Lesson title: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 12.

Recognize the changes that occurs during

Learning Targets:
At the end of the module, students will be able to:
1. List the various functions of reproductive system;
2. Recall the process of meiosis that occurs to gametes;
3. Describe the structural & functional anatomical components
of male reproductive system;
4. Identify the different hormones that influence the male
reproductive system;
5. Enumerate the effects of testosterone in primary and
secondary sexual characteristics;
6. Describe the events that occur during the male sexual act;
7. Identify the different diseases & disorders associated with
male reproductive system;
8. Enumerate the effects of aging on male reproductive system;
9. Describe the structural & functional anatomical components
of female reproductive system;
10. Differentiate the various phases of menstrual cycle;
11. Describe the events that occur during the female sexual act;
menopause;
13. List different methods in controlling the
pregnancy;
14. Identify the different diseases & disorders
associated with female reproductive
system; and,
15. Enumerate the effects of aging on the
female reproductive system.
Materials: Book, pen and notebook
References:
VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A.
(2019). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy &
physiology (10th ed.). New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill Education.

A. MAIN LESSON
The students will study and read their book about this lesson (Chapter 19 of the book).

Functions of Reproductive System:

1. Production of gametes: sperm cells in the testes and oocytes/eggs in the ovaries.
2. Fertilization of the oocyte by the sperm.
3. Development and nourishment of a new individual.
4. Production of reproductive hormones.

Meiosis – a type of cell division in which gametes/sex cells are formed. (Discussed in Chapter
3. A recall can be done.)
has two divisions: Meiosis I (known as Reduction Division) and Meiosis II; like
mitosis, each division has prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase (See process
figure 19.2, page 528)
starts with 46 chromosomes (with chromatics connected by centromere) that align in pairs in a
synapsis
Crossing over is an event that allows the exchange of genetic material between
chromosomes which occurs at middle prophase I
This division produces 4 daughter cells, each containing 23 chromosomes. Therefore, the
zygote during fertilization receives one set of chromosomes (23) from each parent.

Male Reproductive System consists of testes, series of ducts (epididymis, ducta deferentia,
urethra), accessory glands (seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands), and
supporting structures (scrotum, penis). Refer to figures 19.3 & 19.6, pages 529 & 532
respectively for the anatomy.

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Scrotum – saclike structure containing the testes
▪ consists of muscles that regulate temperature in testes for normal sperm development
Muscles Definition Response to Cold Temperature Response to Warm Temperature
Dartos smooth muscle beneath the skin contracts, causing the skin to be relaxes, causing it to be loose &
Muscle of scrotum firm & wrinkles thin
Cremaster extensions of abdominal contracts & pulls the testes relaxes & descends away the
Muscles muscles that enter the scrotum closer to body testes from the body

Testes / Male Gonads – oval organs within scrotum (See figure 19.4, page 530)
▪ each testis is divided into about 250 cone-shaped lobules
▪ develop in abdominopelvic cavity & descend at 7th or 8th month of fetal development, or possibly
shortly after birth
▪ Seminiferous Tubules – contain within lobules which serve as site of sperm cell development
o Interstitial Cells / Leydig Cells – secrete testosterone
o Germ Cells – where the sperm cells begin
o Sustentacular Cells / Sertoli Cells – nourish the germ cells and produce a number of
hormones

Spermatogenesis – formation of sperm cells that begins at the time of puberty (See process figure 19.5,
page 531)
Germ cells
▼
Spermatogonia (undeveloped sperm cells) continues to divide by mitosis
▼
Primary spermatocytes which divide by meiosis
▼
Secondary spermatocytes
▼
Spermatids – two smaller cells
▼
Sperm cells / Spermatozoon – consist of head (contains nucleus), midpiece, & tail (See figure 19.4,
page 530)
▪ Acrosome – a vesicle anterior to the nucleus which contains enzymes that are released during
fertilization & are necessary for sperm cells to penetrate the oocyte.
▪ Capacitation – stage of final changes in sperm cells that occur after ejaculation of semen into
vagina and prior to fertilization
▪ Travel Route: Sperm develop in seminiferous tubules of testes ► Epididymis (maturation) ►
Ductus deferens ► Receive secretions from accessory glands ► Urethra where semen exit
body

Rete Testis – tubular network in where the seminiferous tubules converge

Efferent Ductules – consist of 15–20 tubules where rete testis empties; carry sperm cells from the testis
to epididymis

Epididymis – tightly coiled series of threadlike tubules on the posterior side of testis where the sperm cells
continue to mature and develop the capacity to swim & ability to bind to oocyte

Ductus Deferens / Vas Deferens – emerges from epididymis & become associated with blood vessels &
nerves that supply the testis; the wall contains smooth muscle which contracts in peristaltic waves to proper
sperm cells
▪ Ampulla of the Ductus Deferens – area of increased diameter, located just before reaching the
prostate gland

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Spermatic Cord – surrounded by cremasteric muscle & two connective tissue sheaths that consists of:
ductus deferens lymphatic vessels
testicular artery & veins testicular nerve

Urethra – passageway for both urine and male reproductive fluids

both fluids do not exit at the same time
sympathetic reflex causes internal urinary sphincter to contract which keeps semen from passing
into urinary bladder & prevents urine from entering, allowing free passage of male reproductive
fluids

Parts of Urethra:
1. Prostatic Urethra – passes through the prostate gland
2. Membranous Urethra – passes through the floor of pelvis & surrounded by external urinary
sphincter
3. Spongy Urethra – extends the length of penis & opens at its end

Penis – the male organ of copulation and functions in the transfer of sperm cells from the male to the female
consists of three columns of erectile tissue: two corpora cavernosa and one corpus spongiosum
Glans Penis – a cap at the distal end from expansion of corpus spongiosum; well-supplied with
sensory receptors
External Urethral Orifice – opening of spongy urethra to the exterior
Prepuce / Foreskin – loose fold of skin that covers the glans penis

Semen – normal volume is 2-5 mL with each mL contains about 100 million of sperm cells; a mixture of
sperm cells and secretions from the male reproductive glands:
1. Seminal Vesicle – a sac-shaped gland near ampulla of each ductus deferens that joins and forms
ejaculatory duct; produces thick, mucus-like secretion (60% of seminal fluid) containing many
substances:
▪ Fructose – with other nutrients, nourishes the sperm
▪ Coagulation Proteins – thicken semen which keeps sperm cells in vagina for a longer
period of time
▪ Enzymes – help destroy abnormal sperm cells
▪ Prostaglandins – stimulate smooth muscles contractions of female reproductive tract to
propel sperm cells through
2. Prostate Gland – secretes a thin, milky prostatic fluid (30% of seminal fluid) that have several
functions:
▪ Regulation of pH. The alkaline pH neutralizes the acidity of male urethra, seminal vesicle
secretions, & vagina. Sperm cells require pH of 6.0–6.5 for optimal movement.
▪ Liquefy the coagulated semen through proteolytic enzymes for the sperm cells to be
released and be able to swim to the oocyte.
3. Bulbourethral Glands / Cowper Glands – small, mucus-secreting glands (5% of seminal fluid)
that function as:
▪ lubrication of urethra
▪ neutralization of contents of normally acidic urethra
▪ providing a small amount of lubrication during intercourse
▪ reduction of acidity in the vagina

Physiology of Male Reproduction – depends on two mechanisms in order to function normally:

▪ Hormonal mechanisms for development of reproductive structures, secondary characteristics, &
spermatogenesis
▪ Neural mechanisms for controlling the sexual act & expression of sexual behavior

Regulation of Reproductive Hormone Secretion: (See process figure 19.7, page 535 & table 19.1, page
536)

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 ▪ Luteinizing Hormone (LH) – binds to interstitial cells in testes to secrete testosterone
▪ Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) – binds to sustentacular cells in seminiferous tubules to
promote sperm cell development; also increases the secretion of inhibin

Puberty – sequence of events by which a child is transformed into a young adult

commonly begins at 12-14 years old & largely completed by age 18
as it begins, elevated FSH levels promote spermatogenesis & elevated LH levels causes interstitial
cells to secrete large amounts of testosterone

Effects of Testosterone: (See table 19.2, page 537)

Male Sexual Behavior and the Male Sex Act:

▪ blood levels of testosterone remain relatively constant throughout the lifetime of male (from puberty
until about 40 years of age)
▪ slow decrease in sex drive & fertility occurs by age of 80 due to decline in testosterone levels by
20%
▪ male sex act is a complex series of reflexes that result in erection of penis, secretions of mucus
into urethra, emission, & ejaculation
o Erection – first major component of male sex act
parasympathetic action potentials from sacral region cause the arteries to dilate &
veins to constrict, resulting to inflated, enlarged & rigid erectile tissues
o Emission – movement of semen into the urethra
sympathetic action potentials from lumbar region cause contraction of reproductive
ducts & release of secretions
o Ejaculation – forceful expulsion of secretions that have accumulated in urethra to exterior
action potentials are sent to skeletal muscles surrounding base of penis & smooth
muscles of urethra for contraction, added by increased muscle tension throughout
the body
o Orgasm / Climax – an intense, pleasurable sensation that occur during the male sex act
which is closely associated with ejaculation but do not occur simultaneously
o Resolution – occurs after ejaculation where the penis becomes flaccid, overall feeling of
satisfaction exists, & inability to achieve erection & a second ejaculation
▪ sensory impulses & integration can occur through rhythmic massage of penis & surrounding tissues
and psychological stimuli such as sight, sound, odor, & thoughts.
o Nocturnal Emission – ejaculation while sleeping that is thought to be triggered dreaming

Diseases and Disorders of Male Reproductive System:

Condition Description
failure of the testes to descend into the scrotal sac that may result to sterility; can be
Cryptorchidism
surgically repaired if diagnosed by the age of 4 months
caused by enlarged or ruptured inguinal canal through which a loop of intestine can
Inguinal Hernia protrude; can be surgically repaired
failure to achieve erections that can be related to:
reduced testosterone secretion
defective stimulation of erectile tissue by nerve fibers
Erectile Dysfunction (ED) /
reduced response of blood vessels to neural stimulation
Impotence
medications include sildenafil (Viagra), tadalafil (Cialis), & vardenafil (Livitra) which
increase blood flow into the erectile tissue of penis
genetic in nature which develops in response to testosterone & other androgens
Male Pattern Baldness
treatment includes the use of minoxidil (Rogaine)
Infertility inability to conceive which can be caused by several factors:

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 low sperm count (below 20 million sperm cells/mL) – most common; results
from trauma, radiation, cryptorchidism, infections, inadequate secretion of LH
& FSH, or decreased testosterone secretion
abnormal sperm structure due to genetic factors
reduced sperm cell motility – caused by presence of antisperm antibodies

Artificial Insemination –alternative process to achieve fertility by collecting several

ejaculations, concentrating the sperm cells, & inserting into female’s reproductive
tract

Effects of Aging on the Male Reproductive System:

▪ Benign prostatic enlargement affects men as they age, and it blocks urine flow through the prostatic
urethra.
▪ Prostate cancer is more common in elderly men. Early detection is key to the successful treatment.

The students will study and read their book about this lesson (Chapter 19 of the book).

The Female Reproductive System consists of the ovaries, uterine tubes / fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina,
external genitalia, and the mammary glands. Refer to figures 19.8 & 19.9, page 539 for the anatomy.

Ovaries – a small organ in which the outer part is covered with dense connective tissue and contains
ovarian follicle, that has oocyte (female sex cell) within (See figure 19.10, page 540); suspended in pelvic
cavity by ligaments:
▪ Suspensory Ligament – extends from each ovary to lateral body
▪ Ovarian Ligament – attaches the ovary to superior margin of the uterus
▪ Broad Ligament – spreads out on both sides of the uterus and attaches to the ovaries and uterine
tubes
o Mesovarium – folds in peritoneum where the ovaries are attached

Oogenesis and Fertilization (See process figure 19.11, page 541)

Ovulation – release of an oocyte from an ovary; hormonal in nature, not on the sexual act
Fertilization – begins when a sperm cell penetrates the cytoplasm of a secondary oocyte
Zygote – forms when the fertilization is completed
Uterine Tubes / Fallopian Tubes / Oviduct – open directly into the peritoneal cavity near each ovary and
receive the secondary oocyte
▪ Fimbriae – long, thin processes surrounding the opening of each uterine tube & nearly surround
the surface of ovary; contain cilia that sweep the oocyte into the uterine tubes
▪ Ampulla – part of the tube near the ovary where the fertilization usually occurs

Implantation – a process where the fertilized oocyte travels to the uterus and embeds in the uterine wall

Uterus – a pear-sized organ with these parts:

▪ Fundus – superior part to the entrance of uterus
▪ Body – main part of uterus
▪ Cervix – narrower part directed inferiorly
▪ Uterine Cavity – located in fundus and body that continues to the cervix
▪ Cervical Canal – continues internally which opens into the vagina; lined with mucous glands
▪ Uterine Wall – composed of three layers:
o Perimetrium / Serous Layer – outer layer that is formed from visceral peritoneum
o Myometrium / Muscular Layer – middle layer that consists of thick smooth muscles;
accounts for bulk of the uterine wall
o Endometrium – innermost layer; consists of spiral glands & the superficial part sloughed
off during menstruation

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Vagina – female organ of copulation that receives the penis during intercourse; allows menstrual flow &
childbirth
▪ Hymen – a thin mucous membrane that covers the vagina during young age; can be perforated or
torn in variety of activities making it unreliable indicator of virginity

External Genitalia / Vulva / Pudendum – consist of vestibule and its surrounding structures (See figure
19.12, page 543)
▪ Vestibule – space into which both the vagina & urethra open
o Greater Vestibular Glands – produce lubricating fluid that helps maintain the moistness
of the vestibule; located on each side of vestibule, between the vaginal opening & labia
minora
▪ Labia Minora – a pair of thick, longitudinal skin folds that border the vestibule
▪ Clitoris – small, erectile structure located in the anterior margin of vestibule
▪ Prepuce – a fold of skin where the two labia minora unite over the clitoris
▪ Labia Majora – prominent rounded folds of skin lateral to the labia minora
▪ Mons Pubis – elevation of tissue over the pubic symphysis in which the labia majora unite anteriorly
▪ Pudendal Cleft – the space between the labia majora
▪ Clinical Perineum – the region between the vagina and anus
Episiotomy – an incision made during childbirth to prevent the tearing of skin and muscle in perineum

Mammary Glands – organs of milk production and located in the breasts (See figure 19.13, page 544)
▪ Lactiferous Duct – opens independently to the surface of nipple which forms a secretory sac, the
alveoli, in a lactating mammary gland
▪ Myoepithelial Cells – contract to expel milk from alveoli
▪ Nipple – raised area in each breast surrounded by circular, pigmented area called areola; very
sensitive to tactile stimulation which contracts and becomes erected

Physiology of Female Reproduction – depends on two mechanisms: hormonal & neural.

Puberty – the initial change results most likely in maturation of hypothalamus

typically begins between ages 11 & 13, completed by age 16
Menarche – first episode of menstrual bleeding
sexual characteristic changes occur due to increasing rate of estrogen & progesterone secretion
by the ovaries
after onset, the hypothalamus & anterior pituitary secrete large amounts of GnRH, LH, & FSH

Menstrual Cycle – series of changes that occur in sexually mature, nonpregnant females & that result in
menses (See figure 19.14, page 546)
typically goes about 28 days long (short as 18 days or long as 40 days)
result from cyclical changes that occur in ovary & controlled by secretions of FSH and LH from
anterior pituitary
Menses – period of mild hemorrhage, during which part of the endometrium is sloughed & expelled
from uterus; typically lasts 4 to 5 days

Stages of Menstrual Cycle: (See table 19.3, page 547)

Event Day Description

shedding of endometrium
menstrual bleeding
Menses Day 1 to 5
estrogen & progesterone are low
follicle begins to mature
between end of menses & ovulation
Proliferative Phase Day 6 to 13 endometrium rebuilds
estrogen levels begin to increase

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 progesterone levels remain low
follicle matures
oocyte is released due to LH
estrogen levels high
Ovulation Day 14
progesterone levels are increasing
cervical mucus thins (spinnbarkeit mucus)
between ovulation & next menses
endometrium is preparing for implantation
Secretory Phase Day 15 to 28 estrogen levels low
progesterone levels high
cervical mucus thickens
Menopause – cessation of menstrual cycle; occurs at the age of 40-50 years old
caused by age-related changes in the ovaries
time when ovaries secrete less hormones and number of follicles in ovaries is low and where
menstrual cycle & ovulation are less regular
Female Climacteric – the whole-time period from the onset of irregular cycles to their complete
cessation
o some women experience sudden episodes of uncomfortable sweating (hot flashes),
fatigue, anxiety, temporary decrease in libido, & occasionally emotional disturbances (See
table 19.4, page 548)
o symptoms can be treated successfully with hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

Female Sexual Behavior and the Female Sex Act:

▪ testosterone-like hormones, produced by adrenal cortex, affect hypothalamus & influence sexual
behavior
▪ during sexual excitement, erectile tissue within clitoris & around vaginal opening becomes
engorged with blood
▪ stimulation of genitals during sexual intercourse & psychological stimuli normally trigger an orgasm
or climax
▪ Resolution – a period after the sex act which is characterized by an overall sense of satisfaction
& relaxation
o sometime receptive to further immediate stimulation & can experience successive orgasms

Control of Pregnancy: methods taken to either prevent fertilization or implantation of developing embryo
▪ Behavioral Methods
1. Abstinence – refraining from sexual intercourse
2. Coitus Interruptus / Withdrawal – removal of the penis from the vagina just before
ejaculation
3. Natural Family Planning – requires abstaining from sexual intercourse near the time of
ovulation
4. Lactation / Continuous Breastfeeding / Lactation Amenorrhea (LAM) – often stops the
menstrual cycle for up to the first 6 months after childbirth, as long as the baby is exclusively
breastfed & mother does not resume menstruation while lactating
▪ Barrier Methods
1. Male Condom – a sheath which is placed over the erect penis to serve as a barrier device
as it collects the semen instead of allowing it to be released into the vagina; may also
protect against STDs
2. Vaginal Condom / Female Condom – a barrier placed into the vagina before sexual
intercourse
3. Diaphragm – larger, shallow latex cup placed over the cervix within the vagina to prevent
sperm cells from passing through the cervical canal of uterus
4. Cervical Cap – same with diaphragm but smaller & thimble-shaped latex cup
5. Spermicidal Agents – can be in foams or creams that are inserted into vagina before
sexual intercourse, often in conjunction with diaphragm & cervical cap, to kill sperm cells

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 6. Intrauterine Devices (IUDs) – inserted into the uterus through the cervix which thickens
the cervical mucus & bars sperm from entering the uterus
▪ Chemical Methods
1. Oral Contraceptives – synthetic estrogen & progesterone which are among the most
effective contraceptives
▪ Mini-Pill – contains only synthetic progesterone that reduces and thickens the
mucus of cervix and also prevents blastocyst from implanting in uterus
2. Medroxyprogesterone (Depo-Provera) – progesterone-like chemicals which are injected
intramuscularly & can protect against pregnancy for approximately 1 month, depending on
amount injected
3. Patch (Ortho Evra) – an adhesive skin patch containing synthetic estrogen &
progesterone; can be worn on the lower abdomen, buttocks, or upper body
4. Vaginal Contraceptive Ring (Nuva Ring) – inserted into the vagina where it releases
synthetic estrogen & progesterone
5. RU486 / Mifepristone – a drug that blocks the action of progesterone causing the
endometrium of uterus to slough off as it does at the time of menstruation; can also be
used to terminate pregnancies
6. Morning-After Pills – doubling the number of birth control pills after sexual intercourse
within 3 days & again after 12 more hours
▪ Surgical Method
1. Vasectomy – a method of cutting & tying off the ductus deferens from each testis within
scrotal sac; common method to render males permanently infertile without affecting the
performance of the sex act
2. Tubal Ligation – a permanent birth control in females where the uterine tubes are tied and
cut or clamped which closes off the path between the sperm cells & oocyte

Infertility in Females: causes include

malfunctions of uterine tubes – pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
reduced hormone secretion from pituitary gland or ovaries – hypothyroidism, trauma, tumor
interruption of implantation – uterine tumors, premature degeneration of corpus luteum

Diseases and Disorders of Female Reproductive System:

Condition Description
a condition where the uterus extends inferiorly into the vagina; severe cases require
Prolapsed Uterus
surgical correction
a serious, often fatal disease, where a tumor is tested positive in malignancy (biopsy)
Cancer of the Breast Mammography – uses a low-intensity x-rays to detect tumors in the soft tissues of
the breast
Amenorrhea absence of a menstrual cycle (See clinical impact, page 547)
Ectopic Pregnancy results if implantation occurs anywhere other than in the uterine cavity
For the listed conditions below, refer to Table 19.5, page 552 of the book for description:
▪ Benign Uterine Tumors ▪ Genital Herpes
▪ Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) ▪ Genital Warts
▪ Nongonococcal Urethritis ▪ Syphilis
▪ Trichomoniasis ▪ AIDS
▪ Gonorrhea

Effects of Aging on the Female Reproductive System:

▪ Menopause is the most common age-related change in females.
▪ Cancers of the breast, the cervix, and the ovaries increase in elderly women.

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 CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING

The instructor will instruct the students to work on their own to answer the following critical questions
regarding the main lesson and provide the rationale for each item. This will be recorded as their quiz. One
(1) point will be given to the correct answer and another one (1) point for the correct rationale.
Superimpositions or erasures in their answer/ratio are not allowed.

1. The male gonads have both sperm-producing and testosterone-producing functions and are called
.
a. testes d. ovum
b. sperm e. gametes
c. ovaries
Answer:
RATIO:

2. The actual "sperm-forming factories" of male reproductive system that empty sperm into the rete
testes are called the:
a. interstitial cells d. bulbourethral glands
b. epididymis e. seminiferous tubules
c. ductus deferens
Answer:
RATIO:

3. Androgens such as testosterone are produced by the:

a. seminiferous tubules c. epididymis
b. interstitial cells d. bulbourethral glands
Answer:
RATIO:

4. The correct descending order of the male duct system (from inside to outside) is:
a. epididymis, ductus deferens, urethra, ejaculatory duct
b. ejaculatory duct, epididymis, ductus deferens, urethra
c. ductus deferens, epididymis, ejaculatory duct, urethra
d. epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
e. ejaculatory duct, ductus deferens, epididymis, urethra
Answer:
RATIO:

5. Which of the following is true regarding the spermatic cord? (Select all that apply)
a. it is a connective tissue sheath d. it contains nerves
b. it encloses the ductus deferens e. it contains blood vessels
c. it encloses the epididymis
Answer:
RATIO:

6. The middle part of the male urethra that extends from the prostate to the penis is called the:
a. prostatic urethra b. membranous urethra

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 c. spongy urethra e. bulbourethral
d. penile urethra

Answer:
RATIO:

7. All are considered components of semen: (Select all that apply)

a. sperm d. bulbourethral fluid
b. seminal fluid e. epididymal fluid
c. prostatic fluid
Answer:
RATIO:

8. The milky-colored fluid secreted from the prostate glands is intended to:
a. nourish sperm d. neutralize urine
b. activate sperm e. are endocrine only
c. cleanse the urethra
Answer:
RATIO:

9. Pregnancy is generally improbable with a sperm count:

a. under 20,000 per milliliter d. under 20 million per milliliter
b. under 1 million per milliliter e. under 100 million per milliliter
c. under 5 million per milliliter
Answer:
RATIO:

10. Pepper has been reviewing the process of spermatogenesis for their upcoming examinations. As a
student, which of the following is not true regarding this phase in male reproductive system?
a. Spermatogenesis is sperm production that begins at birth and continues through puberty.
b. The process is begun by primitive stem cells called spermatogonia.
c. During puberty, FSH causes each division of spermatogonia into one stem cell (type A cell)
and one type B cell that becomes a primary spermatocyte.
d. The primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis to secondary spermatocytes, which then form
four spermatids.
e. The spermatids streamline and a tail is formed during spermiogenesis, after which they are
mature enough to fertilize an ovum and are called sperm.
Answer:
RATIO:

11. The hormone responsible for ovulation is .

a. test estrogen d. luteinizing hormone
b. progesterone e. adrenocorticotropic hormone
c. follicle-stimulating hormone
Answer:
RATIO:

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12. The menstrual cycle is:
a. 7 days long c. 28 days long
b. 14 days long d. 40 days long
Answer:
RATIO:

13. Which of the following are events that occur during the proliferative state of menstrual cycle? (Select
all that apply)
a. it is stimulated by rising estrogen levels
b. the basal layer of the endometrium regenerates
c. glands are formed in the endometrium
d. endometrial blood supply is increased
e. the endometrium becomes thin and shiny in appearance
Answer:
RATIO:

14. Which one of the following is NOT one of the secondary sex characteristics in young women?
a. enlargement of the accessory organs of c. appearance of axillary and pubic hair
reproduction d. decreased fat deposits beneath the skin
b. breast development e. widening and lightening of the pelvis
Answer:
RATIO:

15. The corpus luteum is a special glandular structure of the ovaries that primarily produces:
a. estrogen d. interstitial cell-stimulating hormone
b. progesterone e. luteinizing hormone
c. testosterone
Answer:
RATIO:

16. The release of estrogen from the ovaries stimulates the release of GnRH from:
a. the ovaries. d. the hypothalamus.
b. the corpus luteum. e. the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus
c. the anterior pituitary.
Answer:
RATIO:

17. When a primary follicle enlarges, and there are several layers of granulosa cells, it is called a:
a. primordial follicle. c. secondary follicle.
b. primary follicle. d. mature follicle.
Answer:
RATIO:

18. The ovary is attached to the superior margin of the uterus by the:
a. mesovarium. b. broad ligament.
c. ovarian ligament. d. suspensory ligament.
Answer:
RATIO:

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19. Trace the pathway of an egg as it passes through the uterine tube.
(1) ampulla (3) infundibulum
(2) fimbriae (4) isthmus
a. 1, 2, 3, 4 c. 3, 4, 1, 2
b. 2, 4, 1, 3 d. 2, 3, 1, 4
Answer:
RATIO:

20. Pepper has been trying to recognize the events occurring in female sex act. Which of the following are
included? (Select all that apply)
a. The labia become smaller
b. Steroids such as progesterone are converted to androgens
c. Mucus-like fluid is secreted into the vagina
d. Motor action potentials are conducted from the spinal cord to the reproductive organs by both
sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers
Answer:
RATIO:

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LESSON TITLE: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Materials:
Book, pen and notebook
LEARNING TARGETS:
Upon completion of this lesson, the nursing student can: References:
VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A.
1. Discuss the major function of the reproductive system; (2019). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy &
2. Identify major features of successive developmental stages physiology (10th ed.). New York, NY:
in models or charts; and McGraw-Hill Education.
3. describe the organs of the male reproductive system and
their principal functions;
4. locate male reproductive organs in charts and models; https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-a
5. identify major features in a microscopic specimen of testis; p1/chapter/overview-of-anatomy-and-phy
and siology
6. identify features of mature sperm in figures and in a
prepared sperm smear.
7. locate male and female reproductive organs in charts and
models;
8. identify major features in a microscopic specimen of testes
and ovary; and
9. Identify male and female sexual response & hormone
control.

Introduction to the Reproductive System

❖ The major function of the reproductive system is to ensure survival of the species.
❖ Other systems in the body, such as the endocrine and urinary systems, work continuously to
maintain homeostasis for survival of the individual.
❖ An individual may live a long, healthy, and happy life without producing offspring, but if the species is to continue,
at least some individuals must produce offspring.
Within the context of producing offspring, the reproductive system has four functions:
● To produce egg and sperm cells
● To transport and sustain these cells
● To nurture the developing offspring
● To produce hormones
These functions are divided between the primary and secondary, or accessory, reproductive organs.
● The primary reproductive organs, or gonads, consist of the ovaries and testes.
o These organs are responsible for producing the egg and sperm cells gametes), and hormones.
o These hormones function in the maturation of the reproductive system, the development of sexual
characteristics, and regulation of the normal physiology of the reproductive system.
● All other organs, ducts, and glands in the reproductive system are considered secondary, or accessory,
reproductive organs.
o These structures transport and sustain the gametes and nurture the developing offspring.
(https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/reproductive/)

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STAGES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
1. Conception
2. Zygote (first through third day).
3. Blastocyst (second day through second week)
a. By the end of the 2nd week, implants itself in uterine wall ("nidation")
4. Embryo (third through eighth week)
a. Occasional primitive heart contractions at 2 weeks;
b. Heart pumps blood and ECG tracing looks normal by 4th to 5th week;
c. Some brain activity by the end of the 6th week;
d. Normal heart functioning after the end of the 7th week.
5. Fetus (9th week until birth)
a. develops fingernails, vocal chords, taste buds, and salivary glands and begins to urinate (3rd month)
b. "quickening" = spontaneous movement, between the 13th and 20th week (3rd, 4th or 5th month).
c. develops hair and eyelashes (5th month)
d. "viability" = fetus can survive outside the mother; occurs at approximately the 24th week.
(By convention, "fetus" is sometimes used generically to refer to all the stages of pregnancy.)
6. Infant (birth until one year)
a. Meltzoff research--rudimentary shape concepts
b. self-motivated activity
7. Child (ages 1 year to 12 years)
a. capacity to communicate
b. presence of self-concepts and self-awareness
c. reasoning (developed capacity to solve new and relatively complex problems)
d. morally responsible
(https://faculty.washington.edu/wtalbott/phil102/tr11-27.htm)

Male Reproductive System

The male reproductive system, like that of the female, consists of those organs whose function is to produce a new
individual, i.e., to accomplish reproduction. This system consists of a pair of testes and a network of excretory ducts
(epididymis, ductus deferens (vas deferens), and ejaculatory ducts), seminal vesicles, the prostate, the bulbourethral
glands, and the penis.

Testes
The male gonads, testes or testicles, begin their development high in the abdominal cavity, near the kidneys. During the
last two months before birth, or shortly after birth, they descend through the inguinal canal into the scrotum, a pouch that
extends below the abdomen, posterior to the penis. Although this location of the testes, outside the abdominal cavity, may
seem to make them vulnerable to injury, it provides a temperature about 3° C below normal body temperature. This lower
temperature is necessary for the production of viable sperm.

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Duct System
Sperm cells pass through a series of ducts to
reach the outside of the body. After they leave the
testes, the sperm passes through
the epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct,
and urethra.

Accessory Glands
The accessory glands of the male reproductive
system are the seminal vesicles, prostate gland,
and the bulbourethral glands. These glands
secrete fluids that enter the urethra.

Penis
The penis, the male copulatory organ, is a
cylindrical pendant organ located anterior to
the scrotum and functions to transfer sperm to
the vagina. The penis consists of three columns of
erectile tissue that are wrapped in connective
tissue and covered with skin. The
two dorsal columns are the corpora cavernosa.
The single, midline ventral column surrounds
the urethra and is called the corpus spongiosum.

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Male Sexual Response and Hormonal Control

The male sexual response includes erection and orgasm accompanied by ejaculation of semen. Orgasm is followed by
a variable time period during which it is not possible to achieve another erection.
Three hormones are the principle regulators of the male reproductive system: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
stimulates spermatogenesis; luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates the production of testosterone;
and testosterone stimulates the development of male secondary sex characteristics and spermatogenesis.
(https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/reproductive/male/response.html)

Female Sexual Response & Hormone Control

The female sexual response includes arousal and orgasm, but there is no ejaculation. A woman may become pregnant
without having an orgasm.
● Follicle-stimulating hormone,
● luteinizing hormone,
● estrogen, and progesterone have major roles in regulating the functions of the female reproductive system.

At puberty, when the ovaries and uterus are mature enough to respond to hormonal stimulation, certain stimuli cause
the hypothalamus to start secreting gonadotropin-releasing hormone. This hormone enters the blood and goes to
the anterior pituitary gland where it stimulates the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. These
hormones, in turn, affect the ovaries and uterus and the monthly cycles begin. A woman's reproductive cycles last
from menarche to menopause.
The monthly ovarian cycle begins with the follicle development during the follicular phase, continues with ovulation during
the ovulatory phase, and concludes with the development and regression of the corpus luteum during the luteal phase.
The uterine cycle takes place simultaneously with the ovarian cycle. The uterine cycle begins with menstruation during the
menstrual phase, continues with repair of the endometrium during the proliferative phase, and ends with the growth of
glands and blood vessels during the secretory phase.
Menopause occurs when a woman's reproductive cycles stop. This period is marked by decreased levels of ovarian
hormones and increased levels of pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. The changing hormone
levels are responsible for the symptoms associated with menopause.
(https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/reproductive/female/response.html)

CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING (20 minutes)

This will serve as a quiz for the students. 1 point is given to each correct answer and another point for the correct rationale
given per number. Superimpositions & erasures are not allowed.

MULTIPLE CHOICE
Choose the correct answer for each question asked.

1. After fertilization the zygote goes through a rapid period of cell divisions called .
a. Organogenesis c. blastulation
b. Teratogenesis d. cleavage
ANSWER:
RATIO:

2. Implantation is usually completed after .

a. the amnion has formed c. gastrulation has occurred
b. the nervous system forms e. the blastocyst is entirely surrounded by endometrium

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ANSWER:
RATIO:

3. The outermost embryonic membrane is the .

a. yolk sac c. amnion
b. chorion d. placenta e. allantois
ANSWER:
RATIO:

4. Which of the following is NOT a function of the placenta?

a. waste elimination c. hormone production
b. respiratory gas transfer d.. urine formation
ANSWER:
RATIO:

5. The heart begins to beat in the developing offspring .

a. at birth c. at conception
b. at 3-4 months d. when it becomes a fetus e. at about 3 1/2 weeks
ANSWER:
RATIO:

LABELLING:
The Female Reproductive System –Anatomy. U s e the word bank below to identify the parts of the female
reproductive system.

Clitoris ovary labia (majora & minora uterus cervix urethra vagina
Endometrium fallopian tube (oviduct) bladder