ANIMAL:

Reproduction and Development 2.

FERTILIZATION

 Fertilization occurs when the sperm nucleus

fuses with the egg nucleus
 The acrosomal reaction is triggered when the
sperm meets the egg

1.
GAMETOGENESIS
sex cell beginning
 gamete formation where daughter cells, or
gametes, are produced at the end of meiosis
II resulting in the production of sperm and
egg.
2 TYPES OF GAMETE FORMATION
SPERMATOGENESIS- the process of male gamete
production in animals
OOGENESIS- the process of female gamete
production in animals
 The acrosome at the tip pf the sperm releases
hydrolytic enzymes that digest material
surrounding the egg

 A fertilization membrane forms around the egg

once a sperm has entered to prevent other
sperm from entering.
 3. CLEAVAGE

 Fertilization is
followed by
cleavage, a period of
rapid cell division
without growth
 Cleavage partitions
the cytoplasm of one
large cell into many smaller cells called

blastomeres
 The blastula is a ball of cells with fluid-filled
cavity called a blastocoel
MORULA

 After several rounds of cleavage, a solid ball of

cells, called a morula, is formed.
 The cells on the inside have trouble getting
water & oxygen and getting rid of wastes.

BLASTULA

 The cells on the inside

of the morula push
their way out and form
a hallow ball called a
blastula.
 Cells still get smaller
with each round of
cleavage.
 The hollow space inside
is called the blastocoel.
 - Forms the muscles, bones, and organs

4.

GASTRULATION

 Gastrulation rearranges the cells of a blastula

into a three-layered embryo, called a gastrula

LATE GASTRULA
5. ORGANOGENESIS
 By the end of the gastrula stage, the cells start to
grow between divisions.  Or organ formation, occurs during weeks 3
 A third layer of cells begins to through 8. The primitive hearts starts beating at
grow between the inner and 4 weeks.
outer layers forming three  By week 8 the developing embryo has become a
primary germ layers. FETUS (although definitions of this timepoint
 The cells in these germ layers vary, up to 10 weeks).
will differentiate to become
different types of cells.

THE PRIMARY GERM LAYERS

 Ectoderm: 6. PREGNANCY OR GESTATION

- Cells on the outside
- Forms the skin and nervous system  At 20 weeks, the fetus is rougly 11 inches long
 Endoderm: and weighs about 1 lb 10 oz.
- Cells on the inside lining the tube  It can suck its thumb, yawn and stretch.
- Forms the ling of the digestive system  The mother
- can now feel
it moving
 Mesoderm:
( called
- Cells that form between these layers
“quickening”).
  Also known as fraternal twins; results from the
development of two or more separate
fertilization events the resulting zygotes develop
almost simultaneously.

 A full-term pregnancy lasts 9 months or 38

weeks.
 After 22 weeks the fetus is condisidered viable.
This means it could survive outside the uterus if
there is a premature birth.

Monozygotic twin

 Also known as identical twins; result from the

union of a sperm and egg to form a single zygote
that splits up during first cleavage stage.
Dizygotic twin
 The Reproductive System
Anatomy and Physiology of the Male and
Female Reproductive Systems

Introduction

 Gonads produce gametes & secrete sex

hormones
 Reproductive system
- Gonalds, ducts, glands & supporting
structures
- Gynecology is study of female
reproductive system
- Urology is the study of urinary & male
reproductive system

Male Reproductive System

 Gonads, ducts, sex glands & supporting

structures

Testis-sperm formation
 testis that produces sperm cell( dito den nag
mamature yung sperm cell)
 this is also a part that produces hormones
Scrotum-cools testis
 supporting the testis (supporting structures
mainly the scrotum)
 very sensitive temperature
 scrotum (outside)
Epididymis-sperm maturation
 part of male reproductive system which
stores the sperm cells as it finish the
maturation stage
Ductus deferens-sperm duct
 also called vas deferens
 passageway which carries the sperm to the
urethra (lalo na kung nag karoon ng
penetration, dyan dadaan from the testes
yung kanyang mga sperm cell)
Seminal vesicle-semen
 one of the important glands of male
reproductive system which secretes a
certain type of fluid SCROTUM
- yung fluid na pinoproduce ng seminal
vesicle ay actually rich in sugar  Sac of loose skin, fascia & smooth muscle
- fructose; rich fluid ang nirireleas nito, that divided into two pouches by a septum
is the main component of the semen  Temperature regulation of testes
- fructose will serve as the food of semen as
it travels
 provide nutrition to the sperm cells
Prostate-semen
 naglalabas ng alkaline fluid na nag-aactivite
naman sa mga sperm cells so they can
swim(actively swin sa female reproductive)
Urethra-urine
 carries the semen and urine out of the body
 one of the part of excretory system of male
(kasi dito den dumadaan ang kanilang ihi)
 part of male reproductive system; passage
way of semen ng boys
 Bladder- pansamantalang storage ng ihi ng
lalaki)
  Head contains DNA and the acrosome with
enzymes for
Testes
penetrating the egg
 paired oval glands measuring 2 in. By 1in  Midpiece contains
 Surrounded by dense white capsule mitochondria to form
-septa form 200-300 seminiferous ATP for energy
tubules where sperm are formed.  Tail is flagellum used
for locomotion

Male Glands

Spermatogenesis
 the production of sperm, begins when a
male reaches puberty and continues
throughout life.
 Sperm forming cells go through two meiotic
divisions

 Each of four spermatids develop into a

sperm
 Second meiosis division give four
spermatids, each with 23 single stranded
chromosomes
 First meiosis division give two secondary
spermatocytes, each with 23 chromosomes
that become double stranded.
 Promary spermatocyte with 2n=46
chromosomes
 Spermatogonium with 2n=46 chromosomes
multiply by mitosis.
Sperm Morphology
 Adapted for reaching and fertilizing the egg
 Female Reproductive System
 Ovaries pproduce
eggs (oocytes) &
hormones
 Mammary glands
produce milk

Anatomy of the Uterus

 Site of menstruction & development of fetus
 Description
- 3 inches long by 2 in. Wide and 1 in. Thick
- Subdivided into fundus, bosdy & cervix
- Interiorly contains uterine cavity accessed
by cervical canal

Vagina
Semen
 Passageway for birth, menstrual flow and
 Mixture of sperms and seminal fluid intercourse
 60% from seminal vesicles, 30% from  Description
prostate - 4 inch long fibromuscular organ ending at
 typical ejaculate is 2.5 to 5 ml in volume cervix
 Normal sperm count is 50 to 150 - Lies between urinary bladder and rectum
millions/mL - Orifice partially closed with membrane
- Actions of many sperm are neede for one to (hymen)
enter
- if less than 20 millions/mL sterile
Erection
 sexual stimulation
 parasympathetic nervous system reflex
Emission and Ejaculation
 Emission
- muscle contractions close sphincter at base
of bladder
 Ejaculation
- sympathetic nervous system reflex
- skeletal muscle squeeze semen out through
urethra

Female Reproductive Cycle
 Controlled by monthly hormonal cycle from
the hypothalamus, anterior piuitary and
ovary
 Ovarian cycle
- Changes in ovary during and after
maturation of the follicle and oocyte
 Uterine cycle (menstrual cycle)
- Preparation of the uterus to receive
fertilized ovum
- If implantation does not occur, the
functional layer of endometrium is shed
during mentruation
Hormonal Regulation of Reproductive
Cycle
 Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
(GnRH), secreted by the
hypothalamus, controls the female
reproductive cycle
- Stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) &
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
 FSH & LH target the ovaries and drive the
ovarian cycle (monthly changes in the
ovary)
 Estrogens and progesterone from the
ovaries drive the uterine cycle (monthly
changes in the uterus)
Phases of Ovarian Cycle
 Follicular Phase
* FSH from anterior pituitary stimulates
follicle growth
 Ovulation
* Fimbriae of Fallopian tube picks up the
ovulated oocyte
 Luteal phase (postovulatory phase)
- LH stimulates development of Corus
leteum from ovulated or ruptured follicle
- Corpus luteum secretes mostly
progesterone & some estrogens
- Progesterone prepares endometrium for
possible pregnancy
Phases of Uterine Cycle
 Proliferative phase
- rising estrogen levels from the growing
follicle stimulates growth of the fuctional
layer of endometrium to 4-10 mm thickness
 Secretory phase
- Corpus luteum of ovary secretes
progesterone
- Progesterone stimulate
> Increased thickening of the functional
 layer of endometrium to 12-18 mm
> Increased blood supply into endometrium
> Growth of endometrial glands and
secretion of uterine milk
 Menstruation phase (menses)
- Decline in progesterone levels causes
functional layer of endomentrium to
discharge resulting in vagina bleeding called
menstruation
- Mark the beginning of the next cycle
Pregnancy
 The outer part of blastocyst (chorion)
secrets the hormone human chorionis
gonadotropin (hCG)
 hCG takes the place of LH and maintains the
corpus luteum
 After about 3-4 months of pregnancy, corpus
luteum degenerates
- Placenta now produces its estrogen and
progesterone and maintains endometrium

Negative Feedback
 Starting the next cycle
- With the decline in progesterone,
estrogens
* Inhibition of GnRH, FSH and LH stops
* Renewed secretion of these hormones
starts a new cycle of growth and prepartion
in ovaries and uterus