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1.A) Characteristics of research problem

Covers essential needs or issues

The problems state in research must address the specific problems needed to be solve in the
specific periods of time. Example the impact of covid 19 in students’ performance in
Tanzania

The problem is stated logically and Cleary

Based on actual facts and evidence

It Is the new problem

B) Relevant research tittle

The impact of eLearning on academic performance during covid 19 pandemic

C)main objectives of the study

1.To assess the impact eLearning on academic performance during covid 19

materials during covid pandemic.

D) Specific objectives objectives.

To explore the challenges in education system during covid 9 pandemic

To assess the impacts of covid 9 for students who fails to access the internet educational

E) Relevant variable

Dependent variable -Academic performance within institutional around the world

Independent variable-eLearning/covid 19

F) Academic performance

Cobvid 19 -online study

G) Qualitative approach-what is execute model on handling online learning in different

academic environment in whether such models were fruitful.

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H) Students selected from higher learning institutions, teachers and secondary schools’
students.

I)The data analysis methods are;

Descriptive method

Data are relevant due to the fact that the researcher used qualitative approach. Also show
general chrematistics of phenomena.

J) QUESTIONAIRES

Design a close ended questionnaire with at least four question items

1) Do you know about covid 19
A) Yes
B) No
2) How would evaluate covid 19 crises management at your institution?
Please select only one
A) Good
B) Very good
C) Adequate
D) Inadequate

3) Has the covid 19 pandemic disrupted the implementation of strategic

planning at your institution?
a) To a great extent
b) To some extent
c) Very little
d) Not at all
e) Our institution doesn’t have strategic planning
4) Has the communication between staff and student worked during the
pandemic?
A) To great extent
B) To some extent
C) Very little
D) Not at all
(i) Justify the data analysis methods
i. Qualitative method
It involve non numerical data for example; audio, text, visual etc.
ii. Quantitative method
It involve and collecting numerical data.

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Question 2. To classify the sample methods

Sampling is the selection of a subset of the population of interest in a research study. In the
vast majority of research endeavors, the participation of an entire population of interest is not
possible, so a smaller group is relied upon for data collection.

Sample is a group of people, objects, or items that are taken from a larger population for
measurement. The sample should be representative of the population to ensure that we can
generalize the findings from the research sample to the population as a whole

Why sampling

a) Get information about large populations

b) Less costs

c) Less field times

d) When it’s impossible to study the whole population

Types of sampling: sampling methods 

There are two types of sampling method

A) Random sampling

Every unit of the population has the same probability of being included in the sample.

A chance mechanism is used in the selection process.

Eliminates bias in the selection process

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Also known as probability sampling

Random sampling includes:

1 Simple Random Sample

- Number each frame unit from 1 to N.

- Use a random number generator to select n distinct numbers between 1 and N, inclusively.

- Easier to perform for small populations

- Cumbersome for large populations

2 Stratified Random Sample

- Population is divided into non overlapping subpopulations called strata

- A random sample is selected from each stratum

- Potential for reducing sampling error

3 Systematic Random Sample

- Convenient and relatively easy to administer

- Population elements are an ordered sequence (at least, conceptually).

- The first sample element is selected randomly from the first k population elements.

4 Cluster (or Area) Sampling

- Population is divided into non overlapping clusters or areas

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- A subset of the clusters is selected randomly for the sample.

- More convenient for geographically dispersed populations

- Reduced travel costs to contact sample elements

- Simplified administration of the survey

1. Non-probability sampling: 

Non-probability sampling is defined as a sampling technique in which the researcher selects

samples based on the subjective judgment of the researcher rather than random selection. It is
a less stringent method. This sampling method depends heavily on the expertise of the
researchers. It is carried out by observation, and researchers use it widely for qualitative
research.

Non-probability sampling is a method in which not all population members have an equal
chance of participating in the study, unlike probability sampling. Each member of the
population has a known chance of being selected. Non-probability sampling is most useful
for exploratory studies like a pilot survey (deploying a survey to a smaller sample compared
to pre-determined sample size). Researchers use this method in studies where it is impossible
to draw random probability sampling due to time or cost considerations.

There are three types of non-random sampling method

i\ Convenience Sampling

this is sampling method which involves the sample being drawn from that part of the
population which is close to hand. That is, readily available and convenient.

ii\snowball sampling

This is type of sampling where existing study subjects are used to recruit more subjects into
the sample.

iii\ judgmental sampling or purposive sampling

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The researcher chooses the sample based on who they think would be appropriate for the
study. This is used primarily when there is a limited number of people that have expertise in
the area being researched.

3.The different between qualitative and quantitative research

Meaning of Qualitative Research

This is the type of research which uses non numerical data. Qualitative research is the process
of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting non-numerical data, such as language. Qualitative
research can be used to understand how an individual subjectively perceives and gives
meaning to their social reality.

Quantitative Research

This is the type of research that deals with numerical data. Quantitative research involves the
process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control
variables of interest. The goals of quantitative research are to test causal relationships
between variables, make predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.

The following are the key differences between qualitative and quantitative research

Qualitative Quantitative

Purpose The purpose is to explain and gain insight The purpose is to explain, predict,
and understanding of phenomena through and/or control phenomena through
intensive collection of narrative data focused collection of numerical
Generate hypothesis to be test, inductive. data. Test hypotheses, deductive.

Approach to subjective, holistic, process- oriented Objective, focused, outcome-

Inquiry oriented

Hypotheses Tentative, evolving, based on particular study Specific, testable, stated prior to
particular study