ANIMALS
body until they can control their
o The most complex reproductive
system structure
o Lots of abilities that plants
couldn’t do.
o We are at the top of the
taxonomy, air, water, earth, and
fire among the animals.
o As humans, we are known for
our capability of rational
thinking, and sa animals naman
kasi, instincts ang pinapairal nila
or nag r-rely.
DEVELOPMENT
o This occur many point in our
lives, this is also called the life
cycle.
o Metamorphosis, happens along
with gamete production.
o In our mother’s womb, it follows
the cephalocaudal process,
which describes that the upper
part of our body develops first
up to bottom.
o Cephalocaudal refers to the
universal “head-to-toe” direction
of humans’ growth and
functional motor development. It
is most obviously observed in
infants’ spatial proportions
change, continuing to
adulthood. The cephalocaudal
principle states that
development proceeds from top
to bottom. According to this
principle, a child will gain
physical control of their head
first. After this, physical control
will progress down through their
legs and feet.
o And the process that lets our
fingers to separate completely
in development process is
called apoptosis.
 GAMETE FORMATION
 Gametogenesis (Gamete= sex,
Genesis= beginning)
 Gamete formation where
daughter cells, or gametes are
produced at the end of meiosis
II (splitting of sex cells)
resulting in the production of
sperm and egg.
 Unlimited sex cells for
men, while on the other
hand female constantly
loses the ability to
produce egg cells as
they age, resulting in
their menopause.
 Women have 2 ovaries
that sheds (eggs) every
month.
 Polycystic- is a condition
where sobra sobra yung
mga eggs.
 Cells that are produced in
Mitosis are called Somatic &
Body cells
2 TYPES OF GAMETE FORMATION
 Spermatogenesis
 Is the process of male gamete
formation.
 This occurs in the testes, where
mag u-undergo sa Meiosis 1-2
and 4 sperms ang ma p-
produced, where those 4
sperms (also called as
spermatids) function as
individual cells.
 And kung nagkaroon ng
malalang sakit in your
childhood, this could affect the
production of sperms.
 XX (Babae), YY (Lalaki)
  Primary spermatocytes,
Secondary spermatocytes.
 Oogenesis
 The process of female gamete
production in animals.
 Mag u-undergo din ng Meiosis
1&2 which will result sa
production ng Primary oocytes,
and Secondary oocytes.
 Magp-produce ng 4 egg cells
kaso sa apat na yun, only one
will develop, and the rest
magiging polar bodies.
 Ectopic pregnancy- It is a
condition where a fertilized egg
implants outside the uterus,
usually in the fallopian tube.
(naggrow ang bata sa fallopian;
eventually, removal is needed.)
 Sa fallopian tube nag d-
develop yung bata, this
would force the mother na
alisin.
 Sa fallopian tube nag m-
meet ang egg at sperm,
and yung mga napunta sa
right ovary kung nasaan
yung egg, yun lang yung
magkakaroon ng chance to
develop. At it is also
possible na dalawang
sperm at the same time ang
mag develop;
 Monozygotic- Male,
Male
 Dizygotic- Female,
Male
 Ovulation
 Is triggered by the release of
two hormones by the
pituitary gland (a gland of
the endocrine/ hormonal
system) and usually occurs
during day 14 on average
28-day cycle. Means once a
month nags-shed ng eggs.
Dito under safe period and
fertile stage.
 Placenta is being prepared when
the blood is compressed in the
ovary and when there is no sperm,
the egg cell will shatter along with
the blood. (Placenta is yung
lalagyan nung bata sa loob ng
womb.)
 The egg cell is can be seen by the
naked eye, while the sperms are
microscopic, therefore they cannot
be seen by the naked eye
 FERTILIZATION
 Occurs when the sperm nucleus
fuses with the egg nucleus.
 The acrosomal reaction is
triggered when the sperm meets
the egg.
 Acrosomal Reaction
 Haploid ang sperm cell (23
chromosomes)
 In the nucleus, DNA and genetic
information is stored and found.
 Acrosome serves as the mouth
of the sperm cell.
 At the tip of the sperm cell nag r-
release ng enzyme that nam-
melt nung egg cell
  A fertilization membrane forms  Blastocyst:
around the egg once a sperm  Nag start na din ditto mag
has entered to prevent other develop ang primitive heart.
sperms from entering.
 CLEAVAGE

It is a period of rapid cell
division without growth.
 Cleavage partitions the
cytoplasm of one large cell
into many smaller cells called
blastomeres.
 Successive division, magu-
undergo na sa mitosis (mitotic
division).
 Morula
 After several rounds of
cleavage, a solid ball of cells,
called a morula, is formed.
 The cells on the inside have
trouble getting water & oxygen  GASTRULATION
and getting rid of wastes.  It rearranges the cells of blastula
 Before that if nakaabot ng 64 into a three-layered embryo,
cells divide it will be called as called a grastula.
morula. (berry-like shape)  From embryo, it will be now
 You call the egg from a zygote called as grastula, as it’s named
to embryo after the process.

 Blastula
 IF the cell kept on multiplying
and dividing, blastula is
formed. Blastula is a ball of
cells with a fluid-filled cavity
called a blastocoel. (atleast
128 cells compacted)
 And the fluid-filled part would
be the cause of many stem
cells to form, then tissues,
after that, organs, etc.
 Tuloy tuloy lang ditto ang cell
division.
 And in this development stage,
mas magiging organized na into
three layers or levels
 LATE GASTRULA
 By the end of the gastrula stage,
the cells start to grow between
divisions.
 A third layer of cells begins to
grow between the inner and
outer layers forming three
primary germ layers.
  The cells in these germ layers
will differentiate to become
different type of cells.
 Ectoderm
Differentiated to be parts of
the skin and nervous
system (e.g. brain, spine)
 Endoderm
 Organs that are found in
the innermost part of the
body. (e.g. liver, pancreas,
and thyroid)
 Mesoderm
 Organs part if the
circulatory system (heart) ,
excretory system (kidney),
and reproductive system
(urethra etc).
 Nangyari normal process that
these primary germ give rise
to:
 ORGANOGENESIS
 Or organ formation, occurs
during week 3 through 8. The
primitive heart starts beating
at 4 weeks.
 By week 8 the developing of
embryo has become a FETUS
(although definitions of this
timepoint vary, up to 10
weeks)
 kapag present na organs/
nakapag form na organs, still
magsstay 9 months ung
growing fetus sa womb.
 GESTATION (PREGNANCY)
 At 20 weeks, the fetus is
roughly 11 inch long and
weighs about 1lb 10 oz. 20
weeks palang ok na, kaya
many give birth kahit 6-8
months palang ang
pregnancy, and so premature
birth ang magiging result.
 It can such its thumb, yawn
and stretch.
 The mother can now feel it
moving (called “quickening”).
 BIRTH (FULL-TERM
PREGNANCY)
 A full-term pregnancy lasts 9
months, or 38 weeks
 After 22 weeks the fetus is
considered viable (capable of
living sab inga sa gestation
process). This means it could
survive the uterus if there is a
premature birth.
 Maaaring may mutation, di
nag develop ibang parts sa
organogenesis. So pwede
lahat ng mutation doon
nangyari.
 About 266 days (8.7452
months, 38 weeks) ang
tinatagal ng pregnancy.
MONOZYGOTIC TWIN
  Also known as identical twins;
result from the union of a sperm
and egg to form a single zygote
that splits up during first cleavage
stage.
DIZYGOTIC TWINS
 Also known as fraternal twins;
results from the development of
two or more separate fertilization
events the resulting zygotes
develop almost simultaneously.
The Reproductive System
Anatomy and Physiology of the Male and
Female Reproductive Systems
 Gonads (Testes, Ovary) produce
gametes & secrete sex hormones.
Reproductive Systems

Gonads, ducts, glands, and
supporting structures.
 In male, the gonads is
testes, tapos sa females ay
ovaries, and the supporting
structures of these gonads
will be the external parts of
reproductive systems.
 Gynecology is the study of female
reproductive system
 Urology is the study of urinary
and male reproductive system.
 MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
 Their reproductive organs are
found internally and externally.
o Gonads: Sa loob ng scrotum
o Scrotum: Supporting
structure, is sensitive to
temperature.
o Epedidymis: Where sperm is
stored and maturation na
nagawa sa testis.
o Vas deferens (Ductus
deferens): Dito lumalabas
yung mga sperm.
o Seminal vesicle: Secretes a
certain substance (a kind of
fructose) with the sperm,
because the sperms need
enough energy to travel.
o Prostate: Secretes alkaline
fluid to activate sperm cells.
o Bladder: temporary storage of
urine.
o Urethra: Lumalabas ang
urine and semen, and its
supporting organ or structure is
the penis.

 Scrotum
 Sac of loose skin, fascia &
smooth muscle divided into
two pouches by a septum.
 Temperature regulation testes.
 This is made up of veins,
muscles.
 And need ng tamang
temperature ng mga semen in
order to survive.
 2-3 degrees celcius higher
than the temperature of you
body.
 Elevates testes to cold.
 Paired oval glands measuring
2 inches by 1 inch.
 Sorrounded by dense whole
capsule (Septa, from 200-300
compartments).
 Sperm Morphology
 Adapted for reaching and
fertilizing the egg.
 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
 Male Glands
 Seminal Vesicle
 Important male gland,
contribute 60% of sperm, this
causes for the semen to be
viscous.
 Prostate
 30%, produce milky fluid and
slightly acidic fluid with
antibiotic semen fluid.
 Cowper’s gland
 Secretes clear alkaline mucus
to buffer and lubricate the
urethra.
 Semen
 Mixture if sperm and seminal
fluid.
 60% seminal vesicle, 30%
prostate.
 Typical ejaculation: 2.5-5 ml
 Normal sperm count is 80 to
150 million per milligram.
 Actions of many sperms for
one to enter.
 If less than 20 million/mL,
there’s a high possibility and
we could say that he is
sterile.
 Sexual stimulation
 Erection
 It is a type of sexual stimulation
 Parasympathetic nervous
system reflex.
 Compression veins, higher
blood pressure.
 If there are engorgement, and
inflammation, then there is a
problem with his
parasympathetic stimulations.
 Emission
 Muscle contractions sphincter
at base of bladder
 Ejaculation
 Parasympathetic nervous
system reflex.
 Skeletal muscle squeeze
semen out through urethra.
  Ovaries produce eggs (oocytes) & o Anatomy of Uterus
hormones  Site of menstruation and
 Mammary glands produce milk development of fetus
 Kasama ang mammary gland sa  Uterus (womb, bahay-bata
reproductive system ng female.
 Pregnancy- ma c-compress yung
bladder.
o Uterine Tube/Fallopian
Tube: Connected sa ovaries,
daanan ng egg and sperm
(halfway).
 Dito dumadaan egg cell
papuntang ampulla by
sweeping it.
 Narrow 4-inch tube that
extends from the ovary to
o o Vagina
uterus.
 Passageway of birth,
 Fimbriae are moving finger-
menstrual flow and
like projections.
intercourse. 4-inch long
 Ampulla is central region of
fibromuscular organ ending
the tube.
at cervix, it lies between
 Isthmus is narrowest.
urinary bladder and rectum.
 Function: events occurring in
 Orifice partially closed with
the uterine tube
membrane (hymen)
 Fimbriae sweep oocyte into
 Equistrian- when under
tube
normal condition, na c-cut
 Cillia and penstaisis
move along
 Sperm reach oocyte in
ampulla
 Fertilization occurs within 24
hours after ovulation.
o Ovary: Pair of organs, size of
unshelled almonds in upper pelvic
region.
 Have follicles that sorrounds
the egg. yung hymen.
 Before pa yung ovulation,
high chance pregnancy.  MAMMARY
 Some develop into immature  Both gender, present.
egg cells called primary  Sex-Limited Trait yung lactation.
oocytes during fetal  Kahit nasa male yung genes for
development . 200,000 to 2 lactating, ever ma-express.
million present at birth,  Dahil girls lang ang capable of
40,000 remain at puberty but production of milk.
only 400 mature during DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE
women’s reproductive life. MAMMARY GLAND
 Each month about 20 primary o First notice that there is a
oocytes become secondary Pectoral muscle, connected
oocytes but only 1 survives.
sa bone malapit sa Pectoral
 major, yung ribs, that protect
heart and other digestive part.
o Pectoral fat pad, adipose
tissue, sizes ng breast ay
dumedepende sa adipose tissue
 kung maraming adipose
tissue or pectoal fat ay mag
eenlarge yan
o Lobes of the mammary
gland na connected sa mga
Ducts, responsible for the
production of milk.
 Lobes are responsible for
storage and secretion of the
milk.
o Ligaments are important
o Areola naman ay yung bilog na
pinapalibutan ang nipple
o Nipple is where milk secretes
and where the baby suck the
milk
 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE
 Controlled by monthly hormonal
cycle from the hypothalamus,
anterior pituitary and ovary.
 menstruation itself comprises
are very complex cycle lalo na
sa loob ng babae.
 Ovarian Cycle
 First to occur, then followed by
the uterine cycle then the
bleeding takes place (This would
stop If nasa puberty and
menopausal stage)
 Changes in the ovary, after
maturation of follicle and
oocytes.
 hypothalamus at pituitary
secretes different hormones at
maaapektuhan si ovary (GnRH,
FSH, LH)
 Uterine Cycle (Menstrual)
 Preparation to uterus and uterine
line to receive the fertilized ovum
(egg).
 If no pregnancy occurred, the
egg would be melted and shed
along with the endometrium
during menstruation.
 Moreover, the process is
complicated, it starts in the brain.
 Hormonal Regulation of
Reproductive Cycle
 Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
(GnRH)
 secreted by the hypothalamus,
controls the female reproductive
cycle.
 Stimulates anterior pituitary to
secrete FHS and LH.
 Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FHS)
& Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
 Secreted by the pituitary gland in
the brain, target the ovaries and
drive the ovarian cycle (monthly
changes in the ovary).
Makakaramdam ng pain mga girls,
also affects the mood swings
  FSH is a specific hormone which
helps the follicle to mature para
ma upgrade sa next level.
 LH helps for the healing of the
butas na ovary.
 This will lead to different changes
since after nito, menstruation na.
 Estrogen and Progesterone
 From the ovary and uterus.
 From the ovaries drive the
uterine cycle (monthly changes
in the uterus).
 kapag imbalance sila they can
change a woman to have a male
characteristics like mustache etc.
 Pwede rin nila mabago ang
sched ng mens, pwede
mapabagal o mapabilis
PHASES OF OVARIAN CYCLE
 Follicular Phase
 FHS from the anterior pituitary
stimulates follicle growth.
 Kailangan ang mga follicle
para magawa ang egg cell.
 Once matured, capable na
sya for the woman to
reproduce.
 Ovulation
 Fimbriae of the fallopian tube
picks up the ovulated oocyte.
 Luteal phase (Postovulatory
phase)
 LH stimulates development of
Corpus luteum from ovulated
or ruptured follicle.
 Corpus luteum secretes
mostly progesterone and
some estrogens.
 Progesterone prepares
endometrium for possible
pregnancy
 This part, mag start na yung
journey nung egg and nasa
ampulla na sya ready to meet
the sperm.
PHASES OF UTERINE CYCLE
 Proliferative phase
 Rising estrogen levels from the
growing follicle stimulates
growth of the functional layer
of endometrium to 4-10 mm
thickness.
 Secretory phase
 Corpus luteum of ovary
secretes progesterone
 Progesterone stimulates:
o Increased thickening of the
functional layer of
endometrium to 12-18 mm
o Increased blood supply into
the endometrium.
o Growth of the endometrial
glands and secretion of
uterine milk.
 Menstruation phase (menses)
 Decline in progesterone levels
causes functional layer of
endometrium to discharge
resulting in vaginal bleeding
called menstruation.
 Mark the beginning of the next
cycle.
 Pregnancy
 The outer part of blastocyst
(the chorion) secretes the
hormone Human Chorionic
Gonadotropin (hCG)
 hCG takes place of LH and
maintains corpus luteum.
 After about 3-4 months of
pregnancy corpus luteum
degenerates. Placenta now
produces its estrogen and
progesterone and maintains
endometrium.

 PLANTS REPRODUCTION
 Plants are also multicellular
which means they are also
capable of reproduction.
 “Plants” is a general term that
represent its reproductive
structure.
 general ang plant sa mga
photosynthetic organism; all of
them can be generally called
plant.
 once there is pollination,
magc-continue ang
reproduction.
 And mostly sa plant kingdom,
they are often flowering plants.
 Two types of plants:
o Angiosperm- Flowering
plants
o Gymnosperm- Non-flowering
plants.
 An example of flowering plant
is Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
(Gumamela)
 Kung sa
 FUNCTIONS OF FLOWERS
 To attract pollinators, with
colorful petals, scent, nectar
and pollen.
 Rafflesia- pinakasmelly na
flower and pinakamalaki. Foul
odor like a rotten cadaver, but
for their pollinators gusto nila,
prefer nila ganon amoy
 Human actions can be a cause
of pollination of flowers.
 And each pollinators has their
own preferences of smells and
colors, etc.
 THE 4 MAJOR WHORLS
 SEPALS/ PETALS- they are non-
reproductive, hindi sila
nagpaparticipate sa reproduction,
pero kailangan andun sila.
 CARPEL/STAMEN- participate in
reproduction.
SEPALS (Non-reproductive)
 Supporting structure
 May nagbobloom sa gabi, umaga,
tirik ang araw,
or makulimlim.
 Considered as
the outermost
whorl of the
flower.
PETALS (Non-Reproductive)
 Modified leaves (means, ‘di sila
for photosynthesis)
 May mga petals na parang
insekto, like orchids, then they will
try to mate with the petal kasi
akala nila kauri nila, tapos
makikinabang si orchids kasi
napollinate sya.
 Chlorophyll has no strong
structure. Instead, other pigments
have stronger structures or bigger
amounts. Therefore, other
pigments are more present or
visible in petals than the others.
 Ibang mga
pigments ang
mga present,
and these
pigments
makes them
attractive.
CARPEL/PISTIL (Reproductive)
 May gonads din just like our
(humans) reproductive system.
 Carpel’s parts:
o STIGMA
 Part ng pistil kung saan
nag s-stick or nag a-attach
yung pollen na galling sa
ibang flower while
reproduction.
 Once na mahulog sa
stigma ang pollen,
 magkakaroon na ng
reproduction.
o STYLE
 Nakadugtong sa stigma
(connected).
 Stalk ng stigma.
 Pathway for the pollen to
the ovary.
o OVARY
 Protected by the petals.
 If yung plant is fruit-
bearing, yung seed
mapupunta doon sa fruit, if
not, magiging seed na
agad sya.
TYPES OF FLOWERS
STAMEN (Reproductive)
 Is the male reproductive organ.
 With anther and filaments.
 Gumamela, dahil andun na
lahat, male and female, kaya
nya mag self pollination or what
we call asexual reproduction
pero mas may advantage ang
sexual reproduction kasi mas
may chance for survival
 Stamen’s parts:
o ANTHER
 May pollen grains
 Part of the stamen that
contains microsporangia
(parang spermatogonium).
 Microsporangia that
develops into pollen grain.
 Pag nahulog sa style, is
makakabuo ng 2 cells,
yung pollen tube and yung
mismong egg cell, para
ma process and
magawang seeds?
o FILAMENTS
 Supporting structure.
 Stalk of the anther.
 Part of the stamen that
serves as the stalk of the
anther.
 Perfect (Bisexual)
 A flower that has both stamens
and carpels.
 Gumamela (Hibiscus rosa-
sinensis), Rose, Tulips, etc.
 Imperfect (Unisexual)
 A flower that has only wither
the stamens or the carpel.
 Kalabasa flowers (They only
possess the male repro organ,
stamen).
 Complete
 A flower with sepals, petals,
stamen and pistil.
 Therefore, we can say that all
complete flowers are also
perfect flowers, but not all
perfect flowers are complete.
 Tulips, Hibiscus, Roses.
 Incomplete
 A flower that lacks one of the
floral whorls (Major whorls).
 Kalachuchi, also known as
papaya flowers.