Equipment Used in Protected Houses

In a protected house, various pieces of equipment are essential to create an optimal

environment for plant growth. These include systems for irrigation, fertigation, temperature
control, pest management, and more. Below is a detailed breakdown of the equipment used in
a protected house:

1. Water Pump
Purpose:
Water pumps are crucial for supplying water to the irrigation system in the protected house.
• Types:
o Centrifugal Pumps: Commonly used for medium to high flow rates.
o Submersible Pumps: Ideal for deep wells and boreholes.
o Inline Pumps: Used for pressurized irrigation systems.
• Features:
o Suitable for high-pressure irrigation.
o Available in various capacities, depending on the size of the protected house.

2. Water Filter
Purpose:
Filters are an essential component of greenhouse irrigation systems. The main function of
filters is to separate suspended or dissolved particles from the water. In irrigation, filters aim
to remove particles that affect plant health or the efficiency and uniformity of water
distribution.
Types:
o Sand Filters: Suitable for large-scale systems or when the water contains fine
particles like silt or clay..
o Disc Filters: Suitable for fine filtration.

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 o Screen Filters: Used for filtering large particles.
o Activated Carbon Filters: Removes chlorine and organic compounds. Ideal
for water that contains dissolved chemicals or odors.
o Media Filters: Used when water quality is poor or when the system is large
and requires effective filtration for various sizes of particles.
o Hydrocyclone Filters: Hydrocyclone filters use centrifugal force to separate
particles from the water. Ideal for filtering water with high levels of sand or
silt.
o UV (Ultraviolet) Filters: Commonly used in systems where there is a concern
about waterborne pathogens or in organic farming systems that require
chemical-free water treatment.
o Reverse Osmosis (RO) Filters: Used for purifying water that has high
salinity or contains significant chemical contamination.
• Importance:
o Protects irrigation systems and fertigation equipment from clogging.
o Maintains water quality, ensuring healthier plant growth.

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3. Fertigation Equipment

Water Fertilizer Fertilizer

Source Mixing Tank injector

Irigation
PE/EC meter Filter
system

• Water Source:
o Can be from wells, tanks, rivers, or municipal supplies.
o Must be clean and free from large particles or contaminants to prevent clogging.
• Fertilizer Mixing Tank:
o A tank where water and fertilizer are mixed.
o Agitators or mixing paddles can be used to dissolve the fertilizer completely.
• Fertilizer Injection System:
o Venturi Injector:
▪ Works using pressure differences to draw fertilizer solution into the
irrigation water.
▪ Simple, low-cost, but requires pre-mixed fertilizers.
o Fertigation Pump:
▪ Motorized or mechanical pump injects fertilizer directly into the water
line.
▪ Allows precise control of fertilizer amounts.
o By-Pass Tank System

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 o Positive Displacement Pumps

Working Principle of venturi injector

The Venturi effect occurs when a fluid (water) flows through a constricted section of pipe,
causing a drop in pressure that creates a suction effect. This reduced pressure is utilized to
draw fertilizer or chemicals into the water stream.

• Water Flow: Water from the irrigation system enters the Venturi injector through a
larger opening.
• Constricted Section: As the water passes through a narrow constriction (the throat of
the Venturi), its velocity increases, and the pressure drops.
• Suction: The low pressure at the constriction draws fertilizer or nutrients from the
fertilizer tank into the water stream.
• Mixing: The fertilizer is mixed thoroughly with the water as it exits the injector,
ensuring a uniform distribution of nutrients.

Components of a Venturi Injector System

• Water Inlet: Water flows into the injector from the main irrigation pipeline.
• Venturi Chamber (Throat): This is the constricted area that accelerates the water,
causing the pressure drop necessary for the suction process.
• Fertilizer Injection Port: This is where the fertilizer solution is drawn into the water
stream. A small hose or pipe connects to a fertilizer tank.
• Fertilizer Tank: A separate tank holds the liquid or dissolved fertilizer solution that
is mixed into the water.
• Outlet: The water mixed with the fertilizer exits the injector and flows into the
irrigation system to be distributed to the crops.
• Check Valve: Prevents backflow of water into the fertilizer tank, ensuring that the
fertilizer does not contaminate the water supply.

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4. Piping Network
A piping network in a protected house, such as a greenhouse, is crucial for maintaining
optimal growing conditions for plants. These systems support irrigation, climate control, and
nutrient distribution, ensuring plant health and maximizing yield. Below is an overview of a
piping network used in a protected house:
Components of a Piping Network
1. Main Supply Line
o Connects to a water source (borewell, tank, or municipal supply).
o Typically made of durable materials like PVC, HDPE, or galvanized steel.
2. Sub-main Lines
o Branches from the main supply line to different sections of the greenhouse.
o Includes pressure regulation devices.
3. Lateral Pipes
o Smaller pipes that directly deliver water or nutrients to plants.
o Often integrated with drip emitters or micro-sprinklers.
4. Emitters and Sprinklers
o Drip Emitters: Provide precise water delivery to individual plants.
o Micro-sprinklers: Ensure uniform moisture in a larger area.
5. Filtration Units
o Remove debris and particles to prevent clogging.
o Types include sand filters, screen filters, and disc filters.
6. Fertilizer Injector (Fertigation System)
o Adds nutrients to the water for efficient plant feeding.
7. Valves and Control Units
o Manual or automated valves for controlling flow to different zones.
o Automated systems often include timers or IoT-based controls.
8. Water Storage Tanks
o Ensures a steady water supply.
o Used for storing treated or rainwater.
9. Pressure Regulators
o Maintain consistent pressure to prevent damage to pipes and emitters.

Design Considerations
1. Crop Type and Layout
o Customize the design based on the plant spacing and root depth.
2. Water Quality
o Ensure compatibility with filtration and fertigation systems.
3. Climate
o Include provisions for heating or cooling water if necessary.
4. Automation
o Use sensors and controllers to monitor soil moisture, temperature, and humidity.
5. Energy Efficiency
o Optimize pump size and pipe diameter to minimize energy costs.

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Types of Irrigation Systems
1. Drip Irrigation
o Delivers water directly to the root zone.
o Saves water and prevents fungal diseases.
2. Sprinkler Irrigation
o Provides even distribution for crops with broader spacing.
o Useful for cooling and humidification.
3. Mist Irrigation
o Maintains high humidity levels for propagation areas.
4. Hydroponic or Aeroponic Systems
o Uses nutrient-enriched water for soilless cultivation.

5. Net Pots
Net pots are small, perforated containers used extensively in greenhouses, particularly in
hydroponic, aquaponic, and aeroponic systems. They are designed to support plant roots
while allowing water, nutrients, and air to flow freely. Here's a detailed overview of net pots
in greenhouse applications:
Features of Net Pots
1. Material:
o Made from durable plastic (UV-resistant and food-grade for safety).
o Lightweight yet sturdy.
2. Structure:
o Open mesh or slotted design for excellent drainage and aeration.
o Available in various sizes, typically ranging from 2 to 8 inches in diameter.
3. Reusability:
o Washable and reusable, reducing waste and cost.

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Advantages of Net Pots
1. Improved Root Growth:
o Roots can grow through the slots, accessing more oxygen and nutrients.
2. Versatility:
o Compatible with various growing media and systems.
3. Water Efficiency:
o Maximizes water use by delivering it directly to the root zone.
4. Durability:
o Long-lasting under greenhouse conditions.

6. Exhaust Fans
Exhaust fans in a protected house (such as a greenhouse) are critical for maintaining a
controlled environment. They ensure proper air circulation, regulate temperature and
humidity, and remove stale air, which is vital for plant health and productivity.
Purpose of Exhaust Fans in Greenhouses
1. Temperature Control:
o Prevents overheating by expelling hot air and drawing in cooler air.
2. Humidity Regulation:
o Reduces excessive humidity, minimizing the risk of fungal diseases.
3. Air Circulation:
o Promotes even distribution of carbon dioxide (CO₂) for photosynthesis.
4. Removal of Pollutants:
o Expels gases like ethylene and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

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Key Features of Exhaust Fans
1. Fan Types:
o Axial Fans: Commonly used; effective for general ventilation.
o Centrifugal Fans: Ideal for high-pressure systems requiring stronger airflow.
2. Materials:
o Made from corrosion-resistant materials like galvanized steel or aluminum.
o UV-resistant components for longevity in greenhouse environments.
3. Size and Capacity:
o Fans are selected based on the greenhouse size and air exchange requirements.
o Rated in cubic feet per minute (CFM) to indicate airflow capacity.

Placement of Exhaust Fans

1. Wall-Mounted:
o Installed on the side walls of the greenhouse.
o Usually combined with intake vents on the opposite side for cross-ventilation.
2. Roof-Mounted:
o Removes hot air that naturally rises to the roof.
o Works well in combination with roof vents.
3. End-to-End Arrangement:
o Fans at one end and intake vents at the opposite end to create a wind tunnel effect.

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7. Thermo Regulation System
Purpose:
To maintain optimal temperatures in the protected house, which can greatly impact plant
growth.
• Equipment:
o Thermostats: Used to monitor and control temperature.
o Heaters/Coolers: For maintaining optimal temperature during extreme
weather.
o Shading Nets: Used to reduce solar radiation and provide coolness in the hot
zones.

Coolers
Cooling pads are a vital component of evaporative cooling systems used in greenhouses,
especially in regions with hot climates. They help maintain optimal temperatures for plant
growth by leveraging the natural process of evaporation.
Purpose of Cooling Pads in Greenhouses
1. Temperature Reduction:
o Lowers the greenhouse temperature by as much as 10-15°C.
2. Humidity Control:
o Maintains relative humidity to create a suitable environment for plants.
3. Improved Air Quality:
o Brings in fresh, cooler air while expelling warmer air.

How Cooling Pads Work

1. Water Circulation:
o Water is pumped to the top of the cooling pads and evenly distributed over their
surface.
2. Airflow:
o Fans pull warm air through the wet pads.
3. Evaporative Cooling:
o As air passes through the water-saturated pads, it cools down due to evaporation.
4. Air Distribution:
o The cooled air is circulated throughout the greenhouse.

Components of a Cooling Pad System

1. Cooling Pads:
o Made of cellulose or aspen fiber with honeycomb structures.
o High water retention capacity and durability.
2. Water Circulation System:
o Includes pumps, distribution pipes, and reservoirs.
3. Exhaust Fans:
o Installed opposite the cooling pads to create airflow.

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4. Control Systems:
o Automated systems regulate water flow and fan speed based on temperature and
humidity.

Types of Cooling Pads

1. Cellulose Pads:
o Durable and highly efficient.
o Suitable for large-scale greenhouses.
2. Aspen Pads:
o Made of wood shavings and synthetic fibers.
o Economical but less durable than cellulose pads.

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8. Light Systems (Bulbs, LEDs)
In an agricultural protected house (greenhouse or polyhouse), light systems play a crucial role
in enhancing plant growth, especially during periods of low natural light. Here’s an overview
of the use of bulbs and LEDs in such environments:
Types of Lighting Systems Used in Agricultural Protected Houses
a. Fluorescent Bulbs:
• Advantages: They are energy-efficient, emit low heat, and are effective in providing
supplemental light for plants.
• Application: Commonly used for young plants or seedlings in greenhouses.
b. High-Pressure Sodium (HPS) Lamps:
• Advantages: Provide a high intensity of red and orange light, which is beneficial for
flowering and fruiting.
• Application: Best for fruiting crops like tomatoes, peppers, and strawberries.
c. Metal Halide (MH) Lamps:
• Advantages: Emit blue and white light, which promotes vegetative growth.
• Application: Suitable for leafy vegetables, herbs, and other plants requiring strong
vegetative growth.
d. Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs):
• Advantages: Highly energy-efficient, emit little heat, and have a long lifespan. LEDs
can be tailored to emit specific light spectra, such as red, blue, or full-spectrum light,
depending on plant requirements.
• Application: Ideal for controlling light environments, particularly in vertical farming
or hydroponic systems.
Benefits of LEDs in Agricultural Protected Houses
• Energy Efficiency: LEDs consume less energy compared to traditional bulbs and
lamps.
• Customizable Light Spectrum: Can be adjusted to emit wavelengths that suit the
specific growth stage of plants (e.g., red light for flowering, blue light for vegetative
growth).
• Reduced Heat Emission: Unlike HPS or MH lamps, LEDs produce little heat,
reducing the need for cooling systems.
• Long Lifespan: LEDs have a longer operational life, which reduces maintenance
costs.

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Key Considerations for Light Systems in Protected Houses
• Light Intensity: Adequate light intensity is essential for photosynthesis. For most
crops, supplemental lighting is required during cloudy days or nighttime.
• Photoperiod Control: Light systems can regulate the length of day and night, which
affects plant growth cycles like flowering and fruiting.
• Light Spectrum: Different wavelengths of light (blue, red, or full spectrum)
influence different aspects of plant growth:
o Blue Light (400-500 nm): Promotes vegetative growth and chlorophyll
production.
o Red Light (600-700 nm): Stimulates flowering and fruiting.
o Full Spectrum Light: Mimics natural sunlight and can be used for all stages
of plant growth.
Recommended Lighting for Different Stages of Plant Growth
• Seedling Stage: Use blue spectrum light to encourage strong root and leaf
development.
• Vegetative Stage: Use a combination of blue and red spectrum light to support
overall growth.
• Flowering/Fruiting Stage: Increase red spectrum light to promote blooming and fruit
production.
Lighting Schedules
• Daylight Hours: In protected houses, plants typically receive supplemental light for
12–16 hours, simulating long daylight hours.
• Nighttime Hours: Light intensity and duration during the night should be controlled
to ensure proper plant cycles.
Cost-Effectiveness of LED Lighting Systems
While initial investment in LED lights can be higher compared to traditional bulbs, the long-
term energy savings and reduced maintenance costs make LEDs a more cost-effective option
in the long run.
In conclusion, choosing the appropriate light system depends on the specific crop
requirements, energy efficiency goals, and the growth stage of the plants. LEDs are often the
preferred choice due to their efficiency, versatility, and long lifespan.

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9. pH and EC Meters
Purpose:
To monitor the pH and Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soil or nutrient solution.
• Importance:
o pH Meter: Ensures the water and nutrients are at an optimal pH level for
nutrient uptake.
o EC Meter: Measures the concentration of dissolved salts (nutrients), ensuring
proper fertilization.

10. RH Control – Misters & Foggers

Purpose:
To control the humidity (relative humidity - RH) inside the protected house.
• Types:
o Misters: Release fine water droplets, increasing the humidity in the air.
o Foggers: Create ultra-fine water droplets that increase humidity more
effectively than misters.
• Importance:
o Maintains optimal moisture levels for plant health and pest management.

11. Fan Pad System

Purpose:
Used for evaporative cooling, a Fan Pad system helps cool the air and maintain temperature
and humidity.
• Components:
o Fans: Draw hot air from inside the greenhouse.
o Wet Pads: Water-soaked pads that cool the air as it passes through.
• Importance:
o Prevents heat stress on plants and maintains a cool environment in hot
climates like Sri Lanka.

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