 Occurs in the ovary (follicle)

LESSON 2: Animal: Reproduction and Development  Oogonium [46] -> Primary oocytes [46] (first
meiotic division) (see picture)

 Ovulation is triggered by release of two hormones

GAMETE PRODUCTION
by pituitary gland (a gland of endocrine/hormonal
1. Gametogenesis (gamete – sex cells; genesis -
system) and usually occurs during day 14 of an
beginning)
average 28-day cycle
- Formation of sex cells
- Developments starts with the formation of sex
cells and ends only by death
- Gamete formation where daughter cells, or
gametes, are produced at the end of meiosis II
resulting in the production of sperm and egg.
 2 Types of Gamete Formation:
 Spermatogenesis: the process of male gamete
production in animals
 Occurs within the testes (seminiferous tubules)
 Spermatogonium [46] (complete chromosome,
parent sex cell) -> primary spermatocytes
2. Fertilization
[diploid - 46] (first meiotic division) -> secondary
- Millions of sperm travel into the fallopian tubes,
spermatocytes [haploids 2 – 23] (second meiotic
but there will only be one sperm to fertilize the
division) -> spermatids [4 -23] or called sperm
egg cell
(SPERMIOGENESIS) -> Normal Sperms [4 -23]
- Many sperm cells can go into egg cell, but not all
penetrate due to the enzyme produced by egg cell
- Fertilization occurs when the sperm nucleus fuses
with the egg nucleus
- The acrosomal reaction is triggered when the
sperm meets the egg (series of chemical changes
to prevent other sperm from entering)
- The acrosome at the tip of the sperm releases
hydrolytic enzymes that digest material
surrounding the egg
- A fertilization membrane forms around the egg
once a sperm has entered to precent other sperm
 Oogenesis: the process of female gamete from entering
production in animals
//ectopic pregnancy – zygote implants in the fallopian
tube, leads to death of baby
3. Cleavage
- Fertilization is followed by cleavage, a period of
rapid cell division without growth (oviduct)
- Cleavage partitions the cytoplasm of one large cell
into many smaller cells called blastomeres
- The blastula is a ball of cells with a fluid-filled
cavity called a blastocoel

Morula

- After several rounds of cleavage, a solid ball of

cells, called a morula is formed
- The cells on the inside have trouble getting water
& oxygen and getting rid of wastes

Blastula

- The cells on the inside of the morula push their

way out and form a hollow ball called a blastula
- Cells still get smaller with each round of cleavage
- The hollow space inside is called the blastocoel

4. Gastrulation
- Rearranges the cells of a blastula into a three-
layered embryo, called a gastrula
 Late Gastrula
- By the end of the gastrula stage, the cells start to
grow between divisions
- A third layer of cells begins to grow between the
inner and outer layers forming three primary
germ layers
- The cells in these germ layers will differentiate to
become different types of cells

The Primary Germ Layers

  Ectoderm:  Urology is study of urinary & male reproductive
- Cells on the outside system
- Forms the skin and the nervous system
Male Reproductive System
 Endoderm:
- Cells on the inside
- Forms the lining of the digestive system
 Mesoderm:
- Cells that form between these layers
- Forms the muscles, bones, and organs
5. Organogenesis
- Or organ formation, occurs during weeks 3
through 8. The primitive heart starts beating at 4
weeks
- By week 8 the developing embryo has become a
FETUS (although the definitions of this timepoint
vary, up to 10 weeks)
6. Pregnancy or Gestation
- Testis: responsible for the sperm formation
- At 20 weeks the fetus is roughly 11 inches long
- Scrotum: cools testis, serves as a pouch that holds
and weighs about 1 lb. or 10 oz.
the testes which is very sensitive to temperature
- It can suck its thumb, yawn and stretch
- Epididymis: responsible for sperm maturation,
- The mother can now feel it moving (called
stores the sperm as they finish the maturation
“quickening”)
stage
- A full-term pregnancy lasts 9 months, or 38 weeks
- Ductus deferens or Vas deferens: sperm duct,
- After 22 weeks the fetus is considered viable. This
passageway which carries the sperm to the
means it could survive outside the uterus if there
urethra
is a premature birth
- Seminal vesicle: produces fructose-rich fluid that
Monozygotic twin is the main component of semen
- Prostate: secretes alkaline fluid that activates the
- Also known as identical twins; result from the
sperm in the semen
union of a sperm and egg to form a single zygote
- Urethra: passageway that carries the urine and
that splits up during the first cleavage stage
semen out of the body
Dizygotic twin
Accessory parts
- Also known as fraternal twins; results from the
Scrotum
development of two or more separate fertilization
events the resulting zygotes develop almost - Sac of loose skin, fascia & smooth muscle divided
simultaneously. into two pouches by a septum
- Temperature regulation of testes
The Reproductive System
- Requires 2 or 3 degrees lower than the normal
Anatomy and Physiology of the Male and Female body temperature
Reproductive Systems - Muscle in scrotum elevates the testes on exposure
to cold and during the arousal, warm reverses the
INTRODUCTION process
- Gonads produce gametes & secrete sex hormones - When temp is too cold, scrotum move closer to
- Reproductive systems body for warmth
 Gonads, ducts, glands & supporting structures - When temp is too hot, scrotum descend away
 Gynecology is the study of female reproductive from the body
system Testes
 - Paired of oval glands measuring 2 inches by 1 inch
- Surrounded by dense white capsule
 Septa form 200 – 300 compartments called
lobules
- Each is filled with 2 or 3 seminiferous tubules
where sperm are formed
Spermatogenesis
- The production of sperm
- Begins when a male reaches puberty and
Semen
continues throughout life
 Seminal vesicles: secrete 60% of clear, alkaline
seminal fluid with fructose sugar, ATP and
prostaglandins for the normal sperm nutrition &
function. Chemicals for coagulation of semen
(liquid to gel)
 Prostate: Secretes 30% of milky, slightly acidic
seminal fluid with an antibiotic to kill bacteria
 Cowper’s glands: secrete clear, alkaline mucus to
buffer and lubricate urethra
- Mixture of sperms and seminal fluid
- 60% from seminal vesicles, 30% from prostate
- Typical ejaculate is 2.5 to 5ml in volume
- Normal sperm count is 50 to 150 million/mL
 Action of many sperm are needed for one to
enter
 If less than 20 million/mL, sterile

Erection

- Sexual stimulation
- Parasympathetic nervous system reflex

Emission and Ejaculation

Sperm Morphology
- Adapted for reaching and fertilizing the egg
- Head contains DNA and the acrosome with
enzymes for penetrating the egg
- Midpiece contains mitochondria to form ATP for
Female Reproductive System
energy
- Tail is flagellum used for locomotion
 Emission
- Muscle contractions close sphincter at base of
bladder
 Ejaculation
- Sympathetic nervous system reflex
- Skeletal muscles squeeze semen out through
urethra
 Ovaries produce eggs (oocytes) & hormones
 Mammary glands produce milk

MALE GLANDS
  Primary follicle
 Layers of cuboidal granulosa cells around the
oocyte
 Granulosa cells secrete estrogens

Oogenesis – yields egg cells

Oogonia to Oocytes

- Some develop into immature egg cells called

primary oocytes during fetal development
 200,000 to 2 million present at birth
 40,000 remain at puberty but only 400 mature
during a woman’s reproductive life
- Each month about primary oocytes become
- Ovary (2, left and right): counterpart of testes, secondary oocytes but usually only one survives to
most important female reproductive system part be ovulated from follicle
- Gonads (primary reproductive organ, ovary for F,
testes for M): where oogenesis takes place or Oogenesis
female gametes
- Uterine Tube or Fallopian Tube: passageway
which egg cell travels from the ovary and once it is
fertilized, the zygote must implant itself in the
uterus
- Uterus: area for fetal development
- Vagina: serves as the birth canal
- Vulva: serves as stimulation and arousal

The Ovary

- Pair of organs, size of unshelled almonds in upper

pelvic region

Uterine or Fallopian Tubes

Ovarian Follicles

- Oocytes (egg cells) develop within the follicles

- Functions – events occurring in the uterine tube
- Stages of follicular development
 Fimbriae sweep oocyte into tube
 Primordial follicle
 Cilia and peristalsis move it along
 Single layer of squamous cells around the
oocyte  Sperm reaches oocyte in ampulla
  Fertilization occurs within 24 hours after
ovulation
 Zygote reaches uterus about 7 days after
ovulation
Anatomy of the Uterus
- Site of menstruation & development of fetus
- Description:
 3 inches long by 2 inches wide and 1 inch thick
 Subdivided into fundus, body & cervix
 Interiorly contains uterine cavity accessed by
cervical canal
Vagina
- Passageway for birth, menstrual flow and
intercourse
- Description:
 4-inch-long fibromuscular organ ending at cervix
 Lies between urinary bladder and rectum
 Orifice partially closed with membrane (hymen)
Mammary Glands

Mammary gland is connected pectoral muscle,
attached to the pectoral are different ducts,
lobes of the mammary gland (purple in pic), and
the adipose tissues (yellow)
- Areola: pigmented area around the nipple
- Ligaments: suspend the breast
 Mammary glands are connected to the ovary
 Lactation is stimulated after gestation (or
pregnancy)
 The first letdown of milk to a female is known as
the colostrum, that has very unusual color, with
yellowish green color
Female Reproductive Cycle
- Controlled by monthly hormonal cycle from the
hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and ovary
 Ovarian cycle: changes in ovary during and after
maturation of the follicle and oocyte
 Uterine cycle (menstrual cycle): Preparation of
the uterus to receive fertilized ovum
 If implantation does not occur, the functional
layer of endometrium is shed during
menstruation
Hormonal Regulation of Reproductive Cycle
 Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH):
secreted by the hypothalamus, controls the
female reproductive cycle
- Stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete Follicle
Stimulating Hormone (FSH) & Luteinizing Hormone
(LH)
 FSH & LH target the ovaries and drive the ovarian
cycle (monthly changes in the ovary)
 Estrogens and progesterone from the ovaries
drive the uterine cycle (monthly changes in the
uterus)
Phases of Ovarian Cycle
 Follicular Phase: FSH from anterior pituitary
stimulates follicle growth
 Ovulation: Fimbriae of Fallopian tube picks up the
ovulated oocyte
 Luteal phase (postovulatory phase): LH
stimulates development of Corpus luteum from
ovulated or ruptured follicle
- Corpus luteum secretes mostly progesterone &
some estrogens
- Progesterone prepares endometrium for possible
pregnancy
Phases of Uterine Cycle
 Proliferative phase: Rising estrogen levels from
the growing follicle stimulates growth of the
functional layer of endometrium to 4-10 mm
thickness
 Secretory Phase: Corpus luteum of ovary secretes
progesterone
 - Progesterone stimulates:  hCG takes the place of LH and maintains the
 Increased thickening of the functional layer of corpus luteum degenerates
endometrium 12 – 18 mm  Placenta now produces its estrogen and
 Increased blood supply into the endometrium progesterone and maintains endometrium
 Growth of endometrial glands and secretion of
uterine milk
 Menstruation phase (menses): decline in
progesterone levels causes functional layer of
endometrium to discharge resulting in vaginal
bleeding called menstruation
- Mark the beginning of the next cycle

Negative Feedback Controls Cycle

- If no pregnancy
Progesterone and estrogen levels decline
Functional layer of endometrium discharged into
first five days of next cycle
- Starting the next cycle
 With the decline in progesterone, estrogens:
 Inhibition of GnRH, FSH and LH stops
 Renewed secretion of these hormones starts a
new cycle of growth and preparation in ovaries
and uterus

Pregnancy

- If fertilization occurs:
 Embryo implants in endometrium
 Must maintain levels of progesterone to
maintain the endometrium and pregnancy
 Since corpus luteum secretes progesterone, it
must be maintained
 The outer part of blastocyst (the chorion)
secretes the hormone human chorionic
gonadotropin (hCG)