Reproduction

in humans
Contents
1. Types of reproduction (sexual and asexual)
2. Reproduction in flowering plants
3. Sexual reproduction in humans
4. Menstrual cycle
5. Conception and Contraception
6. Pregnancy
7. Sexually transmitted infections
 important

Sexual Human
education Reproduction
Sexual education (Sex-ed)
Sex education helps us to gain the information, tools, and motivation
we need to make healthy decisions about sex and sexuality.

Sex-ed Relationships
*Reproductive system
CONSENT
*Birth control
Gender identity *STI *Menstrual cycle

Body image
*Pregnancy Diversity

Decision-making Etc, etc, etc...

*Included in the syllabus

Which type of reproduction is present
in human reproduction?
Which type of reproduction is present
in human reproduction?
Sexual Reproduction in Humans
✘ Reproduction is the process of
producing new individuals.
✘ In human reproduction the two
sexes, male and female, each
produce special types of
reproductive cells, called gametes.
✘ Male gametes are the sperm (or
spermatozoa)
✘ Female gametes are the ova
(singular = ovum) or eggs
Sexual Reproduction in Humans
To produce a new individual, a sperm
has to reach an ovum and join with it
(fuse with it). The sperm nucleus then
passes into the ovum and the two nuclei
also fuse. This is fertilisation.
The cell formed after the fertilisation
of an ovum by a sperm is called a
zygote. A zygote will grow by cell
division to produce first an embryo
and then a fully formed animal.
Sexual Reproduction in Humans
To produce a new individual, a sperm
has to reach an ovum and join with it
(fuse with it). The sperm nucleus then
passes into the ovum and the two nuclei
also fuse. This is fertilisation.
The cell formed after the fertilisation
of an ovum by a sperm is called a
zygote. A zygote will grow by cell
division to produce first an embryo
and then a fully formed animal.
 300.000.000
Sperm per ejaculation

1
Egg per month (for about 40 years)

In humans, the male produces

millions of sperm, while the female
produces a smaller number of eggs
(usually one a month for about 40
years). Usually only one egg is
fertilised at a time; two eggs being
fertilised at the same time produces
(nonidentical) twins
 ● To bring the sperm close enough to the ova for fertilisation to take place, there is an act of
mating or copulation (sexual intercourse in humans).

● In mammals this act results in sperm from the male animal being injected into the female.

● The sperm swim inside the female’s reproductive system and fertilise any eggs that are
present.

● The zygote then grows into an embryo inside the body of the female

Fertilisation
Giraffes mating Fallow deer going into labour Margay female and offspring
(Dama dama) (Leopardus wiedii)
 Human
reproductive
system
Female reproductive system

● Produces female gametes

● Receives male gametes
● Provides site for fertilisation
and development of the
zygote.
● Female gametes, called ova,
are produced 1 at a time by
the 2 ovaries.
Female reproductive system

Funnel of oviduct Fallopian tube (oviduct)

Ovary
Uterus
Lining of the Uterus
Cervix

Muscular walls of
Vagina the Uterus
 Female reproductive system

Funnel of oviduct Fallopian tube (oviduct)

Collects ovum released from Carries the ovum to the
ovary at ovulation uterus. Fertilisation usually
occurs in the first third of
oviduct.
Ovary
Contains follicles which
develop the ova and produces
oestrogen and progesterone
Female reproductive system

Jelly coat: changes at fertilisation to

allow entry of sperm

Haploid nucleus
Ovary
Contains follicles which
develop the ova and produces
oestrogen and progesterone

Cytoplasm contains food stores Ovum_ singular

for early development of zygote
Ova_plural
Female reproductive system

Uterus (womb)
Where the fetus develops.
During pregnancy increases in
volume.
Lining of the Uterus
Varies in thickness during the
menstrual cycle.
10 ml

5000 ml
Cervix
Ring of muscle that keep
the fetus in the uterus until
birth.
Female reproductive system

Vagina
Receives the penis during
intercourse and is the birth
canal for the fetus at birth.
Vagina Vulva
The vagina is an INTERNAL
organ while the vulva the
vulva refers to the outside
parts of the genital area that
you can see

Vulva
Female reproductive system
Vulva

Vagina
Receives the penis during
intercourse and is the birth
canal for the baby at birth.
Vagina Vulva
The vagina is an INTERNAL
organ while the vulva the
vulva refers to the outside
parts of the genital area that
you can see
male reproductive system / UROGENITAL System
● Produces male gametes: sperm
● Deliver gametes to the site of
fertilisation
male reproductive system / UROGENITAL System

Testes or Testicles
Made up of many coiled tubes
(about 6 m long!) which
produce SPERM. The cells
between the tubes produce
Testosterone.
Plural = testes
Singular = testis

Scrotum (scrotal sac)

Holds the testes outside the
body, at the ideal temperature
for the formation of sperm
male reproductive system / UROGENITAL System

MALE GAMETE = SPERM = SPERMATOZOA

Energy for beating of flagellum

haploid

Beats to move sperm

towards ovum

Contains enzymes
that penetrate the
egg cell membrane
male reproductive system / UROGENITAL System

Prostate gland
Helps to produce the seminal
fluid Sperm duct / Vas deferens
Carries the sperm from the
testes to the urethra
male reproductive system / UROGENITAL System

SEMEN = SEMINAL FLUID + SPERM

99.5% SEMINAL FLUID

0.5% SPERM
male reproductive system / UROGENITAL System

The urethra passes through the

penis and may conduct either
urine or sperm at different times.

Ureter
Parts of urinary system
Bladder

Urethra
Carries semen from the sperm
duct to the tip of the penis
male reproductive system / UROGENITAL System

Becomes erect when spaces in its

Penis structure fill with blood

The penis consists of connective tissue

with many blood spaces in it. This is
called erectile tissue
To be continued...

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