ANIMAL

REPRODUCTION
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
 differentiate asexual and sexual modes of
reproduction;
 identify the stages animal of development;
• describe human reproductive organ systems.
 2 MODE OF REPRODUCTION
1. Asexual reproduction -
Mode of reproduction that
does not involve the use of
gametes or sex cells.

2. Sexual reproduction -
Mode of reproduction that
involves the use of gametes or
sex cells.
 4 TYPES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

2. Fragmentation - Type of
asexual reproduction where 4. Sporulation -
the body breaks into two or 3. Budding - Type of Type of asexual
1. Fission -
more parts, with each asexual reproduction
Type of
fragment capable of reproduction where where a new
asexual
becoming a complete a new individual individual form
reproduction
individual; in animals, arises as an from an
involving the
fragmentation is usually outgrowth (bud) aggregation of cells
division of
followed by regeneration from its parent, surrounded by a
body into two
where the missing parts are develops organs like resistant capsule
or more equal
produced. For example, a those of the parent, or spore, which
parts.
lost arm of the starfish may and then detaches later on
be regenerated by mitotic itself. germinates.
cell divisions.
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 Development –
involves formation of
sex cells, zygote
formation, subsequent
stages in one’s life
span. Development is
terminated by death.

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 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

Organoge
Gametogenesis Fertilization Gastrulation Organogenesis
Cleavage nesis

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 1. Gametogenesis – Stage of
development that yields haploid
gametes.
2. Fertilization – Stage of
development that results in a
unicellular diploid zygote.
3. Cleavage – Stage of development
involving a series of mitotic divisions
to produce a multicellular blastula
from a unicellular zygote.
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 4. Gastrulation – Stage of development
involving morphogenetic movements of the cells
to produce a gastrula with distinct germ cell
layers; in vertebrates, this will result in three
layers: the outermost ectoderm; the inner
endoderm, and the middle layer, the mesoderm.
5. Organogenesis – Stage of development where
the different germ layers differentiate into
specific organ systems.
6. Growth – Stage of development characterized
by an increase in size of an individual.
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1.Bisexual 2. Hermaphrodite - An
reproduction - Type of individual with both male and
sexual reproduction female reproductive tissues.
involving the union of In animals’ “self-fertilization”
gametes from two is not common. In worms, a
genetically different hermaphrodite needs a male
parents. to donate sperms in order to
fertilize the oocytes in its
body.

2 TYPES OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

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 REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY OF HUMAN FEMALE
o Ovaries – a female gonads are pair of ovaries. Each ovary is packed with
follicles, each consisting of an oocyte, a partially developed eggs, surrounded
by support cells.
o Oviducts & Uterus
• Oviduct – or fallopian tube, extends from the uterus toward a funnellike
opening at each ovary. Upon ovulation, cilia on the opening lining of the
oviduct help collect the egg by drawing from the body cavity into the oviduct.
• Uterus – also known as womb. Thick, muscular organ that can expand
during pregnancy to accommodate a 4kg fetus.
• Endometrium – inner lining of the uterus. Richly supplied with blood
vessels.
• Cervix – neck of the uterus. Opens into the vagina. Allows menstrual blood
from
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 o Vagina & Vulva
• Vagina – muscular but elastic chamber that is the site for insertion of the
penis and deposition of sperm during copulation. Also serves as the birth
canal through which a baby is born, opens to the outside of the vulva.
• Vulva – collective term for the external female genitalia.
• Labia Majora – a pair of thick fatty ridges, enclose and protect the rest of
the vulva.
• Labia Minora – the vaginal opening and the separate opening of the
urethra are located with a cavity bordered by a pair of slender skin folds.
• Hymen – a thin piece of tissue, covers the vaginal opening in humans at
birth.
• Clitoris – located at the top of labia minora.
• Vestibular Gland – secrete lubricating mucus.

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 REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY OF HUMAN MALE

o Testes - a male gonads, produce sperm in a highly

coiled tubes called seminiferous tubules.
• Scrotum – a fold of the body wall. Hangs outside the
body because it needs to maintain a slightly lower
temperature than the rest of the body.

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 REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY OF HUMAN MALE

o Ducts
• Epididymis – from seminiferous tubules of a testis, the sperm pass into
the coiled duct of an epididymis. It takes 3 weeks for sperm to travel the
6m length of this duct.
• Vas Deferens – a muscular duct, extends around behind the urinary
bladder, where it joins a duct from seminal vesicle, forming a short
ejaculatory duct.
• Urethra – the outlet tube for both excretory system and the reproductive
system. Urethra runs through the penis and open to the outside at the tip
of the penis.
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 REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY OF HUMAN MALE

o Accessory Glands
• Seminal Vesicle – contribute about 60% of the volume of the semen.
Fluid from seminal vesicles is thick, yellowish and alkaline. Contain mucus
and sugar fructose.
• Prostate Gland – secretes its product directly into the urethra through
small ducts.
• Bulbourethral Glands - they secrete clear mucus that neutralize any
acidic urine remaining in the urethra.
o Penis – contains urethra as well as the erectile tissue. The main shaft of
the penis is covered by relatively thick skin. The head, or glans of the penis
has a much thinner outer layer.
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