GAD Basic Orientation - COA

…COA has started
developing its own What is GAD as

development
framework towards a approach?
results-focused audit
Role of different
approach of GAD- What are institutions in
related programs and GAD basic
Concepts?
shaping gender
identity
activities through
appropriate
utilization of GAD-
allotted funds.
(Paper presented to the UN Commission of the Status of Women)
National GAD Resource Program

Philippine Commission on Women
Levelling Session on Gender and Development (GAD) for State Auditors and
Audit Team Leaders of the Commission on Audit (COA )
Session I: Basic GAD Orientation

Content
• Gender as a Social Construct
• Role of Socializing Institutions
• Manifestation of Gender Biases
• Gender and Development (GAD) Approach

Energize
and level- Let’s do the BINGO
off!
• Each participant shall be provided with 8 BINGO Cards;

• At each call-out, participants should look for the persons that correspond the
description being called out;
• Example: For the call-out for straight line (vertical or horizontal), find persons
with color red in his/her attire. Write down the names of these persons and let
them sign. Altogether the names of these persons shall yield a straight line;
• Once the call-out is duly accomplished, the participant shall shout BINGO! Results
will be validated. No name shall appear twice in the bingo cards. Prizes are
available to successful ones 

Sex or Gender?
Sex =
• biological differences between men and women based on
genitalia and reproductive organs.
• relatively fixed.
• Constant across time, across societies and cultures

What are attributed to women? To men?
Women Men
• Can be pregnant • Strong
• Can give birth. • Sperm donor
• Emotional • Muscular
• Delicate • Leaders
• Rear children • Decision makers
• Take care of children • With Adam’s Apple
• Menstruate

Women and men are the same in many respects but they are also
different…
WOMEN MEN
 Estrogen and SEX  Androgen and
Progesterone Testosterone
 XX A biological term, a natural
attribute that person is born  XY
 Vagina
with, which meant to signify  Penis
 Uterus
 Ovary that one is either a female or  Scrotum
 Can be pregnant/ child a male  Semen
bearer  Can impregnate
 Mammary gland/ can  Hormones  Male
breastfeed  Chromosomes
 Female  Reproductive organs

WOMEN Gender MEN
 Enduring  Strong
A socially differentiated
 Homemaker  Muscular
roles, characteristics
 Weak
and expectations
 Decision maker
 Emotional attributed by culture to
 Rational
 Delicate women and men.
 Breadwinner
 Person-oriented Masculinity and
 Rough
 Passive femininity are culturally  Task-oriented
 Naïve constructed attributes.  Active
 Caring
 Knowledgeable
FEMININE MUSCULINE

SEX GENDER
• Given at birth • Culturally and socially
• Male or Female dictated
• Masculine or Feminine
• Permanent
• Constant even in different • Variable
countries • Differ in societies
• Constant even in different times • Differ at times
“What you were born with” “What happens afterwards”

Gender is acquired after birth and is a social construction
• From gender differences, men and women derive their roles

and relationships
• Role standards, i.e. socially acceptable behaviors and
characteristics are determined by habits, customs and
traditions
• Characteristics vary from one culture, from one era to another
and from one place to another. THEY CAN CHANGE

The Socializing Institutions and Factors
From infancy, individuals are
taught guidelines for behavior
based on his or her sex.
These are further reinforced,

maintained, and sanctioned by a
PhP pervasive mechanism of social
control.
The social values and behavioral

norms attached to gender labels-
of what is feminine and what is
masculine become part of an
individual’s “core personality”
Filipina Through the Years
A. Pre-Colonial B. Spanish Colonial Period
• Women enjoyed equal status with • Iberian model of women

men
• Value of virginity
• Recognized as political and religious
leaders • Demure, obedient
• Healer, adviser • Family-centered, religious
• Mediator (also bet. mortals and non- • Submissive
mortals
• Domesticated woman
• Priestess / Babaylan
• “Expert” in history, religion, • The revolutionary woman-
literature, psychology and medicine leader, courageous, risk-taker,
• One who can memorize songs, shared burdens of revolutionary
poems, stories activities, provider of resources
The Filipina Through the Years
C. The American Colonial Period D. Japanese Occupation
• Advocates of women’s suffrage • Sex-slaves or comfort women
• Organizer and worker for women’s rights • Worked for meager pay (mickey
• Leaders of welfare and reform projects mouse notes) in plantations
• Agitators for women to be appointed in • Joined the Hukbalahap
education and electoral precincts (participants, organizers,
collectors and couriers
• Leaders of welfare and reform projects
• Cabarets or public dance halls introduced
• Worked with men in farm and enterprises
but labor was unrecognized

E. The 1950s F. The 1970s
• Militant
• The Hollywood • Mobilizer of women in different
beauty sectors
• Commodities and • Conscienticizer
objects of pleasure • Visible force in nationalist
• Beauty queen, movie movement
star, or fashion model • Participant in people’s democratic
image struggle
(women’s liberation movement)
• Civic-minded

G. The 1980’s H. Post EDSA Women (1990s)
• Militant advocates for protection
• The conscienticized group, of women
against the dictatorship
• Leaders in campaign against sexism
• Exodus of women OFWs started
• Organizer of first women’s political
• Feminization of poverty party in the world
• Broader participation of women
from various sectors
• Coalition/network builder
• Formulator of policies

The Filipina Through the Years- The Text Generation (2000’s)
• Women as IT users
• Proliferation of prostitution through the net
• Marriage through the net
• Pedophilia through the net
• Child trafficking

 Gender-linked labels developed
into institutionalized sexism
 The unconscious biases and
assumptions can affect how one
recognizes the capacities of
group of people.
 It can impede the attainment of
their full potentials to contribute
in the development process
 It can impair the responsiveness
of development interventions.

Ways of institutionalized sexism
Sense of
helplessness
Stigmatization
as inferior to men
• Lack of confidence to go into business

• Lack of ability and capacity to effect
change in self and the environment
DON’T ACT LIKE
♫ Turn on your speakers!
AN
ELEPHANT!
From
From an article by Thomas J. Stevens
Strange statement, isn’t it?
But listen carefully because it can make a difference of success and failure in your
business and private life.
LET ME EXPLAIN:
You may know that in India
elephants are used for manual
labor.
But what to do with them when
they are not working? How to
restrain them?

Their handlers came up with the idea to “program” them
while they are still very young by setting self-imposed
limits into their thinking.
HOW DOES IT WORK?
When the elephants are still small,

weighing around 150 pounds they get tied
up with a very heavy rope. All day long,
the elephants try to get rid of it, whine,
tug at it and some of them even try to
chew it. But they can’t break free.

Finally the elephant gives up
and the fight is over.
From this moment on, they strongly

believe that there is absolutely no
chance to get rid of the rope.

They accept the “fact” that the rope limits them. And
with this imprinted belief in place, their handlers are
able to tie them with extremely small ropes, even as
adults weighing 8,000 pounds and more, they never
attempt to break free, because they “know” they have
no chance at all!
As you can see, the

elephants limits are not
real but exist only in their
mind.
We also have built-in boundaries and
biases.
They are also not real but exist
only in our minds. But it
doesn’t have to stay this way.
Our negative belief systems
don’t have to limit us for good.
We can change our inner
belief system, our attitude,
and break our inner
boundaries and biases.

You always have the inner
strength, the personal power
to change everything in your
life for the better.
NEVER ACT LIKE AN ELEPHANT

Gender roles are Gender roles
deep-seated in the have resulted Manifestation of
culture as well as Gender Bias
the belief and the
to gender
value systems bias
 Marginalization
 Subordination
 Canalization
 Multiple burden
 Gender stereotyping
 Violence
 Obstacles to personal
development
Productive-Reproductive Division of Role/ Labor
Gender-linked biases
Productive Reproductive
• work • child birth/rearing

• home management
• politics • family care
• paid • unpaid
• visible • invisible
• valued • not valued

MARGINALIZATION (Economic)
 Under or non-valuation/recognition of women’s work
Unequal pay for work of equal value
Last to be hired, first to be fired
Exacting sexual favors
Limited opportunities, access and control over resources and services
Limited or having no control over their income and enjoying its benefits

SUBORDINATION (political)
 Position
 Status
 Decision-making
 Process of socialization
MULTIPLE BURDEN
 Parenting
 Housework
 Community participation and involvement
 Balancing work and family life

Canalization
• Putting men or women in a  Women not asked about their
“box,” thereby preventing problems/concerns
them from achieving their  Women not consulted in the design of
full potentials programs/projects that affect/supposed to
benefit them
• Removing men or women  Women not allowed to join politics
from the mainstream of  Women’s work not valued
society  Men “boxed” in male-oriented jobs
 Men doing all the heavy or dirty work
 Men always expected to “feed” or provide
for the family

GENDER STEREOTYPING
 Child-rearing
 Religion
 Occupations
 Education
 Language
 Behavior
 Government program
 Media
 Popular culture
Relations are not levelled but
are stratified and women are
found at the lower rungs. In
examining gender relations,
women’s secondary status must
be recognized and transformed
so that their human right to
equality can be realized
… and the CAPACITY TO BE and the CAPACITY TO DO

will be achieved.

VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN EFFECTS ON PERSONHOOD
Inflicting pain/injury in a person
(on the bases of one’s sex, class,
race, etc.) Lack of self esteem
It could be Self-sacrificing
Physical (battering) No control over one’s body
Emotional/Psychological
(threatening)
Verbal (insulting)
Financial
Sexual (rape, incest,
perversions)
Sexual harassment
Medical Abuse
• Power relations between women
and men are far from equal of
balanced and grossly skewed in
favor of men
• Gender division of labor leads to
Manifestation women’s subordinate status
of Gender Bias • Gender roles determine not only
on women’s cultural and social
status but their economic and
political status as well.
• In all spheres, women’s status has
been secondary to men’s
Personal Societal
Developmen Developmen
t t

GAD is an approach to development
Premise Recognizes Concerned with
• All policies, • Gender inequality • The social
programs and and the construction and its
projects should disadvantaged impact on the lives
reflect the needs, status of women as of women and
priorities, roles and shown by male men, although it
differential impact dominance over focuses more on
of development social and women’s role in
process on women economic development and
and men resources. their lives are
affected by it.

Seeks to:
 achieve gender equality as a
is a development perspective and fundamental value that should be
process that are participatory and reflected in development choices;
empowering, equitable, sustainable,  transform society’s social, economic,
free from violence, respectful of and political structures
human rights, supportive of self-
determination and actualization of the validity of the gender roles they
human potentials ascribed to women and men
Contends that women are active agents of development,

not just passive recipients of development assistance
Stresses the need of women to organize themselves and
participate in political processes to strengthen their legal rights
MCW Definition
Gender Needs
Practical needs… Strategic gender needs..
• Based on women’s socially accepted roles in • Recognize women’s subordinate and
society marginalized status and address these
• Do not challenge the gender division of • Refer to the need for the consciousness
labor nor question women’s subordination, raising and for enhancing women’s
even if these have given rise to such gender participation, access to and control over
needs economic and political resources, and
• Addressed through policies, programs and equality with men in sharing power and the
projects that lessen the impact of benefits of development efforts.
discrimination and marginalization of • Responses seek to minimize or reduce
women. unequal gender relations, abolish the gender
• Responses include health care and nutrition division of labor, alleviate women’s multiple
services, safe water. education support, burden, remove institutionalized forms of
housing and the delivery of basic services discrimination, achieve freedom of choice
and infrastructure over childbearing, and combat violence
against women and make control over
National GAD Resource Program women
GAD …
• Promotes interventions and affirmative action programs that integrate
women into the development process
• Recognizes women’s role in both productive and reproductive work,
and promotes the equal participation of women and men in these
spheres.
• Considers women as agents of development and not just passive
recipients of development assistance
• Examines gender relations and seek to transform unequal relations
toward the kind of development that is more equitable and sustainable
• Stresses the need for women to organize themselves and participate in
political processes
• Questions social, economic and political structures and the gender
roles assigned to women and men

WHY US ?
Gender issues affect all of us. But
instead of solving them, we all
contribute to their perpetuation.
Everyone who believes in the vision of

attaining a full and satisfying life for all
has an obligation to help pursue GAD

WHY US ?
We are mandated by international

treaties/commitments, laws and policies
We are custodians of peoples’ trust and

resources. We have the power,
knowledge, skills and resources to make
development work for everybody

The Challenges…
• Ignoring 50% of the populace in development
interventions will not lead to development, much
less equitable development. Equitable and
responsive distribution of benefits and access to
resources and services are guaranteed rights by the
State through the Magna Carta of Women
• Right to information -Are the plans and budget and
services for women available and accessible?
• Effectiveness and efficiency - Has the GAD Plan and
Budget able deliver services that meet the needs of
the women?

GAD Framework
• Gives agencies the gender-sensitive lens with which to
examine the differential situation of women and men
• Transforms situations that have negative impacts on
women
• Provide inputs on the elements of gender-fair society
a) personal level,
b) among families,
c) on socio-cultural, economic spheres, political and
legal sphere,

SALAMAT!


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…COA has started

developing its own What is GAD as

National GAD Resource Program

Session I: Basic GAD Orientation

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

• Each participant shall be provided with 8 BINGO Cards;

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

“What you were born with” “What happens afterwards”

National GAD Resource Program

• From gender differences, men and women derive their roles

National GAD Resource Program

These are further reinforced,

The social values and behavioral

• Women enjoyed equal status with • Iberian model of women

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

• Lack of confidence to go into business

National GAD Resource Program

When the elephants are still small,

National GAD Resource Program

From this moment on, they strongly

National GAD Resource Program

As you can see, the

National GAD Resource Program

NEVER ACT LIKE AN ELEPHANT

National GAD Resource Program

• work • child birth/rearing

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

… and the CAPACITY TO BE and the CAPACITY TO DO

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

Contends that women are active agents of development,

National GAD Resource Program

Everyone who believes in the vision of

National GAD Resource Program

We are mandated by international

We are custodians of peoples’ trust and

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

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