“Nothing comes

in the mind
without passing
first the senses.”
The Senses
Somatosensory
Visual system
Auditory and vestibular

Olfactory
Gustatory
 Senses

General Senses Special Senses

Somatic sense Smell
Visceral sense Taste
Sight
Hearing
Balance
 Environmental Stimuli
Mechanical
Touch Vibration
Pressure Sound
Chemical
Taste Pain

Electromagnetic
Light
 Receptors
Mechanical stimuli such as
Mechanoreceptors bending
Specialized neurons that
Chemoreceptors respond to chemical stimuli

Photoreceptors Respond to light

Respond to temperature
Thermoreceptors changes
Respond to stimuli that
Nociceptors result to sensation of pain
Receptors of the General Senses
(Tactile Receptors)
Free nerve endings

Thermoreceptors

Chemoreceptors

Mechanoreceptors

Nociceptors
Free nerve endings
Receptors of the General Senses
(Tactile Receptors)
Meissner’s corpuscle

located deep to the epidermis

very specific in localizing tactile
sensation
present in the nonhairy parts of the
skin and are particularly abundant in
the fingertips, lips, and other areas
of the skin
Meissner’s corpuscle
Receptors of the General Senses
(Tactile Receptors)
Merkel’s discs

superficial nerve endings involved in

detecting light touch and superficial
pressure
Merkel’s discs
Receptors of the General Senses
(Tactile Receptors)
Ruffini’s end organ

located in the deeper layers of the

skin and also in still deeper internal
tissues
Ruffini’s end organ
Receptors of the General Senses
(Tactile Receptors)
Pacinian corpuscles

deepest receptor that relay

information concerning deep
pressure, vibration and position
Pacinian corpuscles
Receptors of the General Senses
(Tactile Receptors)
Hair follicles receptor

involved in detecting light touch

Hair follicles receptor
Special Senses
Olfaction
Olfaction
Olfaction
Olfaction
Increases with sniffing

M
oi
stu
re

Odorant
Odo
rant

Depolari
zation

Rec
ept
or
 Olfactory Olfactory Olfactory
nerves nerves nerves

Cranial Nerve I
Foramina of
the cribriform
palate
Olfactory bulb

Olfactory tract ↓ sensitivity

Cerebral cortex Feedback

Sense of Taste
 TASTE/GUSTATORY

“Taste is 80%
smell.”
 Papillae

Enlargement in the
surface of the tongue that
contains taste buds
 Specialized
epithelial cells

Taste cells
5 Basic Types of Taste Sensation
evoked by sugar, glycols,
Sweet saccharin
evoked by hydrogen ions in a
Sour solution
elicited by alkaloids such as
Bitter quinine, nicotine, caffeine
elicited by anions of
Salty ionizable salts
elicited by the amino acids
Umami glutamate and aspartate
 Areas of the
tongue to where
the tastes are
perceived
Gustatory Pathway
Taste Hair, Taste Cell

Cranial Nerves VII, IX, X

Brain stem

Thalamus

Cerebral cortex
Neuronal Pathways for Taste
Cranial
Taste Hair Taste Cell
Nerves

Gustatory
Thalamus Brainstem
Cortex
Sense of Vision
 Eyes

Visual
System

Accessory Sensory
Structure Neurons
Accessory
Structures
 Extrinsic Eye Muscles

AllowsSix, straplike
eyes muscles
to follow that object
a moving controland
themove
movement of each eyeball which originate from
precisely
the bony orbit and insert into the outer surface
of the eyeball
Extrinsic Eye Muscles
 Extrinsic Eye Muscles
Name Action Cranial
Nerve
Lateral rectus Moves eye laterally VI

Medial rectus Moves eye medially III

Superior rectus Elevates eye and turns it medially III

Inferior rectus Depresses eye and turns it medially III

Inferior oblique Elevates eye and turns it laterally III

Superior oblique Depresses eye and turns it laterally IV

Eyebrows
Eyelids
Conjunctiva
 Conjunctiva

Palpebral Bulbar

lines upper and lower loosely covers the

eyelids anterior sclera
Lacrimal Apparatus

Production of tears that is

The lacrimal fluid also
responsible for lubricating
contains the lysozymes
and cleansing the eyes
The Eye
The Eye
Fibrous Vascular Nervous

Ciliary
Sclera Cornea Choroid Iris Retina
body
Walls of the Eye

Fibrous Tunic

Protects
Helps maintain
the the
Sclera
shape ofstructures
internal the eye

Focusing area, capable

Cornea
of refraction
Sclera and Cornea
Walls of the Eye

Vascular Tunic

Consists of vascular network

and many melanin-containing
pigment cells
Choroid
Absorbs light preventing light to be
reflected inside the eye
Choroid
Walls of the Eye

Vascular Tunic

A contractile structure that

surrounds the pupil

Iris Controls the amount of light

that enters the eye

The colored part of the eye

Iris
Iris
Walls of the Eye

Vascular Tunic

Produces aqueous humor

Ciliary Contains smooth muscles called

Body ciliary muscles attached to the
perimeter of the lens by
suspensory ligaments
Ciliary Body
Muscles for Pupillary Reaction
Walls of the Eye

Nervous Tunic

Pigmented retina
Retina
Keeps light from reflecting in
the eye
Walls of the Eye

Nervous Tunic

Sensory Retina
Retina
Rods Cones
Rhodopsin

Opsin

Retinal
Ophthalmoscopic
View of the Retina
 Chambers of the Eye

Anterior Posterior Vitreous

Chamber Chamber Chamber

Between the Located Located

cornea and posterior to posterior to
the lens the iris the lens
Chambers of the Eye
 Fluids of the Eye
Aqueous Provides nutrition
Maintain pressure
Humor Refracts
to Light
the inner part of
within the eye
surface of the eye

Vitreous Holds
Maintains
the lens
the and
Refraction
Humor retina
pressure
in place
of the eye
Functions of the Complete Eye

Lens
Light
Cornea
Refraction
Humors
Functions of the Complete Eye

Focusing
of Images Accommodation
Functions of the Complete Eye

Depth Perception
Neuronal Pathways for Vision
Rods and Sensory Ganglion
Cones Retina Cells

Optic
Optic Disc Optic Nerve
foramen

Nasal Optic
Optic Tracts
Retina Chiasm

Temporal
Retina
Neuronal Pathways for Vision

Optic
Optic Tracts Thalamus
Radiationa

Superior Visual
Colliculi Cortex
 Neuronal
Pathways for
Vision
Hearing and
Balance
The Ear
The Ear
 External Ear
Auricle Fleshy part of the
external ear

External Passageway that

Acoustic Meatus leads to the eardrum

Ceruminous Produces cerumen, which

Glands protects the ear drum

Tympanic Capable of vibration

Membrane
 Middle Ear

Malleus
Transmits
Auditory vibrations from
Ossicles Incus tympanic
membrane to the
oval window
Stapes
 Middle Ear

Oval Window
Covered
Openings
Round Windows

Unblocked Auditory or
Openings Eustachian Tube
 Inner Ear
Cochlea
Bony Vestibule
Labyrinth
Semicircular Canal

Filled with endolymph and

Membranous the space between the bony
Labyrinth and membranous labyrinth is
filled with perilymph
The Cochlea

Spiral Lamina
The Cochlea

Vestibular
Scala Vestibule
Membrane
The Cochlea

Basilar Membrane
The Cochlea

Scala
Cochlear
Tympani
Duct
 The Cochlear Duct

Spiral Organs/Organ of Corti

 The Cochlear Duct

Spiral Organs/Organ of Corti

The Process of Hearing
Neuronal Pathways for Hearing
Sensory Cochlear
Hair Cells
Neurons Nerve

Areas of Cochlear
Brainstem Nucleus

Auditory
Thalamus Midbrain
Cortex
Equilibrium
 Sense of Equilibrium

Static Kinetic
Equilibrium Equilibrium

Semicircular
Vestibule
Canals
The Vestibule

Saccule
Utricle
The Vestibule

Maculae
Static Equilibrium
The Semicircular
Canal

Ampulla

Crista Ampullaris

Cupula
Kinetic
Equilibrium