Chapter 6 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Definition of EMI: The phenomenon of induction of emf (and hence current) in a circuit due to
change in magnetic flux linked with it is called electro magnetic induction.

[Michel faraday and Joseph Henry through their experiments showed that electric current can be
produced by varying magnetic field]

Electromagnetic induction is the basis of the working of power generators, dynamos, transformers etc.

EXPERIMENTS OF FARADAY AND HENRY

Experiment 1 : Current induced by a magnet (coil - magnet experiment) (M-16, J-18)

The observations about the deflections in the galvanometer

(G) are,

1) There is a deflection when the magnet is moved

toward the coil.
2) The deflection is opposite if the magnetic is moved
away.
3) Faster movements result in a larger deflection.
4) There is a deflection even if the coil is moved relative
to the magnet.
5) There is no deflection if there is no relative movement.
This experiment shows that the change in the magnetic flux causes induced emf and hence a
defection in (G).

Experiment 2: Current Induced By Current (coil - coil experiment).

The observations about the deflection in the ‘G’ are

1) There is a defection when the key ‘S’ is closed.

2) When ‘S’ is opened, the defection is opposite.
3) When there is a steady current in the primary. There is no
deflection.
4) There is deflection even if the secondary coil is moved relative to
the primary with ‘S’ closed.
This shows that a change in flux causes induced emf and hence
deflection in ‘G’.

Experiment 3: Current Induced By Changing Currents

When the key K is pressed, the galvanometer shows momentary deflection and returns to zero immediately.
When the key K is kept pressed continuously, there is no deflection in the galvanometer

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3) When the key K is released the galvanometer again shows momentary deflection, but in the opposite
direction and returns to zero immediately.

4) The galvanometer deflection increases dramatically when the iron rod is inserted into the coils along the
axis and the key is pressed of released

FARADAY’S LAWS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Faraday’s I law
Statement: Whenever the magnetic flux through a circuit changes, an emf is induced in it. The
induced emf lasts as long as the change in magnetic flux continues.

Faraday’s II law (J-14, M-18, M-16, M-17)

Statement: The magnitude of induced emf is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic
flux linked with the circuit.

Explanation: If dB is the change in magnetic flux in a small time interval dt, the induced emf is given by

Lenz’s law: This helps to find the direction of induced emf. (M-15, J-16, M-17, J-18, M-14, M-20)
d
B
Statement: The direction of induced current in a coil is such that it opposes the cause which is
produces it. (It is based on law of conservation of energy)

Explanation: When a bar magnet with its north pole moved toward a coil, the induced current flows in
the coil nearer to the magnet acts like north pole and hence the magnet is repelled.

When the magnet is moved away from the coil, current

reverses its direction and there by the face acts like South Pole.
Due to this the magnet is attracted.

If   is the induced emf & d

B
 rate of change of flux,
dt

Then 
dB

Magnetic flux: The ds

through a plane area placed in a uniform magnetic field B can be
B

B as
magnetic flux written
B . ds

Where θ isB theBdscos

angle between B and ds

Motional emf: The emf induced across the ends of the conductor, when it is moved across the magnetic
field is called motional emf. (J-17)

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 Derive an expression for Motional emf: (J-14, M-15, J-16, M-17)

Consider a long, straight conductor PQ

l  length of a conductor
v  velocity of conductor perpendicular to the magnetic field B
Let the conductor moved through a distance dx in a small time interval dt.
dS = dx Area covered by the conductor

The change in magnetic flux across the conductor is d  BdS  Bdx.

d Bldx
The magnitude of the emf induced in the conductor is   
dt dt
dx
Since v  is the velocity of the conductor.
dt

  B v This is the expression for motional emf

Eddy currents: The induced circulating currents produced in a

conductor due to change in magnetic flux linked with it are called eddy
currents. (M-14, J-15)

Applications of Eddy currents: (J-17)

(i) Electromagnetic damping: This is used in dead beat galvanometers.

(ii) Induction furnace: It is used to produce high temperatures and can be

utilized to prepare alloys by melting the constituent metals.

(iii) Magnetic brakes: Coupled with the wheel of the train is a metal drum which rotates as the train is
running. Strong electromagnets are situated near the metal drums. When electromagnets are
activated, eddy currents are set up in the drums which oppose the motion of the train. As the speed
is reduced, eddy currents also reduced and the braking action is smooth.

(iv) Induction motor: In an induction motor (AC motor), a rotating magnetic field produces strong eddy
currents in a rotor. The rotor starts rotating in the direction of rotating magnetic field.

(v) Speedometer: In speedometer, a tiny magnet rotates according to the speed of the vehicle and
produces the required changing magnetic field. The magnet rotates in an aluminium drum. The eddy
currents set up increases as the speed increases. Using calibrated scale, the speed of the vehicle can
be obtained.

Self induction: It is the phenomenon in which an emf is induced in a coil due to the change in current
in the same coil. (J-15)

Co-efficient of self induction (or) Self inductance [L]:

When a current flows through a coil the magnetic flux is proportional to the
current.
If B is the magnetic flux linked with a coil when a current I flows through it,

then B  I

B 
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Where L  is a constant, known as coefficient of self induction (or) self inductance of the coil.
When current in the coil changes, the magnetic flux linked with the coil also changes and emf
is induced in the coil.
dB d(LI)
The emf induced in the coil is   
dt dt
dI
ε=-L
dt This is the expression emf in terms of self- inductance of a coil.

Define of self inductance of a coil: is numerically equal to the emf induced in it when the
current is changing at a rate of 1 A/s in the same coil. (J-16)

The SI unit of self inductance is henry (H)

Definition of 1 henry: Self inductance of a coil is one henry if one volt emf is induced in the coil
when current changes at a rate of one ampere per second.

Derive an expression for Self-inductance of a solenoid:

Consider a long solenoid

A  cross-sectional area
l  length

n  no. of turns per unit length N l 

N = nl  Total number of turns.
I  current flowing in the solenoid
The magnetic field due to the solenoid is B  onI

The total magnetic flux linked with the solenoid is  NBA

  (n )( onI)A  o n2 A I

But magnetic  LI
flux,

2
LI   n A I
o

L= μo n2 Al expression for Self-inductance of a solenoid

Note: If the solenoid has a core of some magnetic material of relative permeability μr, then
Self inductance is given by L= μ μ n2 Al
r o

Physical significance of self-inductance: It is the electromagnetic analogue of mass in mechanics (inertia

of electricity)
Note: 1. The self-inductance of a coil depends upon no. of turns per unit length, area of cross-
section and the length of the coil (J-18, M-19)
2. The self- induced emf always opposes any change in current in the circuit. Hence it is called back
emf. Work needs to be done against this back emf in establishing the current.

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Mutual induction: It is the phenomenon in which an emf is induced in one coil due to the
variation of current in the neighbouring coil.

Coefficient of mutual induction (or) mutual inductance [M]:

Let B be the magnetic flux linked with the secondary coil when a current
I flows through the primary coil.

Then
2  I1

2 

Where M  is constant called the co-efficient of mutual induction

(OR) Mutual inductance of 2 w.r.to 1
The emf induced in secondary coil is

d2 d(M21I1 )
2  
dt dt

ε = - M dI1 This is the expression emf in terms mutual inductance of a coil.

2 21
dt

Definition mutual inductance [M]: The mutual inductance of two coils is equal to the emf
induced in one coil (secondary) when current changes at a rate of 1 ampere/second in the other coil
(primary).

The SI unit of mutual inductance is henry (H)

Derive an expression for Mutual inductance of two long coaxial solenoids:

Consider two coaxial solenoids S1 and S2 each of length
n1 and n2 the number of turns per unit length of S1 and S2
r1 and r2 the radius of S1 and S2
I2 current through S2
B2 = μ0n2I2  magnetic field in S2 due to current I2

Magnetic flux through S1 is1  N1B2A1

where N  n is total number of turns in S1 and A  r2 is the cross sectional area of S1
1 1 1 1

   (n )( n I )(r2 )
1 1 0 2 2
   n n r2 I  1
1 0 1 2 1 2

By the definition, magnetic flux through S1, 1  M12I2  2

Where M12 the mutual inductance S1 w.r.t S2

From (1) and (2) we get M I   n n rI2 2
12 2 0 1 2 1

M= μ n n πr 2l
120 1 21 Expression for Mutual inductance of two
long coaxial solenoids

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Note: Mutual inductance of two coils depends on their geometry, their separation and relative orientation.

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Note: If a magnetic material of relative permeability μr is present inside the solenoids, then

M = μr μo n1 n21 πr 2l

Derive an expression for Energy stored in an inductor: (M-14, J-15)

Work needs to be done against the back emf in establishing the current. This work done is stored as
magnetic potential energy.

Let dW be the work done in establishing a current I in the coil in a time dt.
Then dw  dq
dw  (I dt)  dq 
current I  dt
 
dI  dI 
dw L dt (I dt) emf  L dt
 

The total work done in establishing the current from 0 to I is

I
I
 I2  1
W  dW  LIdI  L   LI2

o  2 0 2

Magnetic potential energy, U=W

1
U= Expression for Energy stored in an inductor
2
LI
GENERATOR:
A generator or a dynamo is a device which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

Principle of AC generator: It is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction.

The direction of induced current is given by Fleming’s right hand rule.

Fleming’s right hand rule: If we stretch the first three fingers of the right hand along three mutually
perpendicular directions such that the forefinger (index finger) points in the direction of the magnetic
field and the thumb (main finger) points in the direction of motion of the conductor, then the central
finger (middle finger) would give the direction of the induced current.

AC Generator construction: Following are the main parts of AC Generator

(i) Field magnet: The magnetic field In which the coil is to rotate is
produced by the field magnet NS. In small dynamo, permanent magnets
are used. In commercial generator, an electromagnet is used.

(ii) Armature: It consists of a coil abcd of a large number of turns of

insulated copper wire wound on a laminated soft iron core. It is
mechanically rotated about an axis perpendicular to the magnetic field
with the help of a shaft.

(iii) Slip rings: There two hollow metal rings R1 and R2 fixed rigidly
on the same shaft which is used to rotate the coil. The rings
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rotate with the rotation of the coil.

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(iv) Brushes: There are two flexible metal plates or carbon rods B1 and B2 which are stationary. But they
are always in contact with the rotating rings.

Working: When the armature rotates with its axis perpendicular to the magnetic field B , the magnetic flux
linking the coil abcd changes and an emf is induced in the coil. Therefore induced current flows in the coil,
and in the external circuit connected to the coil through the brushes and the slip rings. The emf is taken
across the external circuit ‘R’

Derive an expression for instantaneous emf in an ac generator (or) Theory of ac generator:

(M-20)
Consider a coil of N turns and cross-sectional area A placed with its
plane perpendicular to the magnetic field B , so that θ = 0o at t = 0.
As the coil rotates magnetic flux  will keep changing continuously.
Because of this, an emf will be induced in the coil.

As the coil rotates with constant angular velocity  ,

The angle θ between the magnetic field B and normal to the plane of the
coil figure at an instant of time t is given by   t
The magnetic flux linking the coil at any instant of time t is given by

B  NAB cos  NAB cos t

From Faraday’s law, the emf induced in the coil is given by
dB d
  (NAB cos t)  NAB(sin t)
dt dt

That is,   NABsint

ε = ε0 sin instantaneous value of emf

Where 0  NAB  is the maximum value of induced emf

I = Io instantaneous value of current

0 NAB
Where I0    is the maximum value of induced current
R R

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