BEKA 2333 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

SEM1, 2012/2013
Tutorial 1
1. Classify each of the following equation as an ordinary differential equation (ODE) or a partial
differential equation (PDE), give the order, and indicate the independent and dependent
variables. If the equation is an ODE, indicate whether the equation is linear or nonlinear.
2
d x dx
a. 3 2 + 4 + 9 x=2cos 3t (mechanical vibration, electrical circuit, seismology)
dt dt
dy y (2−3 x )
b. = (competition between 2 species)
d x x (1−3 y )
2 2
∂ u ∂ u
c. 2
+ 2 =0 (Laplace’s equation, potential theory, electricity)
∂x ∂y
dp
d. =kp (P− p) where P and k are constants (logistic curve, epidemiology, economics)
dt
dx
e. =(4−x)(1−x ) (chemical reaction rates)
dt
2
d y dy
f. x 2
+ + xy=0 (aerodynamics, stress analysis)
d x dx
4
d y
g. 8 4
=x (1−x ) (deflection of beams)
dx

2. Determine whether the given equation is separable, linear, neither or both.

dy
a. =sin x+ y
dx
x+y
dy y e
b. = 2
dx x +2
dx 2
c. x +t x=sin t
dt
t dy
d. 3 t=e + y ln t
dt
e. ( t 2+ 1 ) dy = yt− y
dt

3. Solve the following separable ODEs.

2
dy sec y
a. =
dx 1+ x 2
2
dv 1−4 v
b. x =
dx 3v
dx 2
c. + x =x
dt
dy 2 2
d. =3 x (1+ y )
dx

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 BEKA 2333 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
SEM1, 2012/2013
Tutorial 1
−1 cos x
e. y dy + y e sin x dx=0
f. ( x + x y 2 ) dx +e x y dy=0
2

4. Solve the following Initial Value Problems.

' 3
a. y =x (1− y ) , y ( 0 )=−3
dy
=( 1+ y ) tan x , y ( 0 ) =√ 3
2
b.
dx
dx
c. =2 √ y +1 ( cos x ) , y ( π )=0
dt
dy 2 π
d. =2 x cos y , y ( 0 )=
dx 4

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3 Edition
 BEKA 2333 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
SEM1, 2012/2013
Tutorial 1
5. Obtain the general solution to the following ODE.
dr
a. +r tan θ=sec θ
dθ
b. ( t+ y +1 ) dt−dy=0
dy
c. ( x +1 )
2
+ xy=x
dx
dy
d. ( x +1 ) =x +2 x−1−4 xy
2 2
dx

6. Solve the following Initial Value Problem.

dy −x 4
a. + 4 y=e , y ( 0 )=
dx 3
3 dx 2
b. t +3 t x=t , x ( 2 )=0
dt
dy 3 y
c. + + 2=3 x , y ( 1 )=1
dx x

d. sin x
dy
dx
+ y cos x=x sin x , y
π
2 ()
=2

7. Classify the equation as separable, linear, exact and none of these. Notice that some equations
may have more than one classification.
a. ( x 2 y+ x 4 cos x ) −x 3 dy=0
(x )
10
b. 3
−2 y dx + x dy =0
c. √−2 y− y 2 dx+ ( 3+2 x−x 2) dy =0
d. y 2 dx+ ( 2 xy +cos y ) dy=0
e. θdr + ( 3 r−θ−1 ) dθ=0

8. Classify the equation as separable, linear, exact or none of these. Notice that some equations
may have more than one classification.
a. ( 2 xy +3 ) dx−( x 2−1 ) dy=0
b. ( cos x cos y +2 x ) dx−( sin x sin y +2 y ) dy=0
t
c. dy + ( 1+ ln y ) dt=0
y
d. e t ( y−t ) dt+ ( 1+ et ) dy=0

(
e. 2 x+
y
2 2
1+ x y ) (
dx +
x
2 2
1+ x y )
−2 y dy=0

9. Solve the initial value problem:

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 BEKA 2333 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
SEM1, 2012/2013
Tutorial 1
a. ( e y − 1y ) dx +( x e y+ yx ) dy=0 , y ( 1)=1
x 2 x
2

b. ( y sin x ) dx+ ( 1 − y ) dy=0 , y ( π )=1

2
x x

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 BEKA 2333 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
SEM1, 2012/2013
Tutorial 1
10. For each of the following equations, find the most general function M (x , y ) or N (x , y)
respectively so that the equation is exact.

(
a. M ( x , y ) dx+ sec y −
2 x
y )
dy =0

b. ( y cos ( xy ) + e x ) dx+ N ( x , y ) dy =0

11. Consider the equation

( y 2 +2 xy ) dx−x 2 dy=0
a. Show that this equation is not exact.
b. Show that multiplying both sides of the equation by y −2 yields a new equation that is
exact.
c. Use the solution of the resulting exact equation to solve the original equation.
d. Were any solutions lost in process?

12. Use the method discussed under “Homogeneous Equation” to solve:

a. ( 3 x 2− y 2 ) dx + ( xy−x 3 y−1 ) dy=0
b. ( x 2 + y 2 ) dx+ 2 xydy =0

c. dy
=
θ sec ( θy )+ y
dθ θ
dy y ( ln y −ln x+1 )
d. =
dx x

13. By using the suitable method, solve the following equation

dy 2 2
a. x ( x + y ) =x + xy −3 y
dx

b. (1+
ln y
x ) (
dx + 1+
ln x
y )
dy=0

dy 2
c. 2 x =1−2 y + y
dx
' 4
d. x y =3 y + x cos x , y ( 2 π )=0
'
e. y =1+ x + y + xy

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 BEKA 2333 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
SEM1, 2012/2013
Tutorial 1
Application Problem

1. Assume that Lake Erie has a volume of 480 k m3 and that its rate of inflow (from Lake Huron)
and outflow (to Lake Ontario) are both 350k m3 per year. Suppose that at the time t=0 (years),
the pollutant concentration of Lake Erie-caused by pass industrial pollution that has now been
ordered to cease-is five time that of Lake Huron. If the outflow henceforth is perfectly mixed
lake water, how long will it take to reduce the pollution concentration in Lake Erie to twice that
of Lake Huron? Provided the mathematical model of the physical problem is

dx r
=rc− x
dt V

where V denotes as the volume of the water in Lake, c is the concentration of pollutant, r is the
rate flow of water.

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 BEKA 2333 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
SEM1, 2012/2013
Tutorial 1

Answers:

1.

ODE/PDE Order Ind. Var Dep. Var. Linear/nonlinear

A ODE nd
2 order t x Linear
B ODE 1st order x y Nonlinear
C PDE 2nd order u x,y Linear
D ODE st
1 order t p Nonlinear
E ODE 1st order x t Nonlinear
F ODE 2nd order x y Linear
G ODE 4th order x y Nonlinear
2. A. linear b. separable c. not linear, not separable
d. linear e. separable and linear
−3
ln ( 1−4 v )=ln x +C
2
3. a. 2 y +sin 2 y=4 tan−1 x +C b.
8
t
Ce
c. x= t d. tan−1 y=x 3+ C
C e +1
1 2

e. y= cos x f. ln (1+ y 2)=e−x +C

C−e
4
−x
y=−ln cos x + tan ( √ 3 )
−1 −1
4. a. 4 b. tan
y=2e +1
2 −1 2
c. y=sin x +2 sin x d. y=tan (1+ x )

5. a. r =sin θ+C cos θ b. y=−t−1+ C e

t

5 4
( x 2 +1 ) y= x + x + x 2−x +C
−1 2
c. y=1+C ( x +1 )
2 2 d.
5 2
−1
1 −x −4 x t −3
6. a. y= e +e b. x= −2 t
3 2

3 2 x 9
c. y= x − + d. y=2 x cot x+ cosec x
5 2 10 x 3

7. a. linear with y as dependent variable

b. linear with y as dependent variable
c. Separable
d. exact, linear with x as dep. var
e. linear, r as dep. var
C−3 x
8. a. y= 2 b. 2
sin x cos y + x − y =C
2
x −1

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 BEKA 2333 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
SEM1, 2012/2013
Tutorial 1
t
c. t ln y+ t=C d. y +e ( y +1−t )=C
2 2 −1
e. x − y + tan ( xy ) =C
xy x
9. a. e − =e−1
y
1
b. sin x−x cos x=ln y + + π −1. (equation is separable, not exact.)
y
10. a. −ln| y|+ f ( x )

b. x cos xy +f ( y)

c. y=θ sin−1 ( lnθ +C )

d. y=x e Ax

2
x
11. a. y= d. yes, y=0
C−x

( )
2 2
y y
12. a. ln 6
− 2 =C b. x 3 +3 x y 2=C
x x
c. y=x e Ax

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