INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL
DETAILING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
THE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, AKURE
ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE AND STRUCTURAL DETAILING (CVE 409)
LECTURE 5
DETAILING OF BEAMS
• Minimum Areas of Reinforcement (BS 8110, Cl. 3.12.5)
• As,min = 0.26fctm btd/fyk ≥ 0.13% btd
• Where bt is the mean width of the tension zone
• Maximum area, As,max
• As,max = 0.04 Ac
• Where Ac is the area of the concrete section
Minimum diameter of bars – 12mm
DETAILING OF BEAMS
• It is best for bars to be placed
equally spaced in section, and to
ensure that they comply with cover
requirements and minimum and
maximum spacing criteria.
• The total area of tension
reinforcement As of a flanged
section should cover the effective
width beff of the flange, with the
web width bw accommodating part
of it.
DETAILING OF BEAMS
• A thick line showing a typical bar • Added dimensions help to
drawn along with its labelling allow the bars to be fixed in
sequence represents each barmark reference to a datum
• Bar marks 1 and 3 do not • Tags (like rabbit ears) show the
• Labelling sequences should appear ends of curtailed bars and is
need fixing dimensions
close to the mid-way of the span, as identified with a barmark
since they are fixed by
much as possible
the end cover
DETAILING OF BEAMS: Shear Reinforcement
• Minimum spacing of shear links
• 100mm or (50 + 12.5xNo. of legs)mm
whichever is greatest
• Maximum spacing of shear links, smax
• Max. Longitudinal spacing - 300mm or
0.75d or 12 x diameter of compression
bar, whichever is the greatest
• Maximum transverse spacing of shear
legs – 0.75d but not greater than
600mm
• Maximum longitudinal spacing of bent-
up bars should be 0.6d (1 + cotα)
DETAILING OF BEAMS: Types of Shear
Reinforcement
• Bent-up bars: They are formed by the
longitudinal bars and can provide up to
50% of the required shear reinforcement,
but complex to detail.
• Links: vertically placed and anchored by
the longitudinal bars. Can be:
• Closed links – usually used when
reinforcement cage is prefabricated and
lifted into the formwork
• Open links – usually used when the
reinforcement is fixed in-situ within the
formwork
DETAILING OF BEAMS: Types of Shear
Reinforcement
• The area of shear reinforcement required
per unit length can be varied by altering
the:
• Size of link
• Number of legs in the section, and
• spacing of links along the beam
DETAILING OF BEAMS: Simplified Bar
Curtailment Rules
• For maximum hogging moment, 100% of the
reinforcement must project a distance 0.15L
(but not less than 45Φ) from the face of the
support
• 60% of max. support steel area should
continue to a point where hanger bars are
sufficient or 0.25L from the face of the
support
• 20% of maximum support steel area, or
sufficient for compression area req.,
whichever is the greatest, must be continuous
throughout the span. In practice, it is usually
carried to within 25mm of each support
DETAILING OF BEAMS: Simplified Bar
Curtailment Rules
• For Length ?L in the diagram,
• For max sagging moment, 100 % of the
reinforcement must continue to a point:
• 0.15L from the effective support centre line for
internal supports
• 0.10L from the effective support centre line for
external supports
• 0.08L from the effective support centre line for
simply supported span
• For Percentage ??% on the diagram
• At least 30% of the maximum span steel area for
continuous beams, and 50% for simply supported
beams should be continued to within 25mm of the
supports (or be lapped at the effective centre
support line
DETAILING OF BEAMS: Simplified Bar
Curtailment Rules
• For Length ?L in the diagram,
• For max sagging moment, 100 % of the
reinforcement must continue to a point:
• 0.15L from the effective support centre line for
internal supports
• 0.10L from the effective support centre line for
external supports
• 0.08L from the effective support centre line for
simply supported span
• For Percentage ??% on the diagram
• At least 30% of the maximum span steel area for
continuous beams, and 50% for simply supported
beams should be continued to within 25mm of the
supports (or be lapped at the effective centre • For simply supported spans, 50% of the span reinforcement
must continue for a distance 12Φ or an equivalent
support line
anchorage beyond the effective support centre-line
DETAILING OF BEAMS: Simplified Bar
Curtailment Rules
• For Cantilevers,
• For maximum moment, 100% of the
reinforcement must project a distance 0.5L
(but not less than 45Φ) from the face of the
support.
• 50% should continue to the end of the
cantilever
• The cantilever is anchored by tying the
reinforcement back beyond the centreline of
the support, and must not be less than 0.75 x
cantilever length, and at least 50% of the
cantilever bars must be anchored at 1.5 x
cantilever length back from the centreline of
the support (unless otherwise specified by
designer).
DETAILING OF BEAMS: An Explained Example
References
• CALcrete Learning Module (Version 4.5). The Concrete Centre, UK.
• Gregory, P. (2016). Introduction to RC Detailing: Webinar from The Concrete Centre,
UK.
• IStructE/Concrete Society (2006). Standard Method of Detailing Structural Concrete:
A manual for best practices. 3rd Ed. The Institution of Structural Engineers.
• Manual for Design and Detailing of Reinforced Concrete to the Code of Practice for
Structural Use of Concrete (2013).
• McKenzie, W.M.C. (2004). Design of Structural Elements. Palgrave Macmillian, New
York.
