Problem 10 Solution

1. Definition of a Conservative Vector Field

A vector field F is said to be conservative if it is the gradient of a scalar function φ,

called the scalar potential. That is, F = ∇φ.

Alternatively, a vector field F is conservative if the line integral of F between any two
points is independent of the path taken. This implies that the line integral of F around
any closed loop is zero (∮ F ⋅ dr = 0).

For a vector field F = Pi + Qj + Rk to be conservative in a simply connected region, its

curl must be zero: ∇ × F = 0.

2. Relation with Scalar Potential φ(x, y, z)

If F is a conservative vector field, then there exists a scalar potential function φ(x, y, z)
such that:

F = ∇φ = (∂φ/∂x)i + (∂φ/∂y)j + (∂φ/∂z)k

This means that if F = Pi + Qj + Rk, then:

P = ∂φ/∂x Q = ∂φ/∂y R = ∂φ/∂z

To find φ, one can integrate P with respect to x, Q with respect to y, and R with respect
to z, and then combine the results, ensuring consistency across the partial
integrations.

3. Gauss's Divergence Theorem for an Irrotational

Vector Field over a Hemisphere Centered at Origin

Gauss's Divergence Theorem states that for a vector field F and a solid region E
bounded by a closed surface S, the outward flux of F through S is equal to the triple
integral of the divergence of F over E:

∮∮_S F ⋅ dS = ∫∫∫_E (∇ ⋅ F) dV

An irrotational vector field is one whose curl is zero (∇ × F = 0). If a vector field is
irrotational and defined on a simply connected domain, it is also conservative,
meaning F = ∇φ for some scalar potential φ.

For an irrotational vector field, the divergence (∇ ⋅ F) is generally not zero. However, if
the vector field is both irrotational and solenoidal (meaning its divergence is also zero,
∇ ⋅ F = 0), then the flux through any closed surface would be zero.

The problem specifies an

irrotational vector field over a hemisphere centered at the origin. Let the hemisphere
be defined by x² + y² + z² = R² for z ≥ 0, and its flat base in the xy-plane. The closed
surface S consists of two parts: the curved surface S_c and the flat base S_f.

Gauss's Divergence Theorem applies to a closed surface. If we consider the

hemisphere as the closed surface, then the theorem states:

∮∮_S F ⋅ dS = ∫∫∫_E (∇ ⋅ F) dV

Where S = S_c ∪ S_f. So, ∮∮_S F ⋅ dS = ∮∮_Sc F ⋅ dS + ∮∮_Sf F ⋅ dS.

For an irrotational vector field, ∇ × F = 0. This implies that F can be expressed as the
gradient of a scalar potential, F = ∇φ. The divergence of F is ∇ ⋅ F = ∇ ⋅ (∇φ) = ∇²φ
(Laplacian of φ).

Therefore, Gauss's Divergence Theorem becomes:

∫∫∫_E (∇²φ) dV = ∮∮_S F ⋅ dS

If the problem implies that the vector field is only irrotational, its divergence is not
necessarily zero. The application of Gauss's theorem remains the same. The key point
for an irrotational field is that it is conservative, which simplifies line integrals, but not
necessarily surface integrals unless the divergence is also zero.

For a hemisphere centered at the origin, the region E is the solid hemisphere. The
surface S is its boundary. The theorem holds true regardless of whether the field is
irrotational or not, as long as F is continuously differentiable. The 'irrotational'
condition primarily affects properties related to curl and path independence of line
integrals, not the fundamental application of the divergence theorem itself, unless it
leads to a simplification of ∇ ⋅ F (e.g., if it were also solenoidal, then ∇ ⋅ F = 0, and the
integral would be zero).

Problem 11 Solution

Evaluate the line integral ∫(x dy + y dx) bounded by

the closed contour of astroid with x = a cos³t and y = a
sin³t.

Given the parametric equations of the astroid: x = a cos³t y = a sin³t

To evaluate the line integral ∫(x dy + y dx), we first need to find dx and dy in terms of
dt.

1. Calculate dx and dy

For x = a cos³t: dx/dt = a * 3 cos²t * (-sin t) = -3a cos²t sin t dx = -3a cos²t sin t dt

For y = a sin³t: dy/dt = a * 3 sin²t * (cos t) = 3a sin²t cos t dy = 3a sin²t cos t dt

2. Substitute into the integral

Now, substitute x, y, dx, and dy into the integral ∫(x dy + y dx):

x dy = (a cos³t)(3a sin²t cos t dt) = 3a² cos⁴t sin²t dt y dx = (a sin³t)(-3a cos²t sin t dt) =
-3a² sin⁴t cos²t dt

So, x dy + y dx = 3a² cos⁴t sin²t dt - 3a² sin⁴t cos²t dt = 3a² cos²t sin²t (cos²t - sin²t) dt

Recall the trigonometric identity cos(2t) = cos²t - sin²t. And sin(2t) = 2 sin t cos t, so
sin²(2t) = 4 sin²t cos²t, which means sin²t cos²t = (1/4) sin²(2t).

Therefore, x dy + y dx = 3a² * (1/4) sin²(2t) * cos(2t) dt = (3a²/4) sin²(2t) cos(2t) dt

3. Evaluate the definite integral over the closed contour

For a closed contour of an astroid, the parameter t typically ranges from 0 to 2π.

∫(x dy + y dx) = ∫[from 0 to 2π] (3a²/4) sin²(2t) cos(2t) dt

Let u = sin(2t). Then du = 2 cos(2t) dt, so cos(2t) dt = (1/2) du.

When t = 0, u = sin(0) = 0. When t = 2π, u = sin(4π) = 0.

So the integral becomes:

∫[from 0 to 0] (3a²/4) u² (1/2) du = (3a²/8) ∫[from 0 to 0] u² du

Since the limits of integration are the same, the value of the definite integral is 0.

Thus, ∫(x dy + y dx) = 0.

This result is expected for a conservative vector field. The integral is of the form ∫F ⋅
dr where F = yi + xj. We can check if this field is conservative:

Let P = y and Q = x. ∂P/∂y = 1 ∂Q/∂x = 1

Since ∂P/∂y = ∂Q/∂x, the vector field F = yi + xj is conservative. For a conservative

vector field, the line integral over any closed path is zero. The astroid is a closed
contour, so the result is consistent.

Problem 12 Solution

Find the surface area of the region common to the

intersecting cylinders x² + y² = a² and x² + z² = a².

We are given two cylinders: 1. Cylinder 1: x² + y² = a² (a cylinder with radius 'a' along
the z-axis) 2. Cylinder 2: x² + z² = a² (a cylinder with radius 'a' along the y-axis)

The intersection of these two cylinders forms a shape known as a Steinmetz solid. We
need to find the surface area of the common region.
Let's consider the projection of the intersection onto the xy-plane. From x² + y² = a², we
have a circle of radius 'a'.

From x² + z² = a², we can express z in terms of x: z = ±√(a² - x²). This means that for a
given x, z can range from -√(a² - x²) to +√(a² - x²).

Due to symmetry, we can calculate the surface area in one octant (e.g., x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, z
≥ 0) and multiply by 8.

Consider the surface of the cylinder x² + y² = a². We can parameterize this surface using
cylindrical coordinates or by expressing y in terms of x: y = ±√(a² - x²).

Let's consider the surface of the cylinder x² + z² = a². We can express z as a function of x
and y (implicitly, since y is constrained by the first cylinder).

We are looking for the surface area of the part of one cylinder that is inside the other.
Let's focus on the surface of x² + y² = a² that is bounded by x² + z² = a².

For the cylinder x² + y² = a², we can write y = √(a² - x²) for the upper half (y ≥ 0). The
surface element dS for a surface z = f(x, y) is given by dS = √(1 + (∂z/∂x)² + (∂z/∂y)²)
dA. However, here we have y as a function of x and z.

Let's consider the surface x² + z² = a². We can express z = √(a² - x²) for the upper half (z
≥ 0). We need to find the area of this surface where it intersects with x² + y² = a².

For the surface x² + z² = a², let's find the partial derivatives. We can treat z as a function
of x and y. However, it's easier to think of this as a surface where y is the independent
variable, and x and z are related.

Alternatively, we can use the formula for the surface area of a cylinder. The common
region is formed by two cylinders. The surface area of the intersection of two cylinders
of radius 'a' whose axes intersect at right angles is 16a².

Let's derive this. Consider the cylinder x² + z² = a². We want the portion of this cylinder
where x² + y² ≤ a².

We can parameterize the cylinder x² + z² = a² using x = a cosθ, z = a sinθ. Then y varies

from -√(a² - x²) to +√(a² - x²).

Consider the surface element dS for the cylinder x² + z² = a². If we project this onto the
xy-plane, the area element is dA = dx dy. However, this is not a surface z = f(x,y).
Let's use the projection onto the xz-plane. The surface area element for a surface y =
f(x, z) is dS = √(1 + (∂y/∂x)² + (∂y/∂z)²) dA_xz.

For the cylinder x² + y² = a², we have y = ±√(a² - x²). Let's consider the positive y part,
y = √(a² - x²).

∂y/∂x = -x / √(a² - x²) ∂y/∂z = 0

So, √(1 + (∂y/∂x)² + (∂y/∂z)²) = √(1 + x² / (a² - x²)) = √((a² - x² + x²) / (a² - x²)) = √(a²
/ (a² - x²)) = a / √(a² - x²).

The area of this part of the surface is ∫∫_R (a / √(a² - x²)) dA_xz, where R is the
projection of the common region onto the xz-plane.

The common region is defined by x² + y² ≤ a² and x² + z² ≤ a².

When we project onto the xz-plane, the region is bounded by x² + z² = a². However, we
are integrating over the surface of x² + y² = a².

Let's consider the surface x² + z² = a². We can use parameterization. Let x = a cos u, z = a
sin u. Then y ranges from -√(a² - x²) to √(a² - x²), which is -√(a² - a² cos²u) to √(a² - a²
cos²u), i.e., -a|sin u| to a|sin u|.

The surface area element for a parameterized surface r(u, v) is ||∂r/∂u × ∂r/∂v|| du
dv.

For the cylinder x² + z² = a², we can parameterize it as r(u, y) = (a cos u, y, a sin u).

∂r/∂u = (-a sin u, 0, a cos u) ∂r/∂y = (0, 1, 0)

∂r/∂u × ∂r/∂y = (-a cos u, 0, -a sin u)

||∂r/∂u × ∂r/∂y|| = √((-a cos u)² + 0² + (-a sin u)²) = √(a² cos²u + a² sin²u) = √(a²) =
a.

So, dS = a du dy.

The limits for u are from 0 to 2π. The limits for y are from -√(a² - x²) to √(a² - x²), which
is -√(a² - a² cos²u) to √(a² - a² cos²u), or -a|sin u| to a|sin u|.

So the integral for the surface area of one cylinder within the other is:

∫[from 0 to 2π] ∫[from -a|sin u| to a|sin u|] a dy du

= ∫[from 0 to 2π] a [y] [from -a|sin u| to a|sin u|] du

= ∫[from 0 to 2π] a (a|sin u| - (-a|sin u|)) du

= ∫[from 0 to 2π] a (2a|sin u|) du

= 2a² ∫[from 0 to 2π] |sin u| du

The integral of |sin u| from 0 to 2π is 4 (since ∫[from 0 to π] sin u du = 2, and it's

symmetric).

So, the surface area of one cylinder inside the other is 2a² * 4 = 8a².

Since there are two such cylinders intersecting, and the question asks for the surface
area of the region common to the intersecting cylinders, it implies the surface area of
the intersection itself. This is the surface area of the solid formed by the intersection.

The surface area of the common region is the sum of the areas of the parts of each
cylinder that are inside the other. Since the problem is symmetric, the area of the part
of the first cylinder inside the second is 8a², and the area of the part of the second
cylinder inside the first is also 8a².

However, the common region's surface is composed of these two parts. The total
surface area of the Steinmetz solid (the intersection of two cylinders) is 16a².

Let's verify this using a different approach or by understanding the geometry. The
intersection of x² + y² = a² and x² + z² = a² forms a shape whose

cross-section in the x-y plane is a circle, and in the x-z plane is a circle. The intersection
forms a shape with a square-like cross-section in the y-z plane.

The surface area of the common region refers to the surface of the solid formed by the
intersection. This solid is bounded by parts of both cylinders.

Consider the surface of the cylinder x² + y² = a². We are interested in the part where |z|
≤ √(a² - x²). The surface element dS for this cylinder can be written as dS = (a / |y|) dx
dz. However, it's easier to use the projection onto the xz-plane.

Let's consider the surface area of the cylinder x² + y² = a² that is inside the cylinder x² +
z² = a². This means that for any point (x, y, z) on the first cylinder, it must satisfy x² + z²
≤ a².
We can parameterize the cylinder x² + y² = a² as r(θ, z) = (a cos θ, a sin θ, z). The surface
element is dS = a dθ dz.

From the second cylinder, x² + z² = a², we have z = ±√(a² - x²). Substituting x = a cos θ,
we get z = ±√(a² - a² cos²θ) = ±√(a² sin²θ) = ±a|sin θ|.

So, for the surface of the cylinder x² + y² = a² that is inside x² + z² = a², z ranges from -
a|sin θ| to a|sin θ|.

The surface area (for one cylinder) is:

∫[from 0 to 2π] ∫[from -a|sin θ| to a|sin θ|] a dz dθ

= ∫[from 0 to 2π] a [z] [from -a|sin θ| to a|sin θ|] dθ

= ∫[from 0 to 2π] a (a|sin θ| - (-a|sin θ|)) dθ

= ∫[from 0 to 2π] a (2a|sin θ|) dθ

= 2a² ∫[from 0 to 2π] |sin θ| dθ

As calculated before, ∫[from 0 to 2π] |sin θ| dθ = 4.

So, the surface area of the part of the cylinder x² + y² = a² that is inside x² + z² = a² is 2a²
* 4 = 8a².

Similarly, the surface area of the part of the cylinder x² + z² = a² that is inside x² + y² = a²
is also 8a².

The total surface area of the common region is the sum of these two areas, which is 8a²
+ 8a² = 16a².

This is a well-known result for the surface area of a Steinmetz solid formed by the
intersection of two right circular cylinders of the same radius whose axes are
perpendicular and intersect.

Final Answer: The surface area of the region common to the intersecting cylinders x² +
y² = a² and x² + z² = a² is 16a².