Muhmmad Amjad Farooq
Assignment ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY
Q.1 Define population and sampling. Explain different types of
random sampling.
Population
Definition: The entire group of individuals or instances about which the
researcher wants to draw conclusions.
Example: All secondary school teachers in Lahore.
Sampling
Definition: The process of selecting a subset (sample) from the population to
represent the whole.
Purpose: Saves time, cost, and effort while ensuring generalizability.
Types of Random Sampling
1.
Simple Random Sampling
2.
Every member has an equal chance of selection.
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Example: Drawing names from a hat.
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3.
Stratified Random Sampling
4.
Population divided into subgroups (strata) based on characteristics (e.g.,
gender, grade level).
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Random samples taken from each stratum.
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Example: Selecting equal numbers of male and female teachers.
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5.
Cluster Sampling
6.
Population divided into clusters (e.g., schools, districts).
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Randomly select entire clusters for study.
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Example: Picking 5 schools out of 50 in Lahore.
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7.
Systematic Sampling
8.
Selecting every nth individual from a list.
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Example: Choosing every 10th student from a school register.
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9.
Multistage Sampling
10.
Combines two or more random sampling methods.
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Example: First cluster sampling (select schools), then simple random sampling
(select teachers within schools).
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Q.2 Tests can be used as research tools. Describe their types,
development, and administration for research purposes.
Types of Tests in Research
1.
Achievement Tests (Measure learning outcomes, e.g., exams).
2.
3.
Aptitude Tests (Assess potential, e.g., IQ tests).
4.
5.
Attitude Scales (Measure opinions, e.g., Likert scales).
6.
7.
Personality Tests (Evaluate traits, e.g., Myers-Briggs).
8.
Test Development Process
1.
Define Objectives (What to measure?).
2.
3.
Design Test Items (MCQs, essays, Likert scales).
4.
5.
Pilot Testing (Trial run to check reliability/validity).
6.
7.
Revise & Finalize (Improve based on feedback).
8.
Administration for Research
Standardization: Ensure uniform conditions.
Ethical Considerations: Informed consent, confidentiality.
Data Collection: Use digital tools (Google Forms) or paper-based methods.
Q.3 Research Proposal: “Analysis of Management Practices in
Secondary Schools in Lahore”
1. Title
Analysis of Management Practices in Secondary Schools in Lahore
2. Introduction
Background: Importance of effective school management.
Problem Statement: Poor management affects education quality.
Objectives:
1.
Assess current management practices.
2.
3.
Identify challenges faced by administrators.
4.
3. Literature Review
Summarize past studies on educational management.
4. Methodology
Research Design: Descriptive survey.
Population: All secondary school principals in Lahore.
Sampling: Stratified random sampling (public/private schools).
Tool: Questionnaire (5-point Likert scale).
Data Analysis: SPSS for quantitative analysis.
5. Timeline & Budget
Duration: 6 months.
Budget: Survey printing, travel, software.
6. Expected Outcomes
Recommendations for improving school management.
Q.4 Difference Between Research Proposal and Research Report
Aspect Research Proposal Research Report
Presents completed research
Purpose Seeks approval for research.
findings.
Hypotheses, methodology, Results, discussion,
Content
literature review. conclusions.
Stage Before research. After research.
References in Research Report (APA 6th Edition)
1.
Book:
2.
Author, A. (Year). Title in italics. Publisher.
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Example: Creswell, J. (2014). Research Design. SAGE.
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3.
Journal Article:
4.
Author, A. (Year). Title. Journal Name, Volume(Issue), Page range.
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Example: Khan, S. (2020). Educational Management. Journal of Education,
12(3), 45-60.
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5.
Web Source:
6.
Author, A. (Year). Title. URL
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Example: UNESCO. (2021). Global Education
Report. [Link]
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Q.5 Research Tools in Qualitative Research & Their
Characteristics
1. Interviews
Characteristics:
Open-ended questions.
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Deep insights into participant views.
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Flexible (structured/semi-structured).
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2. Focus Groups
Characteristics:
Group discussion (6-10 participants).
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Interactive, reveals group norms.
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Moderator guides the session.
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3. Observations
Characteristics:
Naturalistic (field notes).
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Non-participant (observer only) or participant (researcher involved).
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Captures behavior in real settings.
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Other Tools:
Document analysis (diaries, reports).
Case studies (in-depth analysis of a single instance).
