BONE alized dense connectiy pone is SP tissue, where the m; ris covered cu 6 trix is imprepna , potas ig: Bone covered with baascular oe «is impregnaced with calcium salts making. it osteo . ; senic membrane : ve ous Yer and inner osteogenic and vascular = brane called the periosteum made up of [Link] >, Intercellular mactix, *. The bone is made up to following components 2 CELLS Jn bones following, cells are present, 1. Osteogenic cells - They are found in the inner layer of periosteum and wypes: [Link] ~ They are found at the site of new bone formation. They lay down intercellular matrix. ‘They are large basophilic cells with large rounded eccentric nuclei are the precursors of other cell 3. Osteocytes - They are the most predominant mature cells of bone. ‘They are less basophilic and lie in lacunae in the matrix. Branched tubular passages called canaliculi radiate from lacunae and are occupied by processes of osteocytes. 4, Osteoclasts - They are giant cells found at che site of bone resorption. They have eosinophilic cytoplasm and 5-15 nuclei. a_ INTER CELLULAR MATRIX 1. Inorganic matter - composed of calcium hydroxy ~ apatite crystals. [Link] matter - Composed of dense bundles of collagen fibers embedded in amorphous ground substance made up of protein polysaccharides and hyaluronic acid. #_ FUNCTION'S OF BONE 1. Forms rigil framework of the body to give ita shape and support and transmits body weight 2, Provides surface for attachment of muscles, tendons, ligaments etc. 3. Serve as levers for muscles movement. 4. Protect viscera like Brain, Spinal cord, Heart, Lungs etc, 5. Storehouse of Calcium and Phosphorus. 6 Contain marrow which is factory of blood cells § & scanned with OKEN ScannerMICROSCOPIC CLASSIFICATION OF BONE hafe of long bones. 1, Compact or dense bone ricellous or spongy bone := Eg. Ends of long bones. ™ DEVELOPING BONE Development of Bones :- In the course of development of human bones first a model of hyaline (endochondral bones eg. all long and short bones) or soft tissue model of mesenchyme (incramet Eg. Bones of vaule of skull) appear and it gradually changes into bone by onset of osteosen®>! mbranous bones 5. Developing bone shows following histological appearance. = DEVELOPING BONE SHOWS FOLLOWING ZONES 1, ZONE OF RESTING / RESERVE CARTILAGE ~ Cartilage cells on epiphyseal side of plare remain quiescent and do not participate in growth of plate. chondrocytes in there lacunae are discributed singly or in small groups. ZONE OF PROLIFERATING CARTILAGE — Next zone towards diaphysis consists of chondroblast which are proliferating arranged in columns, cells and lacunae increases in size that are parallel to long axis of bone. ZONE OF MATURING CARTILAGE CELLS / HYPERTROPHING CELLS AND LACUNAE- No proliferation but the cells is larger due to swelling of nucleus and cytoplasm. 4,ZONE OF CALCIFICATION - Cartilage cells are vacuolated and degenerating and there is calcification of intercellular substance. Calcified cartilage stains deep purple. [Link] OF DEVELOPING TRABECULAE METAPHYSIS / ZONE OF EROSION AND OSSIFICATION — New bone is formed and adjacent to diaphysis. Here cartilage cells die and disincegrate. Tuft of vascular marrow invade the area of calcifying cartilage, erode the lacunar walls and calcified cartilage forming new small matrow cavities. Osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into osteoblasts and deposit osteiod and bone around the remaining spicules of calcified cartilage. 3. =_COMPACT BONE Icis covered with periosteum. The compact bone is lamellar bone. The collagen fibers are arranged in lamella in which cells are embedded in their lacunae. 1. On che outer and inner surfaces of cortex some lamellae form continuous layers called outer and inner circumferential lamellae. . Most of the ocher lamellae are arranged in concentric cylinders around neurovascular channels (called Haversian canals) running parallel to the long axis of bone. 3. Each Haversian canal with 20-40 lamellae around it constitutes one osteon or Haversian system, Each ‘osteon is 100-400 micron in diameter and each lamella is 3. micron thick. a. Haversian canals are connected to each other by Volkmann's canals. b. In becween osteones interstitial lamellae are present. c. Endosteum lines internal cavity of bone and consists of a single layer of osteoprogenitor cells, & scanned with OKEN Scanner54 Textbook of Histology Haversian lametiae Haversian canal Interstitial lamellae Periosteum Circumferential ———4ee lamellae Haversian lamellae Haversian canal Canaliculi Interstitia lamellae : Osteooyte in lacuna © FIGURE © FACTS TO REMEMBER 4, Outer periosteum seen 2. Three types of lamellae seen: Haversian, interstitial and circumferential 3. in-between lamellae are osteocytes in the lacuna with canaliculi Fig. 4.4: Compact bone. Stain: Haematoxylin-eosin, 100X & scanned with OKEN ScannerTextbook of Histology, Bony trabeculum with osteocytes Marrow space with blood cells Periosteum Osteoctast Osteobiast Bony trabeculum with osteocytes Marrow space with blood cells © FIGURE © FACTS TO REMEMBER 1, Periosteum on the outside 2. Bony trabeculae with osteocytes and a few osteoblast cells. 3. Marrow space in-between bony trabeculae ig. 4.5: Cancellous bone. Stain: Haematoxylin-eosin, 100X & scanned with OKEN ScannerSkeletal Tissue: Cartilage and Bone 57 Zone of resting cartilage (1) Zone of proliferating cartilage (2) Zone of — ‘maturing cartilage (3) Zone of caleifying cartiiage (4) Zone of resting eenage Zane of prlering zone of Sarge wang anes conlage chonaroyes Zone of ealeiyng steels! and Satie wna coy Calcified cartilage Perichondrium: Osteoblast along the marrow cavity Periosteal bone (zone of ossification) 6) Developing blood cells Osteooyte Capillary O FIGURE © FACTS TO REMEMBER |. Zones of resting (1), proliferating (2), maturing (3), calcifying (4), ossification (5), Il. Osteociast and osteoblast cells Il, Osteoblasts lay down the bone and then change to osteocytes Fig. 4.6: Ossifying bone: Articular end of a bone. Stain: Haematoxylin-eosin, 100X & scanned with OKEN Scanner