Paint School

The properties of a paint will be

decided by the binder
Three generic type of
binders are applied to test
panels: Alkyd, epoxy and
polyurethane
Exposed to sunlight,
water chemicals
Different properties are
demonstrated.
Important to select the
correct type of paint for
Paint technology / What is paint2
the purpose

Paint School
Paint School
 Alkyd

The word derives from :

AL KYD (norsk) AL CID (engelsk)

AL derives from alcohol, CID or KYD

from the English word acid

Alkyd is made of alcohol + acid + oil

Paint School
 Alkyd paints
Advantages
Good application properties
1-component
Good weather durability
Good wetting properties
Good recoatability
Good levelling properties
Good gloss retention
Dry heat resistant up to 120 ?C.

Paint School
 Alkyd Paints
Limitations

Poor chemical resistance

(especially against alkaline)
Limited water resistance
(submerged)
Limited solvent resistance
Limited film thickness per coat
Poor adhesion to CR
Never to be used on Zinc
(Saponification)

Paint School
 Alkyd paints
Properties
Advantages Limitations
Good application Poor chemical resistance
properties (especially against
1-component alkaline)
Good weather durability Limited water resistance
Good wetting properties (submerged)
Good recoatability Limited solvent resistance
Good levelling properties Limited film thickness per
coat
Good gloss retention
Poor adhesion to CR
Dry heat resistant up to
120 ?C. Never to be used on Zinc

Paint School
 Modified Alkyd paints

Styrene alkyds - Quicker drying

Silicone alkyds - better gloss retention

Urethane alkyds - Quicker drying, better water

and chemical resistance. Can be applied in thicker
coats (60-100 microns DFT)

Paint School
 Alkyd paint
Where to use
Segments Ships
Industry

Objects Newbuildings / Maintenance

All exterior and interior objects
Only above water

Surface preparation St 2 to Sa 2½ or shop primed

steel

Paint School
 Alkyd paint
Experience

Blistering and flaking on Zinc.

May give flaking on CR

Paint School
 Flaking of Alkyd on CR
1. Coat: Chlorinated rubber
2. Coat: Alkyd
Flaking of the Alkyd may occur

To obtain a good result:

Use a sealer coat between the
CR and the Alkyd
Ensure a clean, dry surface

CD no. 4226 photo 69

Paint School
 Flaking of Alkyd on Zinc

1. Coat: Zinc rich coatings

2. Coat: Alkyd

Never use Alkyd on top of

Zinc

Alkyd on Zinc will give

saponification Gjerde flaker
1-8

Paint School
 Alkyd paint
Typical System

Cromoprimer 1 x 40 microns
Pilot I 1 x 40 microns
Pilot II 1 x 40 microns
Total 120 microns

Paint School
 Modified Alkyd paint
Typical pre-treatment and system

Pre-treatment :
St 2 - Sa 2,5
System :
Mammut Primer 1 x 80 microns
Mammut Top coat : 1 x 80 microns

Paint School
 Alkyd based products
from JOTUN
Urethane Alkyd:
Alkyd: Mammut Primer
Alkyd primer Mammut
Aluflex Topcoat Royal
Conseal Primer White
Cromoprimer Silicone Alkyd:
Deckpaint Correx
Pilot I and II Ultra Topcoat White
Engine Enamel Styrene Alkyd:
Ultra Topcoat Quick Step

Paint School
Paint School
 Chlorinated Rubber paints
Chemistry

Chlorinated Rubber:

Manufactured through
chlorination of natural or synthetic rubber.

Paint School
 Chlorinated Rubber paints
Properties
Advantages Limitations
Physically drying Poor solvent resistance
Not temperature Low solid content
dependent Relatively poor wetting
Easy to recoat properties
One component Thermoplastic
Very good water Dry heat resistant up to
resistance approx. 70 °C
Relatively good chemical
resistance

Paint School
 Chlorinated Rubber paints
Advantages
Physically drying
1-pack
Not dependent on temperature
Easy to recoat
Chemical resistant
Water resistant
Good corrosion protection

Paint School
 Chlorinated Rubber paints
Limitations

Poor resistance to solvents

Low solids by volume (35 - 40%)
Relatively poor penetrating properties
Require good pre-treatment (Sa 2 ½)
Thermoplastic
Dry heat resistance up to approx. 70 °C

Paint School
 Modification of
Chlorinated Rubber

Properties improved through modification with:

ALKYD Hardness, gloss retention,

solid content

ACRYL Light tolerance, gloss retention

Paint School
 Chlorinated Rubber paints
Key data

Used for all positions on ship and in industry

Require blast-cleaned steel or intact shop primer
Low volume solid content
Not temperature dependent during application
Good water and chemical resistance

Paint School
 Chlorinated Rubber paints
Where to use
Ships
Segments
Offshore
Industry

Objects Newbuildings / Maintenance

Below and above water
All external surfaces

Surface preparation Blast-cleaned to Sa 2½ or shop

primed steel

Paint School
 Chlorinated Rubber
Experience
Resoluble: Good intercoat adhesion
Do not apply CR primers above 70 - 80 µm DFT.
May give entrapped air in the film.
No temperature limitation during application, but
keep the paint warm at low temperatures.
Decompose to release Chlorine at service
temperatures above 70 °C
Alkyd on top of CR may have poor adhesion

Paint School
 Chlorinated Rubber
Typical pre-treatment and system
Pre-treatment: Sa 2 ½

Primer: 3 x 75 microns

Topcoat: 1 x 40 microns

Total DFT: 265 microns

Paint School
 JOTUN s
Chlorinated Rubber paints

Pioner Primer

Pioner Topcoat

Paint School
Paint School
 Vinyl paints
Properties

Advantages Limitations
Physically drying Low solid content
Good chemical resistance Poor resistance against
Good water resistance strong solvents
Quick drying Dry heat resistant up to
Not temperature dependent approximately 80 ?C
One-component

Used for:
Exterior objects above water
Offshore on top of Zinc-ethylsilicate

Paint School
 Vinyl Tar - Modified type
Properties
Advantages Disadvantages
Higher content of Bleeding
solids Dark colours
Higher water Tar on cancer list
resistance
Better wetting
properties
Cost advantages
Used for:
Under water areas
Paint School
 Jotun s
Vinyl based paints

Product Type Area of use

Vinyproof Primer Vinyl Tie-coat Above waterline
Vinyproof HB Vinyl Ships and
Vernyl Topcoat Vinyl-Acrylic Chemical industry

Vinyguard Black Vinyl/Tar Below waterline on

Vinyguard Brown Vinyl/Tar ships-offshore
constructions etc.
Vinyguard [Link] Below waterline
Silvergrey 88 Modified vinyl primer/sealer
(Redtoned)

Paint School
Paint School
 Epoxy paints

Epoxy resin
Solvents
Part A: Pigments
Extenders
Additives

Curing agent
Part B: Solvent

Chemical reaction
Evaporation of solvent
Insoluble
Result
3-dimensional
network

Paint School
 Epoxy Paints
Corrosion protection

Paint
OO22 H22OO
H Salter
Salt
Barrier
Barrikade med maling (min. 200 my)

ST?L
STEEL

Acts mainly as a barrier.

No active pigments
Paint School
 Curing agents for Epoxy paints

Polyamides:
Normal epoxy paints

Amine and amine adduct:

Solvent free coatings
Tank coating

Isocyanates:
Low temperature curing
Reaction with -OH

Paint School
 Pure Epoxy paints
Properties

Advantages Limitations

Chemical curing Chalking

Very good chemical resistance Temperature dependent
High alkali resistance 2 - component
Moderate resistance to acids Requires blast cleaning
Good adhesion Overcoating time
Very low permeability
High mechanical strength
Dry heat resistant up to 120 °C

Paint School
 Pure Epoxy paints
Beneficial properties
High water resistance Very low permeability

Good chemical resistance Very good adhesion

High alkali resistance Dry temperature

resistant up to 120 ?C
Moderate acid resistance
Corrosion protection
High mechanical strength
Potable water tanks
High durability
Easy to clean

Paint School
 Pure Epoxy paints
Limitations

Require blast-cleaning to Sa 2 ½

Chalking when exposed to sunlight

Temperature dependent during

application (min. 10 ?C)

Two-component

Overcoating time

Health risk: Epoxy eczema or allergy

Paint School
 Pure Epoxy paints
Where to use

Segments Ships
Offshore
Industry
Objects Newbuildings / Maintenance
Chemical cargo tanks

Surface preparation Blast-cleaned to Sa 2½ or

shop primed steel

Paint School
 Pure Epoxy paints
Typical system
Pre-treatment: Sa 2 ½ or intact Shopprimer
1) Penguard HB 2 x 100micron
Penguard Topcoat 1 x 50micron
Total DFT 250 micron

2) Penguard Primer 1 x 50micron

Penguard HB 1 x 100micron
Penguard Topcoat 1 x 50 micron
Total DFT 200 microns

For better gloss retention: Use Hardtop AS

Paint School
 Jotun s
Pure Epoxy products
Primers and midcoats Penguard Stayer
Epoxy Holdingprimer Penguard Tiecoat
Penguard Clear Varnish Naviguard (Solvent free)
Penguard HB Tankguard HB
Penguard HB WG Tankguard Special
Penguard Primer Jotaspeed Mio
Penguard Special Jotaspeed ZP
Topcoats Epoxy glass-flake
Penguard Topcoat Marathon
Tankguard HB
Tankguard Special Topcoat Marathon IQGF
Paint School
Paint School
 Modification of paints
We can modify a paint by replacing some of the original binder
with another, suitable binder. Examples of modified Epoxies are:
Epoxy mastic
Coal tar epoxy
Epoxy phenolic
We can thereby achieve new properties, such as
Improved penetration
Better water resistance
Better chemical resistance
We will most probably also loose some of the original properties

Paint School
 Epoxy Coal Tar
Properties
Advantages: Limitations:
Chemically curing Dark colour
Temp. dependent
More flexible
2-component
Excellent water resistance
Recoating interval
Better wetting properties Bleeding when overcoated

Dry heat resistant up to 90 °C Coal Tar is carcinogenic

Paint School
 Epoxy Coal Tar versus Pure Epoxy

Reduced chemical and solvent resistance

Reduced dry heat resistance
Increased water resistance
Better wetting properties

Used for:
Submerged areas, cargo holds
and ballast tanks

Paint School
 Jotun s
Coal Tar Epoxy paints

Jotaguard 85

Navitar AS (Solvent free)

Safeguard

Coal Tar Epoxy 82

Paint School
 Epoksy - acrylic
Properties
Positive Limitations
Very good weather 2-pack
resistance
Overcoating time
Very good gloss retention
Very good chemical
resistance
Very good solvent
resistance
Cures down to 0 °C
Potlife (24 timer)

Paint School
 Epoxy - acrylic paints
Where to use
Segments Ships
Offshore
Industry

Objects Newbuildings / Maintenance

Above water
Indoor and outdoor

Surface preparation Top coat on Epoxy, Epoxy

Mastic, Polyester glass flake

Paint School
 Epoksy - acrylic paints
Typical system

System: 1 x 150 microns Jotamastic

or
2 x 200 microns Jotamastic 87
1 x 50 microns Jotatop
Total DFT 200 - 450 microns

Paint School
 Jotun s
Epoksy-acrylic paints

Jotatop

Paint School
Paint School
 Epoxy Mastic paints
Properties
Advantages Limitations
Chemically curing Chalking
Surface tolerant Temperature dependent
Light colours Not to be applied on
Very good water resistance thick coats of physically
Very good wetting properties drying paints
Good chemical resistance Minimum DFT 150 m
High solid content by airless spray
High build (Thick coats)
Winter curing agent
Dry heat resistant up to 90 ° C

Paint School
 Epoxy Mastic paints
Advantages
Surface tolerant (St 2, Sa 2 ½, Water jetting, exist. paint).
Very good wetting properties.
Chemically curing.
Very good water resistance.
Good chemical resistance.
High solid content (87 - 70 %).
High build: Can be applied to thick coats (150 - 300 µm).
Winter curing agent available (-5?C).
Environmentally friendly
No Isocyanate, no tar, less solvents.
Dry heat resistant up to 90 °C
Can be applied on top of most other paints
Paint School
 Epoxy Mastic paints
Limitations

Chalking. Not UV - resistant

Temperature dependent for curing

Do not apply it on thick layers of

physically drying paints

Minimum DFT 150 microns by airless spray

Paint School
 Epoxy Mastic paints
Important properties
1. Extended service life.
2. Penetration
3. Adhesion Surface tolerant
4. Elastic
5. Very low permeability
6. Volume solids (high)
7. High film thickness
8. Easy to apply
9. Suitable as a primer (easy to overcoat)
10. Good flow properties at specified WFT
11. No dissolving of old paint

Paint School
 Epoxy Mastic
Key data
Recommended use: Universally
Very good penetrating properties
High build; Can be applied to thick coats
High solids by volume content
Temperature dependent (WG: -5°C)
Topcoat is recommended for outdoor exposures.

Paint School
 Epoxy Mastic paints

Pre-treatment St 2 - Sa 2½, Water jetting,

Magnesium descaling or existing paint system.

Dry film thickness: 150 - 300 µm/coat.

Volume solid: 70 - 87 %.

Environmentally friendly.
Low solvent content.
No Isocyanate.
No tar.

Paint School
 Epoxy Mastic paints
General characteristics

Surface tolerant.
High solids.
High build.
Reduced application time (less cost).
Environmentally friendly.

Paint School
 Epoxy Mastic paints
(Jotamastic 87)
Pre-treatment:
St 2 - Sa 2 ½ , existing paint system, Water jetting.
Dry film thickness:
150 - 300 µm
Volume solid:
Wintergrade Jotamastic 87 : 70 %
Jotamastic 87 (Alu.) : 87 %
Application:
Brush, roller or airless spray
Environmentally friendly:
High volume solid - less solvents.
No tar or isocyanates.

Paint School
 Jotamastic 87
Pre-treatment
Jotamastic 87 gives very good corrosion protection
of steel on following substrates:
Wirebrushing St 2 and St3
Blast-cleaning Sa1 - Sa 2 ½
Water Jetted surfaces.
Magnesium descaled surfaces
Existing, old paint, except thick, physically
drying paints.

Paint School
 Epoxy Mastic paints
High volume solids: 70 % - 87 %
Vol. % solids
90
80
70
Economical to use 60
More environmentally 50
friendly 40
30
20
10
0
Vinyl CR Alkyd Poly- Epoxy Jotamastic
urethane 87

Paint School
 Epoxy Mastic paints
Where to use
Segments Ships
Offshore
Industry

Objects Newbuildings / Maintenance

Ballast tanks and Cargo tanks
All exterior and interior surfaces,
above and below water
Surface preparation St 2 to Sa 2½ or Water jetted,
Magnesium descaled or shop
primed steel

Paint School
 Jotun s
Epoxy Mastic paints
Balloxy HB Light Also as Wintergrade version
Balloxy NB Light Also as Wintergrade version

Jotamastic 87 Also as Wintergrade version

Jotamastic 87 Aluminium Also as Wintergrade version
Jotamastic 87 GF Also as Wintergrade version

Primastic Also as Wintergrade version

Primastic Universal Also as Wintergrade version
Polymastic 100
Polyguard SS

Paint School
 Jotamastic 87
Curing

Jotamastic 87 Down to + 10 °C

WG Jotamastic 87 Down to - 5 °C
(Recommended from +15 to -5°C)

Paint School
Paint School
 Experience
When using Epoxy paints
Correct mixing ratio Temperature
Good mixing dependent curing
Potlife Avoid high humidity
Induction time Minimum and
Correct pre-treatment maximum curing
times
Correct film thickness
Time for fully cured
Adequate ventilation
Use epoxy thinner
Health and epoxy

Paint School
 Epoxy paints in general
Heating equipment

Do not use Propane or Paraffin oil

They produce Water and Carbon dioxide

This may give Amine swetting and formation
of Amine Carbamate (Blooming)

The consequence will be poor adhesion for

the subsequent coat

Paint School
 Epoxy paints in general
Side-reactions
Amines may react with present
Water and Carbon dioxide to give Carbamate:

R-NH2 + H2 O + CO2 Amine Carbamate

Result:
Sweating
Uncured Epoxy
Tacky film
White stains

Must be removed to avoid poor adhesion

Use warm water or thinner no.17 (rags)
Paint School
 Epoxy paints
Curing diagram
Temperature, ?C
40

30

20

10

0
2 4 7 14 28
Curing time, days

Paint School
Paint School
 Polyurethane paints
Properties
Advantages Limitations
Very good weather
resistance 2-pack
Excellent gloss May cause skin
durability irritation
Very good chemical Overcoating time
resistance
Very good solvent
resistance
Cures down to 0 °C
Paint School
 Polyurethane paints
Where to use

Segments Ships
Offshore
Industry

Objects Newbuildings / Maintenance

All exterior substrates above
water (Also internal at times)
Surface preparation On top of Epoxy, Epoxy Mastic
and Polyester coatings

Paint School
 Jotun s
Polyurethane paints

Hardtop AS (High gloss)

Hardtop HB (Semi gloss)
Futura AS (High gloss)

Paint School
 UV - Light
Gloss Retention for various paints
Gloss
100
90
80
70
Jotatop
60
Polyurethane
50
Epoxy
40
Alkyd
30
20
10
0
400 800 1200 1600 2200
Hours accelerated testing

Paint School
Paint School
 Zinc Epoxy
Properties
Advantages Limitations
Chemically curing
Temperature dependent
Good corrosion protection
2-component
Good adhesion
Film thickness: 25 - 50 m
Require min. Sa 2 ½
Not acid- and alkaline
Good mechanical strength
resistant
May be recoated with all
(Resistant between pH 5-9)
types of paint, except Alkyd
Dry heat resistant up to 120
?C

Paint School
 Organic Zinc coatings
Chemistry

Molecule structure:
Mainly carbon atoms
consisting of crosslinked polymers
in a 3-dimensional network.

Paint School
 Zinc Epoxy paints
Advantages

Good corrosion protection

Good adhesion
Good mechanical strength
May be overcoated with all types of
paint, except Alkyds
Chemically curing
Short overcoating time
Dry heat resistant up to 120 ?C

Paint School
 Zinc Epoxy paints
Limitations

Temperature dependent (10 ?C)

2- component
DFT: 20 - 50 m (20 - 30 m for underwater use)
Not acid and alkaline resistant
(Resistant at pH range 5 - 9)

Paint School
 Zinc Epoxy paints
Where to use
Segments Ships
Offshore
Industry

Objects Newbuildings / Maintenance

All exterior and interior objects
above and below water (as holding
primer for underwater use 20-30
microns).
Surface preparation Blast-cleaning to minimum Sa 2½

Paint School
 Zinc Ethylsilicate paints
Properties
Advantages Limitations
Very good solvent resistance
Requires humidity for
Very high heath resistance
curing
(max 400 oC)
2-pack
Very high mechanical
Max. DFT: 100 µm
strength
At higher DFT tendency
Very good adhesion to blast
of mud-cracking or
cleaned steel
checking
Relatively good re-
coatability

Paint School
 Inorganic and organic Zinc coatings
Chemistry

Molecules : Silica, Oxygen and Zinc

Inorganic : Small molecules of metallic silicates such

as sodium silicate

Organic : Small molecules of metallic silicates such

as Ethylsilicate cross-linked in a 3-
dimensional network which is very
insoluble and resistant

Paint School
 Zinc Ethylsilicate paints
Advantages

Very good solvent resistance (Tank coating)

Very good corrosion protection
Very good adhesion to blast-cleaned steel
Good mechanical strength
May be overcoated with all types of paint,
except Alkyds
Very good heat resistance (max. 400 ?C)

Paint School
 Zinc Ethylsilicate paints
Limitations
Require humidity for curing
2-Pack
Maximum DFT approximately 100 m
(At higher DFT tendency of checking or cracking)
Curing has to be checked (ASTM 4752) before
overcoating
Use a tie coat or mistcoat / full-coat technique for
the first subsequent coat.
Short shelf life : 6 months at 23 ?C

Paint School
 Zinc Ethylsilicate paints
Where to use
Segments Ships
Offshore
Industry

Objects Newbuildings / Maintenance

All exterior objects above the
waterline.
Tank coating and Water ballast tank
(No paint on top)
Surface preparation Blast-cleaning to minimum Sa 2½

Paint School
 Jotun s
Zinc rich paints

Barrier (Epoxy)
Jotabar ZEP (Epoxy)
Jotacoat 5 (Alkali-silicate, inorganic)
Prosil ZSP (Ethyl-silicate, inorganic)
Resist GTI (Ethyl-silicate, inorganic)
Resist 78 (Ethyl-silicate, inorganic)
WaterFine
Zn Primer (Alkali-silicate, inorganic)

Paint School
Paint School
 Aluminium Silicone paints
Properties
Pure aluminium silicone:
Resistant up to approximately 600°C

Modified aluminium silicone:

Resistant up to approximately 400°C

To be applied in thin coats only (20 µm)

Heavier coats may give blistering

Remember:
To be applied on Sa 2 ½
Overcoating only on fully cured Zinc silicate
Paint School
 Heat resistant paints
Properties

Pure and modified Aluminium Silicone paints are

heat resistant from 250 and up to 600 ?C.

The exact temperature limit depends on the degree

of modification

Addition of Zinc pigments will improve the

corrosion resistance.

Paint School
 Heat resistant paints
Experience

Apply only thin coats, approx. 20 - 25 m

Thicker coats may give blistering
Pure Aluminium Silicone is tacky at ambient
temperature. Becomes hard after 1 hour at 230 ?C.
(post curing)

Paint School
 Heat resistant paints
Where to Use

On objects exposed to high temperatures.

Temperature range: 120 - 600 ?C.

In corrosive environments:
Use a Zinc primer (Zinc ethylsilicate or heat
resistant Zinc primer).

Paint School
 Jotun s
Heat resistant paints

Aluminium Paint HR (modified) : 250 ? C

Hot Temp Aluminium (modified) : 600 ? C

Hot Temp Zinc (modified) : 500 ? C

S?lvalitt (modified) : 600 ? C

S?lvalitt Zinc (modified) : 400 ? C

Paint School
 Heat resistant paints
Surface preparation and typical systems

Surface preparation:
Blast-cleaning to Sa 2 ½

Dry conditions at 600 ?C:

2 x 20 m S?lvalitt

Corrosive environments at 400 ?C:

1 x 30 m S?lvalitt Zn + 2 x 20 m S?lvalitt
or
1- 2 x 20 m S?lvalitt on 50 to 80 m Resist GTI
(Zinc ethylsilicate)
Paint School
Paint School
 Why waterborne coatings ?

Concern about pollution of the

environment

Reduce the emission of solvents

Paint School
 Waterborne paints
Advantages of water as main diluent

Lower emission of solvents

Improved working environment
Thinner and cleaner coming out of
the water tap

Paint School
 Waterborne paints
Is water the only solvent ?

No !
Dependant on the choice of binder:
Small amounts of special solvent (coalescing agent),
emulsifiers or plasticisers are added.

Paint School
 Waterborne paints
Generic binders used

Acrylic (styrene acrylic)

Alkyd
Epoxy
Polyurethane
Styrene - butadiene
Vinyl chloride

Paint School
 Water borneacrylics
Drying mechanism dispersion paints

Evaporation of water

The coalescing
(melting together) of the binder

Paint School
 Waterborne acrylics
What is a dispersion ?

The binder is present in the shape of small,

droplets (insoluble balls ) that,
by special chemistry, are kept suspended
in water without melting together.

Size of droplets: 0,1 - 1 microns

Paint School
 Waterborne acrylics
Addition of solvents and plasticisers
Why do we need small amounts of
special solvents / plasticisers?

If particles are soft at application temperature,

they will melt together to a coherent film.

When hard at this temperature, they will not melt

together and give a cracked film.

Paint School
 Waterborne acrylics
Film formation from dispersions

Wet condition

Progressed drying

Perfect film formation Insufficient film formation

Paint School
 Waterborne acrylics
Drying process / film formation
Drying process/film formation
from aqueous dispersion
Aqueous dispersion
on surface
Steel

Close packed spheres

with water filled voids
Steel

Continuous polymer coating

Steel

Paint School
 Waterborne acrylics
Advantages
Good corrosion protection
Reduce the emission of solvents
Low VOC content
Flash point above 100 ?C
Water as thinner / cleaner
Good water resistance
Good UV - resistance
Good adhesion to other generic type of paints
No risk of saponification
Paint School
 Waterborne acrylics
Limitations

Due to water-soluble groups, more sensitive to

aqueous solutions (more blistering/earlier
corrosion)
Slower drying compared to solvent based types
Need air flow (good ventilation)
Need good pre-treatment
Less chemical resistance

Paint School
 Waterborne acrylics
Advantages and Limitations
Advantages Limitations
Good corrosion protection Due to water-soluble
Reduce the emission of groups, more sensitive to
solvents aqueous solutions (more
Low VOC content blistering/earlier
corrosion)
Flash point above 100 ?C
Slower drying compared
Water as thinner / cleaner to solvent based types at
Good water resistance high relative humidity
Good UV - resistance Need good ventilation
Good adhesion to other Need good pre-treatment
generic type of paints Less chemical resistance
No risk of saponification
Paint School
 Waterborne acrylics
Technical properties
Properly chosen formulations may provide
corrosion protection as good as solvent borne
acrylics.
Excellent adhesion to metals such as aluminium,
galvanised steel and stainless steel.
Gloss and colour retention may be better than
solvent borne.
High degree of flexibility (acrylics).

Paint School
 Waterborne acrylics
Comparable solvent emission

Litres of solvent
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0 1 2 3 4
1. Zinc rich epoxy, 30 microns + solvent borne acrylic, 80 microns
2. Zinc rich epoxy, 30 microns + waterborne acrylic 80, microns
3. Vinyl coating, 2 x 60 microns
4. Waterborne primer, 60 microns + waterborne topcoat, 60 microns

Paint School
 Waterborne epoxy
Advantages
Good corrosion protection
Reduce the emission of solvents
Low VOC content
Flash point above 100 ?C
Water as thinner / cleaner (up to 20 %)
Good water resistance
Cures down to 5 ?C
Good adhesion to steel, galvanized steel, Aluminium and
concrete
Good sprayability with airless spray

Paint School
 Waterborne epoxy
Limitations

Need air flow (good ventilation at high humidity)

Must be stored above 0 ?C
Shorter potlife compared with solvent borne
The same health hazards as solvent borne related to Epoxy
Due to water-soluble groups, more sensitive to aqueous
solutions (more blistering/earlier corrosion)
Dependent on temperature and humidity for drying and
curing

Paint School
 How to make Epoxy hydrophilic

The epoxy resin and the curing agent is

made hydrophilic by adding an emulsifier

Paint School
 Waterborne epoxy
Film formation

Evaporation of water
The paint film has to flow together (coalescence)
before evaporation of solvents
Cross linking

Paint School
 Waterborne paints
Application

It is important that the application, drying and

coalescing conditions are controlled.

Important parameters
Temperature
Relative humidity
Ventilation

Paint School
 Waterborne paints
Ideal guidelines for application
1. To avoid dry spraying
Relative humidity 40 - 60 %
Temperature 10 - 25 oC

2. Drying stage
Relative humidity < 60 %
Temperature 10 - 40 oC
Ventilation

Sufficient to keep relative humidity below 60 %

close to the surface
Paint School
 Waterborne paints
Compromise guidelines

Relative humidity 30 - 85 %
Temperature 5 - 60 oC
Ventilation:

1. Sufficient to keep the relative humidity

between 30 and 85 % close to the surface.
2. Better ventilation is required at a relative
humidity in the range of 60 - 85 %

NOTE: Product dependent

Paint School
 Waterborne paints
Conditions during application

Relative humidity (%)

100
90 Recommended conditions
during application and drying
80
70
60 Application and
50 drying possible
40
30 Application not recommended
20
10
10 20 30 40 50 60
Temperature ( oC)

Paint School
 Ferrotex primer
(1-component, Acrylic)
WaterFine Topcoat
(1-component, Acrylic)
WaterFine Topcoat, semi-gloss
(1-component, Acrylic)
WaterFine Primer
(2-component epoxy)
WaterFine Zn Primer
(2-component, inorganic Zinc silicate)
WaterFine ZEP
(3-component epoxy Zinc primer)
WaterFine HB
(2-component epoxy intermediate coat)
WaterFine Special
(2-component epoxy intermediate coat)
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 Waterborne paints
Typical systems
System for Corrosion class 3 - 4:
2 x 100 m DFT WaterFine Primer
1 x 50 m DFT WaterFine Topcoat

System for Corrosion class 1 - 2:

1 - 2 x 60 m DFT Ferrotex Primer
1 x 50 m DFT WaterFine Topcoat

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 Waterborne paints
Typical Systems
The WaterFine system (Corrosion class 4)
1 x 40 m DFT WaterFine Zn Primer
1 x 90 m DFT WaterFine Special
1 x 80 m DFT WaterFine Special
1 x 50 m DFT WaterFine Topcoat

Example of a hybrid system:

1 x 200 m DFT Jotamastic 87 Al
1 x 80 m DFT WaterFine Special
1 x 50 m DFT WaterFine Topcoat

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Paint School
 Glassflake filled Polyester coatings

Baltoflake, Styrene containing

Norpol Catalyst No.1

excellent steel protection
excellent corrosion protection
excellent water resistance
compatible with Cathodic Protection
excellent resistance to acids
good resistance to many solvents
superior abrasion resistant

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 For protection of steel and, in certain cases,
Aluminium and concrete.
The glass-flakes are 3-5 microns thick and
400 microns across.
Potlife : Approximately 45 minutes.
Curing time: Approximately 3 hours.
Thickness 600 - 1500 microns per coat.

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 Glassflake Reinforced Polyester
Properties

Advantages Limitations
Quick curing Temperature dependent
Variable curing time Short potlife
Application with airless Recoating interval
Excellent mechanical strength 2 - 12 hours
Glass-flakes reduce shrinkage, Bad curing may be
increases mechanical strength experienced on Zinc primers
and water resistance. and galvanised surfaces.
Very good chemical
resistance

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 Glassflake Reinforced Polyester
Advantages
Hardness and wear resistance Very fast curing
- Few mechanical damages - Can be used after few
- Low maintenance costs hours
- Long maintenance intervals - Gives short docking
- Very good chemical time
resistance - Trouble shooter
Perfect adhesion to steel
- No undercutting One coat system
- Excellent corrosion - 1500 microns dry film
protection
Solvent free

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 Glassflake Reinforced Polyester
Limitations

Short potlife (approximately 45 minutes).

Limited storage stability
(approximately 6 months at 23 oC).
Film surface not entirely smooth
Temperature limitations
Can be used from 10 oC to approximately 40 oC.
Unfavourable working conditions because of the
styrene content.
Overcoating (with Baltoflake)
min. 2 hours and max. 12 hours.

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 Glassflake Reinforced Polyester
System specification
On blast cleaned steel Sa 2 ½
Surface roughness 50 - 100 microns.

Normal exposure: 1 x 750 microns

Tough exposure: 1 x 1000 microns
Extra tough exposure: 2 x 750 microns

Also available in thin film versions

(Down to 300 microns)

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 Glassflake Reinforced Polyester (Styrene free)
Properties
Advantages Limitations
Styrene free Cures down to 10 ?C
Dry to handle in 2 hours (normal airless spray)
Cures down to 5 ?C Short potlife
(2-component pump) Recoating interval
Excellent mechanical 1 hour to 2 weeks (23 ?C )
strength Require Sa 2 ½ and a roughness
of 50-100 microns
Very good adhesion
Bad curing may be experienced
Very good water resistance.
on Zinc primers and galvanised
Very good chemical surfaces.
resistance
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 Curing of two pack coatings at 23 oC
Hardness. Shore D units

80

60

40

20

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 20 30 40 50
Baltoflake Solvent free epoxy, concrete Hours

Solvent less epoxy,steel Thixotropisk solvent free epoxy

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 Jotun s
Glassflake reinforced products

Baltoflake
Baltoflake Ecolife (Styrene free)
Baltoflake multi

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Paint School
 Vinyl ester coatings

Glass-flake reinforced Vinylester coating

for protection of steel and concrete
in aggressive environments.

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 The function of glass flakes

Multilayers of flakes in the film

approx. 100 layers in a 1000 microns film
Barrier against water and chemicals
Minimise volumetric shrinkage
Improves adhesion to substrate

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 Vinyl ester coatings
Advantages
Very good chemical resistance
Especially at higher temperatures
Acids
Alkalies
Oils
Lead free petrol
Drilling mud
Process waste water
Brine
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 Vinyl ester coatings
Advantages
Very fast curing
Very good adhesion
Very good abrasion resistance
Very good chemical resistance
Very good solvent resistance
Can be applied by normal airless spray
Glassflakes improve abrasion resistance

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 Vinyl ester coatings
Limitations

Short potlife (approximately 45 minutes)

Overcoating interval:
- Min. 2 hours, max. 24 hours.
Limited shelf-life
- Approximately 6 months at 23 ?C
Dependent on temperature during application
Only to be applied on blast-cleaned steel (Sa 2 ½ )

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 Norpol Catalysts

Norpol Catalyst No. 1

longer gel time
some foaming
Baltoflakes/Chemflakes
Norpol Catalyst No. 11
shorter gel time
less foaming
Chemflakes

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 Chemflake
Temperature and degree of cure

Product Degree of Curing Curing Degree of Product

cure (%) time(days) temp (°C) cure (%)
77 1 78
82 7 25 85
87 27 88 Chemflake
Chemflake 96 1 95 Special
Classic 98 7 65 97 and
98 27 99
99 1 82 99 Chemflake CV
7

At 25 °C, 27 days of curing is needed to reach 90 % cure

At 65 °C , one day of curing gives 95 % cure
Fully cured Chemflake is only obtained by one day curing at 82 °C
The resistance to strong solvents and small molecules improves
with the degree of cure

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 Vinyl ester coatings
Potlife
Vinyl esters are more reactive than epoxy coatings
shorter pot life
faster cure
temperature sensitive

Pot life is adjusted according to ambient temperature

low temperature applications (15-20 oC) increase amounts of

Acc. 9802 and Catalyst (1 or 11 type)
high temperature applications (25-35 oC) decrease amounts of
Acc 9802 and Catalyst (1 or 11) add Norpol Inhibitor No. 9853.

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 Vinyl ester coatings
Where To Use

Storage tanks
Cargo tanks
Pipelines
Concrete reservoirs
Chemical plants
interior
exterior

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 Exposure environments
for a paint system

Storage tanks
Long time exposure

Cargo tanks
Short time exposure to different chemicals

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 Vinyl ester coatings
Touch-up set

Added to Vinyl esters to provide brush quality

For stripe coating
sharp edges
corners
welding seems
Delivered as 0,5 kg in 3 litre tin

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 Vinyl ester coatings
Clear varnish
Clear, thixotropic and pre-accelerated vinyl ester
Sealer for concrete application
Laminating resin
repairs
reinforcement
Improved Chemflake Clear
adhesion
application

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 Application of
Polyester and Vinyl ester coatings

Capacity of pump, min. Check ventilation, light etc.

12 l/min (airless) Thinner No. 17 or 15,
Material hose: 3/8 Acetone for flushing or
Use teflon gaskets cleaning
Nozzle: 0,035-0,053 Only on blast-cleaned steel
Angle 40 - 80 o Proper mixing
Remove filters Short potlife
Check the W.F.T.

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 Vinyl ester coatings
Required pre-treatment and typical system

Blast-cleaning to min. Sa 2 ½ (ISO 8501)

Roughness approximately 75 microns (50-100 µm)

Typical system (Chemflake): 2 X 750 m

Potlife: Approximately 45 min.

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 Advantages of a Vinyl ester
compared with a Polyester

Slightly better resistance to acids than Polyester

Much better alkalie resistance than Polyester

Better solvent resistance than Polyester

Better resistance at elevated temperatures

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 Jotun s
Vinyl Ester coatings
The Jotun family of Vinyl esters consist of:

Chemflake Classic
Chemflake Special
Chemflake CV
Chemclear
Chemflake Touch-Up Set

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