T10 Stress Basics

Topics:
1. Basic Terminology
2. Stress Due to Internal Pressure
3. Pipe Wall Thickness Calculation
4. Theories of Failure
5. ASME B31.3 Stress Requirements

1. Basic Terminology
Stress: The amount of force per unit cross-section area.  Stress
Strain: The amount of elongation per unit length of the specimen.  Strain
 Stress-Strain Curve
F
Stress= (Unit: N/mm2)  Yield Stress/Strength
A
 Ultimate Tensile Stress
∆l  Proportional Limit
Strain= (Unitless)  Modulus of Elasticity
L
Relationship between Stress and Strain:
Stress-Strain curve shows the relationship between applied force and elongation produced.

Note: Curve (a) : Carbon steel Curve (b) : Stainless steel

Proportional Limit: The highest point of the straight line section of the stress-strain curve. In this portion of the
curve, the material behaves as perfectly elastic. Elastic means that the pipe will return to its original unstressed
state when the applied force is removed.

Modulus of Elasticity / Young’s Modulus: In the elastic range, the stress/strain ratio is constant. This relationship
is referred to as Hook’s law and the ratio is called as Modulus of elasticity.

Stress
Modulus of Elasticity , E= (Unit: N/mm2)
Strain
Yield Strength: The point at which the specimen generates large deformation without the addition of any load is
called the yield point. The corresponding stress is called Yield stress or yield strength Sy. For round-house curves,
stress corresponds to 0.2~1% deformation is considered as yield stress.
Ultimate strength: The highest stress on the stress-strain curve.

2. Stress Due to Internal Pressure:

PD
Longitudinal pressure stress: Slp =
4t
PD
Hoop pressure stress: Shp=
2t

3. Pipe Wall Thickness Calculation (ASME B31.3):

Sample Calculation:
10”, 350 psi, 650oF, A106 Gr.B,
CA:0.05”, MT: 12.5%

Tm = 0.1648”

tm = t + c
tm - Minimum required thickness
t - Pressure design pressure
D - Pipe outside diameter
S - Allowable stress
E - Welding quality factor (Table A-1A/B) (Seamless - 1 & ERW - 0.85)
W - Weld joint strength reduction factor (Table 302.3.5)
P - Internal design gauge pressure
Y - Coefficient from Table 304.1.1 for t<D/6
4. Theories of Failure:
Maximum stress theory: Material will yield when the absolute magnitude of any principal stress reach the yield
strength.

Maximum strain theory: Material will yield when the maximum strain reaches the yield point strain.

Maximum shear theory: Material will yield when the maximum shear stress in the material reaches the maximum
shear stress at the yield point in the tension test.

Maximum energy theory: Material will yield when the strain energy per unit volume in the material reaches the
strain energy per unit volume at yielding in the simple tension test. ASME adopted in piping and pressure vessel
codes.

Maximum distortion energy theory: material will yield when the distortion energy per unit volume in the
material reaches the distortion energy per unit volume at yielding in simple tension test.

Allowable Stress Comparison

Tensile Yield Strength

Material ASME B 31.3 ASME B 31.1
Strength (SMYS)
A106 Gr.B 60 35 20 17.1
A312 TP304H 75 30 20 20
A335 P11 60 30 20 17.1
Stresses are in ksi
5. ASME B31.3 Stress Requirements:
Section 302.3.5 (c):

Load Case Code Stress Equation Allowable Stress

Sustained Case Sh

SA = f(1.25 Sc +0.25 Sh)

Expansion Case
SA = f[1.25 (Sc + Sh) - SL] With liberal stress

SL + Socc
Occasional Case 1.33 x Basic allowable stress (Sh)
(Code stress equation NOT specified)