Q.1-: A machine foundation weighs 60 KN. The spring constant is 11000 KN/m.
and dash pot
constant
(C) = 200 KN-s/m. Explain:
(i) Whether the system is over damped, under damped and critically damped.
(ii) Determine Logarithmic decrement
(iii) Determine Ratio of two successive amplitudes
(iv) Determine If the initial displacement is 10 mm and initial velocity is zero
displacement at t = 0.1 s 20
given
Weight of machine foundation:
• Spring constant:
• Damping constant:
• Initial displacement:
• Initial velocity:
• Time:
1. Step 1 Calculate the mass
o
2. Step 2 Calculate the critical damping coefficient
o
3. Step 3 Determine the damping type
o Compare and :
o
o
o Since , the system is underdamped.
4. Step 4 Calculate the damping ratio
o
5. Step 5 Calculate the natural frequency
o
6. Step 6 Calculate the damped natural frequency
o
7. Step 7 Calculate the logarithmic decrement
o
8. Step 8 Calculate the ratio of two successive amplitudes
o
9. Step 9 Determine constants A and B
o
o
10. Step 10 Calculate the displacement at
o
Solution
The displacement at is approximately .
Q.-2-: A mass of 2 kg is suspended by a spring having a stiffness at 700 N/m. The mass is displaced
downward from its equilibrium position by a distance of 0.02 m. Estimate equation of motion,
normal frequency, the response of the system and total energy.
The equation of motion, normal frequency, response, and total energy of a spring-mass system.
given
• Mass: kg
• Stiffness: N/m
• Initial displacement: m
1. Step 1 Find the equation of motion
o The equation of motion for a spring-mass system is:
▪
o Substitute the given values:
▪
2. Step 2 Calculate the normal frequency
o The normal frequency is given by:
▪
o Substitute the given values:
▪
▪ rad/s
3. Step 3 Determine the response of the system
o The general solution for the equation of motion is:
▪
o Initial conditions:
▪ m
▪ m/s
o Apply the first initial condition:
▪
▪
o Differentiate with respect to time:
▪
o Apply the second initial condition:
▪
o The response of the system is:
▪
4. Step 4 Calculate the total energy
o The total energy is given by:
▪
o Substitute the values:
▪
▪ J
Solution
The equation of motion is , the normal frequency is approximately rad/s, the
response of the system is , and the total energy is J.
Q.-3-: A three spring mass system is shown on figure. All the masses are subjected to dynamic
forces. Develop the equation of motion in terms of displacements X1, X2, X3 of the masses along
the axis of the springs.
given
• Three masses: , , and .
• Three springs with stiffnesses: , , and .
• Displacements of the masses: , , and .
• External forces acting on the masses: , , and .
1. Step 1 Free body diagram for mass
o Forces acting on :
▪ External force (positive direction).
▪ Spring force from : (negative direction if is positive).
▪ Spring force from : (positive if ).
o Applying Newton's second law:
▪
2. Step 2 Free body diagram for mass
o Forces acting on :
▪ External force (positive direction).
▪ Spring force from : (negative if ).
▪ Spring force from : (positive if ).
o Applying Newton's second law:
▪
3. Step 3 Free body diagram for mass
o Forces acting on :
▪ External force (positive direction).
▪ Spring force from : (negative if ).
o Applying Newton's second law:
▪
Q.4-: A harmonic motion has a maximum velocity of 6 m/s and it has a frequency of 12 cps.
Determine its amplitude and maximum acceleration.
given
• Maximum velocity:
• Frequency:
1. Step 1 Calculate the angular frequency
o
2. Step 2 Calculate the amplitude
o
3. Step 3 Calculate the maximum acceleration
o
Solution
The amplitude is and the maximum acceleration is .
Q.-5-: Consider the system shown in figure, it k-2000 N/m, k-1500 Nim, k, 3000 Nim k-k-500 Nim,
Calculate the mans if the nated frequency of the system is 10 Hz.
given
• Spring constant
• Spring constant
• Spring constant
• Spring constant
• Natural frequency [2]
Calculations
1. Calculate the effective spring constant:
o
2. Calculate the mass:
o
o
o
Solution
The mass of the system is approximately .
Q.-6-: The natural period of a SDOF system is 0.75 sec. The system is subjected to some initial
displacement 25mm and allowed to vibrate its own. The displacement observed after 2.5 sec was
10 mm. If the mass of the system is 500 kg, determine:
(i) circular natural frequency,
(ii) stiffness,
(iii) damping ratio,
(iv) damped circular natural frequency and
(v) critical damping coefficient of the system and
(vi) period and frequency of vibration
given
• Natural period: sec
• Initial displacement: mm
• Displacement at sec: mm
• Mass: kg
1. Step 1 Calculate the circular natural frequency
o
2. Step 2 Calculate the stiffness
o
3. Step 3 Calculate the logarithmic decrement
o cycles
o
4. Step 4 Calculate the damping ratio
o
5. Step 5 Calculate the damped circular natural frequency
o
6. Step 6 Calculate the critical damping coefficient
o
7. Step 7 Calculate the period of damped vibration
o
o sec
8. Step 8 Calculate the frequency of damped vibration
o
o Hz
Solution
The circular natural frequency is , the stiffness is , the damping ratio is ,
the damped circular natural frequency is , the critical damping coefficient is ,
the period of damped vibration is sec and the frequency of damped vibration is Hz.
Q.-7-: In an experiment of free vibration, it is found that the maximum amplitude has reduced to
0.6 times its value in 4 complete cycles. Determine damping in the system.
given
• The maximum amplitude reduces to times its initial value.
• This reduction occurs over complete cycles.
1. Step 1 Calculate the logarithmic decrement
o Use the formula .
o Substitute and .
o .
o .
o .
o .
2. Step 2 Calculate the damping ratio
o Use the formula .
o Since is small, use the approximation .
o .
o .
o .
Solution
The damping ratio of the system is approximately .
Q.-8-: Determine the amplitude of motion of three masses shown in Figure given below, when a
harmonic force F (t)=Fo sin ot is applied.
Take m = 1.2 kg K = 1200 N/m Fo = 10 N = 10 rad/s. Use mode superposition method.
given
• Mass:
• Spring constant:
• Amplitude of force:
• Frequency of force:
1. Step 1 Determine the mass and stiffness matrices
o The mass matrix is:
▪
o The stiffness matrix is:
▪
2. Step 2 Calculate the natural frequencies and mode shapes
o The natural frequencies are:
▪
o The mode shapes are:
▪ For :
▪
▪ For :
▪ $\phi_2 = \beginbegin{bmatrix} 1 \\ -2 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix}$
3. Step 3 Calculate the modal masses and stiffnesses
o Modal masses:
▪
▪ $M_2 = \phi_2^T M \phi_2 = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & -2 & 1 \end{bmatrix}
\begin{bmatrixunebmatrix} 1.2 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1.2 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1.2
\end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ -2 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix} = 7.2 \text{ kg}$
o Modal stiffnesses:
▪
4. Step 4 Calculate the modal forces
o The force vector is:
▪
o Modal forces:
▪
5. Step 5 Calculate the modal amplitudes
o Modal amplitudes:
▪
▪
6. Step 6 Calculate the physical amplitudes using mode superposition
o Physical amplitudes:
▪
o Amplitudes of motion:
▪
Solution
The amplitudes of motion of the three masses are , , and .
