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(Bams Library) Embryology

The document provides an overview of embryology, detailing the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis, as well as fertilization and subsequent embryonic development. It describes the formation of sperm and ova, the stages of fertilization, and the development of the embryo through cleavage and germ layer formation. Additionally, it explains the role of the corpus luteum in pregnancy and the differences between male and female gametes.

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142 views16 pages

(Bams Library) Embryology

The document provides an overview of embryology, detailing the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis, as well as fertilization and subsequent embryonic development. It describes the formation of sperm and ova, the stages of fertilization, and the development of the embryo through cleavage and germ layer formation. Additionally, it explains the role of the corpus luteum in pregnancy and the differences between male and female gametes.

Uploaded by

mansukhsolanki27
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
2. mfgrit< Embryology) e aM st GATT (Definitions of Embryology) © YAY T HvENy (Sperm and Ovum) ¢ 7?f8R (Fertilization) ¢ aeitdst (Cleavage stage) SPT HT FAH (Germ layers formation) fenfatigaa (Sex determination) asf pt ararquifech gfe (Month-wise development of embryo) 3T7 (Placenta) afafrret (Umbilical cord) wef tat UAT (Foetal circulation) Pr) ‘ine devel ay js the study of intra uteri lopment of an individual. T peyote ks. The developm ivi . Total period of er eopment js of 38 wee! pment is divided into two stages: embryonic & fetal sate stage covers first two months while fetal period of development runs from 3* thebirth, OGENESIS: ‘te formation of spermatozoon is known as spermatogenesis. which begins at the age of + erty and continues even into old age. Spermatozoa are formed in the wall of seminiferous tubules | ofthe testes. mk atone of these tubules under a microscope, we find that there are many cel of * Gerent sizes and shapes. cellstages in spermatogenesis are as followes: togonia (44 +X + Y)-divide mitotically, to give rise to more spermatogonia of type stage pry" *gonth to sevarious + Thespermal ‘A&typeB. Thespermatogonia (44 +X+Y)-enlarge, or undergo mitosis, tofrom primary spermatocytes. the primary spermatocyte (44 + X + Y- now divide so that each of them forms two lary spermatocytes. This is the first meiotic division: it reduces the number of second: chromosomes to half. ach secondary spermatocyte has 22 + X or 22 + Y chromosomes. It divides to from two spermatids. This is the second meiotic division and this there is no reduction in chromosome number. Eachspermatid (22+X or 22+Y) gradually changes its shape to becomea spermatozoon. This process of transformation of a circular spermatid to a spermatozoon is called sperminogenesis. Stucture of the sperm : ee . bale ishighly specialized and is smaller than the oocyte. Head { g Nucleus has ahead containing the nucleus. Anterior 2/3" of the faa covered with the acrosomal cap which comes * Sheath a et Mitochondria } Middle nan 2, the body of the sperm is formed by the aes of ie ia.It isknown mitochondrial sheath. tig SPetM is also called the middle piece and the a te as the principle piece. Length of the sperm is ae Rs, utof which 4/5 formed by thetail. mber of sperms in th to 20 rl e semen comes 7 eis release from the ovary at the ovulation, the ovum enters the fimbriated end of th iednetwdeanaeenters theampulla. of the psjourney 1S helped by the ciliary movements of cells of tube, flow of fluid and the * qatractions of the tubal muscle. | folowingintercourse the spermatozoa reach the ampullary part of the tube mostly due to self soiityandsurround the ovum. + Onlyone spermatoz0on penetrates the ovum. Now the fertilised ovum reaches the uterus for Implantation. (oRUPS LUTEUM : * falosing rupture of the ovarian follicle and release of the ovum, the remains of the follicle fom the corpus luteum, With rupture of the follicle , its wall collapses, crumbles and get folded. * Theyobtain lutein pigments which are yellow inc olthetheca intern grow in size and may help in the * ‘With the formation of the corpus luteum the blood vessels from the tl transport of progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum. ‘rshteumof menstruation 5 the absence of fertilization the corpus luteum has life of 4 days and I epee ra eration and gets converted into the mass of fibrous tissue. It is known as pr olour and are called the luteal cells. Few cells formation of corpus luteum. heca interna and help in a : weet ofpregnancy : ae a four months. : tag olfertiization ofthe ovum, the corpus luteum has lifesP of fou ; is A tenance of oun Period progesterone secreted by the corpus Juteum help in men en: Mover, a four months the trophoblast secretes Progesterone’ ae ‘Scanned wih CamScanner jreorthie oval = giruet™ um has a protective Cae of the zona pellucid. Corona : in a stucld is surrounded by eu ys membrane Male na pel Zojsofcorona radiata. pronucleus ve vitellus is surrounding by é (haploid) g membrane and Om mictous ne vitelline n LO iets siteline space is the space nt Sperm — Female perween the vitelline membrane “PQ ae D fronucteus Inside and the zona pellucid out a J . (hapicia) Zona Perivitelline ‘space |. The presence of the first oe Py Pellucida body in the perivitelline Egg fovum) polar space. « Theovumis larger in size, almost 10 times the size of thenormal body cell. future of the ovum : After its release from the ovary at the ovulation, the ovum enters the fimbriated end of the uterinetube and enters the ampulla. Its journey is helped by the ciliary movements of cells of tube, flow of fluid and the contractions of the tubal muscle. Following intercourse the spermatozoa reach the ampullary part of the tube mostly due to self motility and surround the ovum. Only one spermatozoon penetrates the ovum. Now the fertilised ovum reaches the uterus for Implantation. + Following rupture of the ovarian follicle and release of the ovum, the remains of the follicle form the corpus luteum. With rupture of the follicle , its wall collapses, crumbles and get folded. * They obtain lutein pigments which are yellow in colour and are called the luteal cells. Few cells ofthe theca intern growin size and may help in the| formation of corpus luteum. * With the formation of the corpus luteum the blood vessels from the theca interna and help in transport of progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum. Corpusiuteum of menstruation : * In the absence of fertilization the corpus luteum has life of 14 days and it undergoes degeneration and gets converted into the mass of fibrous tissue. It is known as the copus albicans, Corpus luteum of pregnant * Intheevent of fertilization of the ovum, the corpus luteum has life span of four months. e of * During this period progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum help in mentenanc: Pregnancy. However, after four months the trophoblast secretes progesterone. ‘Scanned wih CamScanner 112 Differences between male and female gamets? FERTILIZATION OF OVUM : keke) Sa Male Gamets (sperm), : Sperm is small but long (about 60 oe ee cell about 129 mu in length and 2 mu in width ) {mu in di q It is highly motile Itis immotile tains a large F - m. |The oocyte cont g There is very little cytoplas! amount of cytoplasm, h motility. - This gives a Tor motility |Shape adapted to provide ample Shape is adaptes storage of nutrition for the embryo formed after fertilization, afro Al ova have 22+X chromo. Spermatozoa are of two type chromosomal types: 22+X and a 224¥ Fusion of the two mature germ cells, an ovum and the spermatozoon resulting in formation, of the zygote is called fertilization. Fertilization take place in the ampullary part of the uterine tube. Out of a few hundred sperm which surround the ovum, only one pierces the zona pellucid and enters the ovum. As soon as the spermatozoon enters the ovum, the second meiotic division is completed and the second polar body is extruded. The nucleus of the ovum becomes the female pronucleus, The head of the spermatozoon separates from the middle piece and tail , transforms itselfinto. the male pronucleus. Soon thereafter, the pronuclei lose their nuclear membranes. The 23 chromosopmes of the female pronucles and 23 of the male pronucleus get mixed up and form 23 pairs. These 46 chromosomes undergo changes like those ina typical mitotic division leading tothe formation of an embryo having two cells. The fertilisaed ovum begins to divide into several cells, it process of called cleavage. Day 1 Day 1 or2 Day 2or3 Day 4or5 Day 5or6 : > a > _> Zygote Y 2Cell Within 4-Cell Morula Blastocyxst 1446 1142 1416 minutes hours hours 0-3 b —! we ‘Scanned with CamScanner ae STAGE: ci process of division ovum reaches two. "s asnncen cell sta ring’ ge, thr macessofsub aisiono ‘he ovum into smaller cellsiscatteget 8 € and fo ‘ leavage, Cel tage, Cells. Itnowlooks yeavase proceeds the ovum comes to have 1 asd eet ounded by the zor cid ing cells are surr y na pell wing Cel Ida. Cells inside the A ov eedinto groups-theinner and outer cell mass, Hae the zona Pellucida are like h mulberry andis, called rade inner cell mass forms the embryo and is called tl he embi + blast supplies nutrition totheembryo, "¥oblast. Outer ayer forming te sses into the morula from the i some! fluid now pa: 'e uterine cavity and arti; aitheinner cell mass those ofthe trophoblast. As the quantity of fuide yes thecels dint ediapootncye y creases the morula ‘ne cells of the trophoblast become flattened and the inner hmerside ofthe trophoblast on one side only themorulahasn FORMATION OF GERM LAYERS : + Trecells ofthe inner cell mass multiply, and are rearranged to from anembryonic dise havin twolayers. These layers aretheepiblast and thehypoblast. . Cell mass gets attached to the ow becomes ablastocyst. Later, the epiblast differentiates into three germs layers the ectoderm (outer) theendoderm (inner), themesoderm (middle). Cells of the hypoblast become flattened andlinethe 'yolksac. + Acavity appears on the ectodermal side of the disc, this is theamniotic cavity. Another cavity appears on the endodermal side, this isthe yolk sac. Atfirst the walls of the amniotic cavity and yolk sac are in contact with trophoblast. They are soon separated from the latter byextra-embryonic mesoderm. The cells of the trophoblast give originnto a mass of cells called the extra-embryonic mesoderm (primary mesoderm). ____ Eetoderm (forms the exoskeleton) Small cavities appear in the extra~ embryonic Mesoderm mesoderm, this cavity is called the extra-embryonic ARE : \evelons BZ Coelom, its gets into parietal ( somatoplruric ), and 0 into org visceral (splanchnopleuric) layer. Theextraembryonic mesoderm running from amniotic cavity and yolk sac to the trophoblastic wall is called ‘heconnecting stalk. ; ; Endoderm ‘An elevation the primitive streak is alsosseen on the {forms the re) ‘nbryonic disc. The primitive streak divides the oe ®nbryonic disc into right and left halves. zi al AL MEMBRANES : v lttlon of fertilization ovum: orl. Themen : become am supp tlized ovum reaches the uterus, it has already Irroy ‘nded by the zona pellucida. ‘Scanned wih CamScanner 114 TR. EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT, ADHESION AND yp 4, Why The cells lining the surface of the morula , any constitute the trophoblast. Its has the Property of attaching itself to and any Zea embnye, ne tissue it comes in contact with. mona Peng bistoyt * Once the zona pellucid disappearts, the Q * The process of implantation is aided by cells of the trophoblast stick to the uterine vettin endometrium, this is called implantation. Q= Its begins on the 6" day after fertilization. implaniation| proteolytic enzymes produced by the trophoblast. The uterine mucosa also aids the process. d * The trophoblastic cells that are situated = over the inner cell mass, start penetrating the epithelium of the endometrium. Decidua: ; i * After implantation of the ovum uterine endometrium ffuman embryonie dak at 18 eye undergoes radial changes. The changes in the stromal cells are knownas decidual reaction. The zone of attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine ’°*s* endometrium is known as deciduas basalis. Area of the deciduas basalis is also known as the decidual plate. And is firmly united to the chorion. ‘endometrium seg" [+ The deciduas which covers the embryo is called deciduas areiots on FORMATION OF CHORIONIC VILLI: * The finger like processes arising from all sides of the blastocyst cross section capsularis and one which lines the uterine cavity is known as deciduas parietalis. amniotic cavity are called the villi (chorionic villi). At the basal plate villi grow faster and those arising from the deciduas capularia have slow I The chorionic villi are firs deciduas. The villirelated to the decidua capsularis retrain’ sow into the suru ae ee they degenerate. This Part of the chorion becomes smooth and is called the anne ie he oud of the deciduas basalis , these villi form a disc — shaped mass which's “Te trophenee “raation of chorionic villi are as follows: areformed. The first layer ayes layer Of cells at these cells multiply, two aye The synctiotrophoblast Stow into the endometri ‘Second layer cytorophoblast. ri ae k small cavities called lacunae, lum. Its grows rapidly and becomes thi? ‘Scanned with CamScanner are separated from one another by oe Partitions of cavity which are c Pp, and blood from them fills the Lac ser nae THe m gome of Its blood vessels are opened uy of cu space: trophoblast begin to multiply and grow into each trab . 1 esorrvea central core of cytrophoblast covered, abeculs The trabeculu thus comest© nded by maternal blood filling the |. esryusend the lacunaespace ls nov called the irra ce ‘Snow called ‘The cytrophoblast covered by the Intervillous spaces called secondary villus. , Theblood vessels of the villus connections with the circulatory system of the embryo. Fetal blood now circulates through the villi, while maternal blood circulates through the intervillous space. ‘DEVELOPMENT OF THE PLACENTA : | Along with the tissue of the deciduas basalis , these villi form a disc - shaped mass which is called the placenta. «The placenta now becomes subdivided into a number of lobes by septa, that grow into the intervillous space from the maternal side, Each such lobe of the placenta is often called a maternal cotyledon. + The number of lobes generally varies between 15 to 20. Each lobe contains a number of anchoring villi and there branches. One such villus and its branches constitute a fetal cotyledon. The fully formed placenta has 60-100 such fetal cotyledon. + The placenta now forms a compact mass and is disc-shaped. A full term the placenta has a diameter of 6 to 8 inches and weight about 500 gram it has two surfaces. * The maternmal surface ( formed by the decidual plate ) is rough and is suibdivided into cotyledons. * The fetal surface (chorionic plate ) is liend by amnion . it is smooth and is not divided inti cotylrdons the umbilical cord is attached to this surface. Placental membrane : In the placenta, maternal blood circulates th circulates through blood vessels inthe villi. The maternal and fetal blood do not mix with eac! made up of the layers of the wall of the villus. ‘The placental membrane structures constitute ar membrane, syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast cells. nrough thismembrane. Allinterchanges of oxygen , nutrition and waste products take place thro s ae In the fully formed placenta, the intervillous space contain about 150 ml of bloo teplaced in 15 to 20 second. Functions of placenta: rough the Intervillous space and fetal blood h other, They are separated by amembrane, ¢ surrounding connective tissue , basement ectrolytes and nutrition form maternal The placenta enables the transport of oxygen, water, el tofetal blood. Italso provides {or excretion of waste products prod juced by the fetus into the: maternal blood. ‘Scanned wih CamScanner ae 116 (AMNIOTIC CAVITY : Amniotic fluid (liquor amnii) : through the placenta. dies reaching the fetus acteriaand other harmful Substances f ftom Maternal antibo ‘The placenta acts as a barri reaching tothe fetus. — ‘The placentasynthesizes several hormones are prog' IEUMBILICAL CORD: sure connecting umbilicus of the fetus to the centre gry, ‘Umbilical cord is a rope like structure : fetal surface ofthe placenta. ae Umbilical cord consists of primary mesoderm, umbilical vessels, vitellointestinal duct ang Wharton's jelly. Length of the umbilical cord at the full-term is approxiomatelly 50 cm and breadth bening cm. Two umbilical arterie deoxygenated blood to the placenta. After oxygenation the blood is returned by t portalvein ‘After birth umbilical arteries gets fibrosed forming the medial umbilical ligaments ang umbilical vein gets forms the ligamentum venous. jer and prevents many P one and oestrogens, 1s arising from the ventral divisions of the internal iliac arteries bring he left umbilical vein to the left branch of the Itappears as a space between amniogenic cell layer formed by the trophoblast above and the ectodermal layer of the floor of amniotic cavity below. Meeting of the roof and the floor i: i is Neatnad looris at the periphery of the disk and is called amnio-ectodermal Amniotic cavity grows at the expenses of the extra-embry: wi obliterated f i ¢ extra-embryonic celom which gets It is clear, wate tery and has salt, sugar. Urea and proteins. Increase in the quantity of the anmiotic fluid continues up to the 6" months, Portal vein, Asmall portion of this blood Passes direct to thei Passes through the liv “ inferior venacava the ductus vena the inferior venacava, but greate™ patt ‘Scanned wih CamScanner yy blood reaching the right atrium t} em © Here itis divided iy nected pest passes through the ormen ovaleintothe te eto portion by 1 MON est of It gets mixed up atrium, 1 Te He plood returning to the me atrium through the nat rior vyenacava and passes ve right ventricle. he right ventricle, the blood pulmonary trunk. Only a tion of this blood reaches ngs and passes through it to . The greater part is short circuited by the ductus arteriosusinto the aorta. ‘The left atrium blood is, therefore, fairlyrich in oxygen. Its passesinto —y, pertal vein the left ventricle and then into the —Umbiticus — aorta. Some of this oxygen-rich blood passes into the carotid and Subclavian arteries to supply the brain, the head and neck, and the upperextermities. ~ Much of the blood of the aorta is Placenta carried by the umbilical arteries to theplacenta where itis again oxygenated and returned to the heart. Cungesin the circulation at the birth : * Anest of umbilical blood flow and placental transfusion. * Closure of foramen ovale. P ; , Changes in pulmonary circulation F Posweofducts arteriosus. Vessels that are occluded soon after birth are, pi formthe following ligaments: VESSEL lon by Portal sinus. in due course, replaced by fibrous tissue ‘Scanned with CemScanner 118 FETAL DEVELOPMENT STAGES (af ferent FAT ) NT: PRENATAL DEVELOPME! on of the ovum up to the deliver, Prenatal period extends from fertilizati eeaiel aenatal eres gestation period ( Average duration 280 days). Pet two phases, (A) Embryo phase (weeks 0-8) (A) Fetal phase (weeks 9-40) (A) Embryo phase (0 day-8 weeks): _ The embryonic development phase has been described in 23 stages by Carnegie the variable periodit takes for embryos todevelop certain morphological characterstcg td Y and is a tan be g E iv iat CT eo me Cees B (im) | ( 0. 0-1 | Fertilizeduncleaved zygote 7 |___2 [01-02] 2-3 | Segmentation-two cells tomorula $5 Free-floating blastocyst {tmplantation Primitive streak appears 1 17-18 | Neural folds elevate 19-20 | Head fold appears Heart begins to beat gut & | Arms buds appear &neuraltube closed 3 Legs buds aj E Ppear, heart chambers &lung buds - [er fs 1-32 | seas invagination, Septum primum &gonadalridge aS vesicle closed, external ear becoming recognizable eee | ent appears, hand Plate, hypophysis &li ays foot plate & ear defined i toer Hands m ects enerve Cver heart region, thalamus, heart valves ‘Scanned wih CamScanner 50 | Fingers overlap thi se of oppositehand FI Head erect and 1 and rounded, ‘scalp plexus ossification begins Teaching head vertex @ phase Oe i fe Faracteristics of growth of fetal period of development are: all ‘Skeletal system : Primary ossi bone &bone marrow begins, Urogenital system : Externl that the sex ofthe fetus can ification centre appearin the long Senltalia of male & female is appear be determind by external examination, Facial and other external body features: i Head is still large but the head and body length ratiois 13 Eyelids still remain fused with periderm. Chin is formed due to development of the mandible. Ear pinnaehave appearance. yee_r Limbs reach a point where they are essentially proportional to each other and to the trunk. 19 | 450 | Skin shows following changes: 1, Vernix caseosa, a greasy, cheese like material covers theskin, 2. Hair -by the end of 5" month the fetal body is covered with fine downy hair. Genitourinary system: 1. Inthe male fetus-the testes begin to descend by 20" week, but they are still located onthe posterior abdominal wall. 2. In the female fetus, uterus is formed by 18” week and| canalization of vagina begins. By the end of this month. 23 | 800 | External features: 1. Eyebrows and eyelids are well formed. Rapid eye mov i i 2. Skin is wrinkled markedly, presumably due to its more rap! growth than the underlying connective tissue- : Respiratory system: The lungs surface active lipid that maintains the patency of the developingalveoli ofthelung. Heamaloptesisn ee em oiesis begins in| " about mid-month hematop Gee and ovarian Genitourinary system : Vaginal lum sex cords are well defined. Renal pelvis exhibits of ‘subdivisi the month and ions. ‘Scanned wih CamScanner |Armsand! helegs in thi Face continues to appear more human and by the end of month. Vellus hair on the body, particularly on the scalp becom, and more prominent while lanugo hair is gradually, Finger-nails project beyond the finger tips and the reach the end oftoes till the end of this month. ut 12-1 ‘Scanned wih CamScanner sy Admission Mahisaini fp" Alert Tacnical DOCTORS Vlog Point PSN Eelam concn Scanned wth CamScanner

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