The Process of

Conception
Presented to you by:
Bryx Corpuz, Jade Kenneth Cunanan, Iluminada Marie Duyan, Veronica
Magaddatu, Karla Mae Pagalaran, Justine Kae Palogan, Charlemagne B.
Ulayan II
Table of Contents
Fertilization
Implantation
Ovum
Impregnation
Trophoblast
FERTILIZATION
Fertilization

DEFINITION
The process of combining the male gamete, or
sperm, with the female gamete, or ovum. The
product of fertilization is a cell called a zygote.
When does fertilization occur?

For fertilization to happen, the timing and conditions

must be just right. The fertilization process can only
occur during a fairly small window within just a few
days of ovulation
(a few days before up until a day after you ovulate)
Where does fertilization occur?

Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tubes. Each

sperm has a single goal: to meet up with the egg. To
reach the target, though, a sperm cell has to go on a
lengthy and strenuous journey.
The union of the egg and sperm that takes place in the fallopian tube
IMPLANTATION
Implantation

DEFINITION
It is a process that occurs after an embryo or a fertilized
egg travels down the fallopian tube and burrows deep
into the linings of the uterus, where it will remain until
delivery.
Implantation is when a fertilized egg, or blastocyst, has
attached to the linings of the uterine wall. It marks the
the beginning of pregnancy.
The Implantation process

● Ovulation
● Ejaculation
● Fertilization
● Implantation
When does Implantation occur?

● Implantation occurs about 8-9 days after fertilization,

though it can happen as early as 6 days and as late as 12
days after ovulation.
Timing of Implantation

● If you have sex anytime from about five days before

24 hours after you ovulate, conception can happen.
Signs and symptoms of Implantation

The signs and symptoms of implantation are your body’s way of welcoming
you to pregnancy. While many women do not feel anything during the
process, others report

● Light bleeding
● Abdominal cramps
● Sore breasts
● Headaches
● Mood swings
Implantation and hCG

● Implantation is the first trigger for the body to start

producing hCG or the Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
(pregnancy hormone).
● If you get a positive result on a pregnancy test, then you
know that Implantation has taken place.
Implantation bleeding

● Implantation bleeding does not happen with every

woman and even with every pregnancy.
● If a woman does not get implantation bleeding or
spotting, that does not mean that they are out, and if a
woman do get spotting or bleeding, again, it does not
mean that it’s implantation bleeding.
Implantation bleeding vs. period

● COLOR ?
● WHEN?
● HEAVINESS?
● HOW LONG?
● DEFINITELY PERIOD!
OVUM
DEFINITION

Ovum, plural ova, in human physiology, single cell

released from either of the female reproductive
organs, the ovaries, which is capable of developing
into a new organism when fertilized with a sperm
cell.
MAIN FUNCTION

The function of the ovum is to carry the set of

chromosomes contributed by the female and create
the right environment to enable fertilization by
the sperm. Ova also provide nutrients for the
growing embryo until it sinks into the uterus and the
placenta takes over.
STRUCTURE
 The ovum is not capable of active movement, and it is much larger than the
sperms cells when the ovum joins with the sperms during the fertilization, and a
diploid cell (the zygote) is formed which gradually grows into a new organism.
The ovum is fertilized inside the female body, and the embryo then develops
inside the uterus, being fed by the mother’s placenta.

The ovum is a spherical cell and not mobile (static), It is one of the largest cells
in the human body, it is visible to the naked eye without the aid of a microscope
or other magnification device, and it is approximately 0.12 mm in diameter. .
They are nevertheless much smaller than the cleidoic eggs laid externally by
reptiles and birds, which is why they need a long period of internal development
in the womb.
 The ovum consists of the nucleus, the cytoplasm and the cellular
membrane (that surrounds the cell from outside), The nucleus contains
one-half of the genetic materials (the chromosomes), and the
cytoplasm stores the food and the nutrients.

Ova are made and released by a female's ovaries. At birth, a

female has all of her eggs, and from puberty, she releases an egg once
a month until none are left. This is called oogenesis.
How many ovum does a woman have?

At birth, there are approximately 1 million eggs; and

by the time of puberty, only about 300,000 remain. Of
these, only 300 to 400 will be ovulated during a woman's
reproductive lifetime.
IMPREGNATION
Impregnation

Impregnation is the stage when which the woman has

become pregnant with child.
The three trimesters of pregnancy consist of:
● First trimester (week 0-14)
● Second Trimester (week 15-28)
● Third Trimester (week 28-40)
DEVELOPMENT: First Trimester

0-2 weeks: spinal cord grows faster than body. 3-8 weeks: 1”: mouth, nostrils, eyelids, hands,
Brain, ears, and arms begin to form, and heart fingers, feet and toes. Nervous system responds
forms and begins to beat. and cardiovascular system functional.
First Trimester: 0-14 Weeks

9-14 weeks: human profile- sex organs, fingernails/toenails. Can make

crying motion (no sound) and may suck thumb.

12 weeks. Sex organs maybe clear for Doctor to determine gender.

Second Trimester

15-20 weeks: eyes can blink, body begins to grow, head growth rate
slows, limbs reaching normal proportions, eyebrows and eyelashes
develop. Fetus can grasp and kick.

About 4” in size and weighing around 3 ounces.

Second Trimester: 21-28 weeks: hear conversations,
regular cycle of waking &
15-28 Weeks
sleeping, weight increases rapidly.
● About 12” long and about 1
pound.
● Quickening: when your baby
is moving around
● May survive outside the
womb after 24 weeks with
special medical reliance.
20 weeks.
The baby can suck a thumb, yawn, stretch, and make
faces.
 Third Trimester: Week 29-birth

Week 29 to 40: Fetus is able to use all 5

senses and water able to pass through
bladder.

Full-term delivery is any time after 40

weeks.
Fat starts to form under baby’s skin to help fill out
wrinkles and gaining over half the weight.
TROPHOBLAST
 The trophoblast must grow into the uterus and create a
surface for gas and metabolite exchange. This must
happen while keeping the embryos and mother’s blood
supplies separate.
The placenta and umbilical cord result from this
process. As the placenta and fetus enlarge, several
membranes and fluid-filled cavities surround the fetus.
When a zygote splits or 2 zygotes implant
simultaneously, twins will develop. Different types of twins
have their membranes in different permutations.
EMBRYOBLAST AND TROPHOBLAST

Blastocyst has 2 distinct cell populations:

Embryoblast Inner cluster of cells

Trophoblast Outer Cell Layer

The cells in the outer ring are trophoblast cells. They are the part of the structure that will later
form the placenta and membranes. The inner cell mass (embryoblast cells) is the portion of the
structure that will form the embryo
SUBDIVISIONS OF TROPHOBLAST

As blastocyst implants into follicular layer of the endometrium,

around day 7, trophoblast differentiates into 2 different regions.
Cytotrophoblast is layer of cuboidal cells surrounding developing the
embryo. At the place where the blastocyst implants group of trophoblast
cells begin burrowing into endometrium; in the process, they lose cell
membranes and form a large multi-nucleated mass, syncytiotrophoblast
that burrows into endometrium.
EXPANSION OF THE
SYNCYTIOTROPHOBLAST

By day 8, blastocyst migrates deeper into the endometrium;

the deeper it goes the more it encounters uterine glands and
vessels. Hypoblast and epiblast have formed bilaminar embryo
with a tiny amniotic cavity developing within the epiblast layer.
IMPLANTATION AND THE
TROPHOBLAST

A syncytiotrophoblast erodes glands and vessels in endometrium,

small, blood-filled trophoblastic lacunae form the form in
syncytiotrophoblast, around 9 days into development Allows maternal blood
to reach and nurture developing embryo; however, it is not very efficient yet
since there is no organized flow. Extraembryonic mesoderm has formed
to separate cytotrophoblast on one side from the bilaminar embryo and
primary yolk sac on the other.
FORMATION OF THE CHORIONIC
CAVITY

During 10th to 12th days after fertilization, trophoblastic lacunae enlarge to

surround the embryo as it moves even deeper into the endometrium. Fluid-filled
spaces start to develop in the extraembryonic mesoderm; will form
extraembryonic coelom. By 13th day, cytotrophoblast has begun to send
cellular projections into the syncytiotrophoblast. Extraembryonic coelom
enlarges, separates the embryo and the cytotrophoblast; space is chorionic
cavity. Outer lining of cytotrophoblast, syncytiotrophoblast, and trophoblastic
lacunae called chorion.
CONNECTING STALK AND UMBILICAL
CORD

By 14th day, secondary yolk sac suspended within the

chorionic cavity by its attachment to the bilaminar embryo;
remnants of primary yolk sac are located on opposite side of
cytotrophoblast Bilaminar embryo is suspended within the chorionic
cavity by connecting stalk of extraembryonic mesoderm; connection
between embryo and trophoblast will become umbilical
PLACENTA

Extraembryonic mesoderm that underlies cytotrophoblast will

invade the core of each villus to create secondary villi. Blood
vessels will develop within extraembryonic mesoderm to connect
villi, connecting stalk, and the embryo; once blood vessels present
within villi, they are termed tertiary villi.
Thank you!