implicit hostility in hospitality, as it
requires treating a person as a stranger, distancing them from oneself;
Derrida labels this intrinsic conflict with the portmanteau
"hostipitality".However, hospitality offers a paradoxical situation (like
language), since the inclusion of those who are welcomed in the sacred
law of hospitality implies that others will be rejected. Julia Kristeva alerts
readers to the dangers of "perverse hospitality", which consists of taking
advantage of the vulnerability of aliens to dispossess them. Hospitality
serves to reduce the tension in the process of host–guest encounters,
producing a liminal zone that combines curiosity about others and fear of
strangers In general terms, the meaning of hospitality centres on the
belief that strangers should be assisted and protected while
traveling. However, not all voices are in agreement with this
concept. Anthony Pagden describes how the concept of hospitality was
historically manipulated to legitimate the conquest of the Americas by
imposing the right of free transit, which was conducive to the formation of
the modern nation state. This suggests that hospitality is a political
institution, which can be ideologically deformed to oppress others.

Hospitality management has a long and rich history that reflects the
evolution of human society. From offering food and shelter to travelers in
ancient times to providing personalized luxury experiences today,
hospitality management has come a long way. It has gone from being a
moral obligation to being a significant industry generating billions of
dollars in revenue and employing millions of people worldwide. The
hospitality industry will continue to evolve with changing consumer
preferences and technological advancements.
Reference
www.rdaep.com
https://chat.openai.com/#
https://hmhub.in
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/history-hospitality-industry-fadi-alassaf
Introduction to Hospitality and Tourism Management by Bello Yekinni Ojo
and Bello Mercy Busayo
https://study.com
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitality