MATRICES II
TRANSPOSE MATRICES
To “Transpose" a matrix, swap the rows and columns. We put a “T"
in the top right-hand corner to mean transpose
Properties of Transpose
If A and B are two matrices and c is a scalar, then;
Exercise 01
If any A and B are two metrices such that
Find
1) AT
2) BT
3) (A+B)T
4) AT + BT
Exercise 02
If any A and B are two metrices such that
Find
1) AB
2) (AB)T
3) AT BT
4) BT AT
Determinant of a Matrix
• The determinant tells us things about the matrix that helps us find the
inverse of a matrix and is useful in calculus and more. The matrix
must be square.
• |A| means the determinant of the matrix A.
The determinant of a square matrix of order two
• The determinant of A is defined as +𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐.
|A| = ad − bc
Exercise
find the determinant of the following metrices.
1) 2) 3) 𝑎 𝑏
0 𝑑
4) 5) 6) 1 0
0 1
Determinant of 3×3 Matrix
The determinant is:
|A| = a(ei − fh) − b(di − fg) + c(dh − eg)
Determinant of 3×3 Matrix
𝑒 𝑓 𝑑 𝑓 𝑑 𝑒
det A = 𝐴 = 𝑎 −𝑏 +𝑐
ℎ 𝑖 𝑔 𝑖 𝑔 ℎ
Det A = 𝐴 = 𝑎(𝑒𝑖 − 𝑓ℎ) − 𝑏(𝑑𝑖 − 𝑓𝑔) + 𝑐(𝑑ℎ − 𝑒𝑔)
• Multiply a by the determinant of the 2×2 matrix that is not in a's row or
column.
• Likewise for b, and for c
• Sum them up, but remember the minus in front of the b
Example
1 2 3
Find the determinant of the matrix 𝐴= 0 4 2
2 1 3
4 2 0 2 0 4
𝐴 =1 −2 +3
1 3 2 3 2 1
𝐴 = 1 12 − 2 − 2 0 − 4 + 3 0 − 8
|A|= 10 + 8 − 24
|A|= −6
Exercise
find the determinant of the following metrices.
1 −2 3
1) A= 2 0 3
1 5 4
𝑥 1 0
2) B = 2𝑥 1 1
1 0 3𝑥
4 3 6
3) C = −2 5 −4
8 10 0
Minor of 2 x2 Matrix
• The minor is a value that is obtained from the determinant of a
square matrix after deleting out a row and a column
corresponding to that particular element of a matrix.
3 6 8 −4
𝐴= Minor of 𝐴 ∶ 𝑀 =
−4 8 6 3
Cofactor of a 2×2 Matrix
• To find the cofactors of 2x2 matrix, the corresponding minors
should be multiplied the signs below according to their position.
+ −
C=
− +
𝟑 𝟔 𝟖 −𝟒
We have seen that the minor matrix of 𝑨 = is 𝑴 =
−𝟒 𝟖 𝟔 𝟑
Multiplying the cofactors by the above signs, we get the cofactor matrix:
𝟖 𝟒
C=
−𝟔 𝟑
Exercise
Find the minors and cofactors of the following 2 x 2 metrices.
Matrix Minor (M) Cofactor (C)
1 −3
2 6
−10 −4
8 2
𝑥 2𝑥
−7 3𝑥
11 5
−12 0
Adjoint of a 2×2 Matrix
• We get the adjoint of 2x2 matrix, by transposing the cofactor.
𝟑 𝟔
𝑨=
−𝟒 𝟖
Cofactor of matrix A is : 𝟖 𝟒
C=
−𝟔 𝟑
Adjoint of A = CT
𝟖 −𝟔
adj A = 𝑪𝑻 =
𝟒 𝟑
Exercise
Find the adjoint of the following 2 x 2 metrices.
Matrix Minor (M) Cofactor (C) Adjoint
3 5
4 −2
6 −9
7 −4
−5 6
12 0
2 −3
−10 −8
Inverse of a Matrix
• A matrix is said to be an inverse of matrix ‘A’ if the matrix is
raised to power -1.
• The inverse is only calculated for a square matrix whose
determinant is non-zero.
• The inverse matrix can find using the following equation:
−1
𝑎𝑑𝑗 (𝐴)
𝐴 =
det(𝐴)
Inverse of a Matrix
𝑎 𝑏
Let matrix 𝐴 = det 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐
𝑐 𝑑
𝑑 𝑐 𝑑 −𝑐 𝑑 −𝑏
M= 𝐶= 𝑎𝑑𝑗 (𝐴) =
𝑏 𝑎 −𝑏 𝑎 −𝑐 𝑎
𝒂𝒅𝒋 (𝑨) 𝟏
𝑨−𝟏 = = . 𝒂𝒅𝒋 (𝑨)
𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨) 𝒅𝒆𝒕(𝑨)
−𝟏
𝟏 𝒅 −𝒃
𝑨 = .
𝒂𝒅 − 𝒃𝒄 −𝒄 𝒂
Example
𝟐 𝟒
Find the inverse of the matrix 𝑩 =
𝟑 𝟓
5 −4
det 𝐵 = 2.5 − 4.3 = 10 − 12 = −2 adj (B) =
−3 2
𝟏
𝑩−𝟏 = . 𝒂𝒅𝒋 (𝑩)
𝒅𝒆𝒕(𝑩)
−1
1 5 −4
𝐵 = .
−2 −3 2
−5
2
2
𝐵−1 = 3
−1
2
Properties of Invers Matrix
• If A is nonsingular, then (A-1)-1 = A
• If A and B are nonsingular matrices, then AB is nonsingular.
Thus, (AB)-1 = B-1A-1
• If A is nonsingular then (AT)-1 = (A-1)T
• If A is any matrix and A-1 is its inverse, then AA-1 = A-1A = In,
where n is the order of matrices
❖ A non-singular matrix is a square matrix whose determinant is not zero.
Exercise
Find the inverse of the following matrices
2 8
1) A =
−3 4
10 −4
2) B =
2 −3
−5 7
3) C =
1 −8
−4 6
4) D =
8 −5
Exercise
1 2 2 4
Let matrices A = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 B =
3 4 3 5
Find the following expressions.
i. ( 𝐴−1 )−1
ii. 𝐵−1
iii. 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 (𝐴𝐵)−1 = 𝐵−1 𝐴−1
iv. (𝐵−1 )𝑇
v. (𝐵𝑇 )−1
vi. 𝐴. 𝐴−1
vii. 𝐵−1 . 𝐵
