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GRADE 12

• QUARTER 3 • WEEK1 •
2|Page PRACRICAL RESEARCH 2-GRADE 12

Module 1: Nature and Inquiry of Research

OVERVIEW
There are lots of things that you want to know in this world, people,
things, places, events- their characteristics or qualities make you wonder
continuously, frequently, or intermittently. Marveling at them, you tend to
immerse yourself in a situation where you seem to be grappling with a
problem or a puzzle. Questions after questions on the many aspects of
the object of your curiosity prod you to move, act or do something to find
answers to some questions about the thing you find puzzling indicates the true
nature of inquiry or research.

OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

• describes characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and kinds of quantitative

research;
• illustrates the importance of quantitative research across fields;
• differentiates kinds of variables and their uses; and
• decide on suitable quantitative research in different areas of interest.

TOPIC OUTLINE
• Characteristics of Quantitative Research
• Strengths and Weaknesses of Quantitative Research
• Kinds of Research
• Importance of Quantitative Research across fields
• Different Kind of Variables

PRE-TEST

Instruction: Choose the appropriate answer write it before the number.

1. Which of the following types of research seeks to examine the findings of a study by using
the same design but a different sample is and it also strengthen the foundations of past
researches?
a. An exploratory study b. A replication studies
c. An empirical study d. Hypothesis testing

2. This characteristic of quantitative research which refers to its necessity to come up to a more
reliable data analysis.

a. Large Sample Sizes b. Replication

c. Numerical Data d. Objective
3. Which of the following statement below is NOT a strength of quantitative research?
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a. Large sample size b. It’s costly

c. It’s empirical d. It’s logical

4. What kind of variable is measured using 2 different values?

a. Binary b. Dichotomous

c. Binomial d. All of these

5. What sort of data is socio-economic status?

a. Ratio b. ordinal

c. interval d. nominal

6. Which of the following can be described as a nominal variable?

a. Annual income b. Age

c. Annual sale d. Geographical location

7. In an experiment, the group that does not receive the intervention is called:

a. The experiment group b. The control group

c. The participant group d. The treatment group.

8. The key defining characteristic of experimental research is that:

a. The independent variable is manipulated b. Hypothesis are proved

c. A positive correlation exists d. Samples are large

9. What sort of data are zip code?

a. Nominal b. Interval

c. ratio d. ordinal

10. The following are quantitative variables, EXCEPT:

a. Brand of cellphone used b. Degree of student’s happiness

c. Amount of cash in your pocket d. Distance traveled by a car in K

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LET’S GET READY!

Word Map
Complete the bubble graph by writing words
associated with the middle word. Be guided by the clues in
the sentences below each graph.

INQUIRY

The detective needs more time to inquire about the case.

RESEARCH

A senior high school student research on the effectiveness of Makabuhay plant on terminating
coronavirus.

QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH

The researcher conducted quantitative research on the strand preference of the Grade 10 students
in Moreh Academy Inc.

LET’S UNDERSTAND!

Characteristics of a Quantitative Research

To understand such a phenomenon and its nature research could be of great help. Research was
coined from the word “cerchier” which means to seek and “re” which means to repeat. (Faltado, et
al., 1). It is discovering truths by examining on your chosen topics. It is a natural day-to-day activity
of gathering information. It may in the form of quantitative or qualitative.
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Quantitative research uses scientifically collected and statistically analyzed data to

investigate observable phenomena. A phenomenon is any existing or observable fact or situation
that we want to unearth further or understand. It is scientific for the fact that it uses a scientific
method in designing and collecting numerical data. Once data is collected, it will undergo statistical
analysis like Pearson’s r, t-test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for analysis.
Since data is analyzed statistically, it is imperative that the data obtained must be numerical
and quantifiable, hence its name quantitative research.
1. Large sample size. To obtain more meaningful statistical result, the data must come from
a large sample size.
2. objective. Data gathering and analysis of results are done accurately, objectively, and are
unaffected by the researcher’s intuition and personal guesses.
3. Visual result presentation. Data is numerical, which makes presentation through graphs,
charts, and tables possible and for better conveyance and interpretation.
4. Faster data analysis. The use of a statistical tools give way for a less time-consuming
data analysis.
5. Generalized data. Data taken from a sample can be applied to the population if sampling
is done accordingly, i.e., sufficient size and random samples were taken.
6. Fast data collection. Depending on the type of data needed, collection can be quick and
easy. Quantitative research uses standardized research instruments that allow the
researcher to collect data from a large sample size efficiently. For instance, a single survey
form can be administered simultaneously to collect various measurable characteristics like
age, gender, socio-economic status, etc.
7. Reliable data. Data is taken and analyzed objectively from a sample as a representative
of the population, making it more credible and reliable for policymaking and decision
making.
8. Replication. The Quantitative method can be repeated to verify findings enhancing its
validity, free from false or immature conclusions.
Quantitative Research Design
is an objective, systematic, empirical investigation of observation phenomena through the use
of computation techniques.
it uses numbers in stating generalizations about a given problem or inquiry in contrast.
It highlights the numerical analysis of data hoping that the numbers yield unbiased results that
can be generalized to some larger population and explain a particular observation.
The research instrument used in this kind of research is in the form of surveys and closed-
ended questionnaires.
The data usually obtained from a large sample of population and is analyzed using statistical
techniques ensuring that the conclusion drawn from quantitative research are valid and are
representative of population.
Conversely, the end goal of qualitative research is to look for meaning and a deeper
understanding of the phenomena as perceived from the standpoint of the participants.

Strengths of Quantitative Research

In conducting quantitative research, we aim to investigate the relationship between variables.
We tend to research people’s behavior, opinions, attitude, trends, strategies, health cure of certain
illnesses and perceptions on issues. Research provides use information about norms, thoughts and
opinions scientific facts and medical information. Research can engage us on how technology be
seamlessly integrated into the curriculum which educators and students like us often ask.

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1. It is objective. Since it provides numerical data, it can be easily interpreted.

2. Quantitative research design is the most reliable and valid way of concluding results, giving
way to a new hypothesis, or to disprove it.
3. The use of statistical techniques facilitates sophisticated analyses and allows you to
comprehend a huge number of vital characteristics of data.
4. The numerical data can be analyzed quickly and easily. By employing statistically valid
random models, findings can be generalized to the population about which information is necessary.
5. Quantitative studies are replicable. Standardized approaches allow the study to be
replicated in different areas or over time with the formulation of comparable findings.
6. It uses robust instrumentation, which may yield results that can be generalized to a larger
population and other research settings.
7. It allows for greater accuracy data because variables are isolated, manipulated, and
rigorously controlled.

8. Results can be replicated, analyzed, and compared with similar studies due to the use of
robust instrumentation.
9. Personal bias is avoided because quantitative data are arrived using established
procedures.

Weaknesses of Quantitative Research

1. It lacks the necessary data to explore a problem or concept in depth.
2. It does not provide comprehensive explanation of human experiences.
3. Some information cannot be described by numerical data such as feelings, and beliefs.
4. The research design is rigid and not very flexible.
5. The participants are limited to choose only from the given responses.
6. The respondents may tend to provide inaccurate responses.
7. A Large sample size makes data collection more costly.
Vocabulary Intensifier!

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Using your previous knowledge on Practical Research 1, define the words given below by
giving synonyms and descriptions of the words. Coined the words and write it on the box to the right.
Write your understanding of the coined words by writing the definition or description.

Kinds of Research
Research Design
Refers to the overall strategy that you choose to integrate the different components of the
study coherently and logically, thereby ensuring you will effectively address the research problem.
Further, a research design constitutes the blueprint for the selection, measurement, and analysis of
data. The research problem determines the research design you should use.

The kind of research is dependent on the researcher’s aim in conducting the study and the
extent to which the findings will be used.

Quantitative methods emphasize objective measurements and statistical, mathematical, or

numerical analysis of data collected through polls, questionnaires, and surveys, or by manipulating
pre-existing statistical data using computational techniques.

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Figure 1. Quantitative Research Design

Source: Prieto, Naval and Carey (2017)
(www.genesep.edu/esham/educ.604/research.pdf)

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

✓ Adheres strictly to the procedures of the scientific method.
✓ It allows the researcher to control the situation.
✓ It allows the researcher to answer the question, “What causes something to occur?”
✓ It allows the researcher to identify the cause-and-effect relationship between variables and to
distinguish the placebo effects from the treatment effect.
✓ Supports the ability to limit alternative explanations and to infer direct relationships in the study.

a. TRUE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN – controls for both time-related and group related threats.
There are two features mark true-experiment; two or more differently treated groups and random
assignment to these groups. These features require the researchers to have control over the
experimental treatment and the power to place subjects in groups. It offers the highest internal
validity of all the designs.
Example: The Effect Virgin Coconut Oil to Corona Virus
Effects of Manihot esculenta (cassava) in Reducing Blood sugar among
those Diagnosed with Diabetes.
b. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN – The word "quasi" means partial, half, or pseudo. The
researcher can collect more data, either by scheduling more observations or finding more existing
measures. Participants are not randomly assigned.

1. Non-equivalent control group design – refers to the chance failure of random

assignment to equalize the conditions by converting a true experiment into this kind of
design, for purposes of analysis.
2. Interrupted Time Series Design – employs multiple measures before and after the
experimental intervention. It differs from the single-group pre-experiment that has only one
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pre-test and one post-test. Users of this design assume that the time threats such as
history or maturation appear as regular changes in the measures before the intervention.
Example: The use of traditional versus cooperative learning groups on
student’s academic performance
The effect of localized module in mathematics to the student’s
computational skill
c. PRE-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN – in pre-experimental research design, either a group or
various dependent groups are observed for the effect of the application of an independent variable
which is presumed to cause change. It is the simplest form of experimental research design and is
treated with no control group. apply with the experimental design with the least internal validity.

The pre-experimental research design is further divided into three types:

• One-shot Case Study Research Design. In this type of experimental study, only one dependent
group or variable is considered. The study is carried out after some treatment which was presumed
to cause change, making it a posttest study.
• One-group Pretest-posttest Research Design. This research design combines both posttest
and pretest study by carrying out a test on a single group before the treatment is administered and
after the treatment is administered. With the former being administered at the beginning of treatment
and later at the end.
• Static-group Comparison. In a static-group comparison study, 2 or more groups are placed
under observation, where only one of the groups is subjected to some treatment while the other
groups are held static. All the groups are post-tested, and the observed differences between the
groups are assumed to be a result of the treatment.

NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

✓ Does not use treatment or intervention.
✓ The researcher observes the phenomena as they occur naturally and no external variables are
introduced.
✓ The variables are not deliberately manipulated nor is the setting controlled.
✓ Researchers collect data without making changes or introducing treatments.

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH This design is concerned with describing the nature, characteristics,
and components of the population or a phenomenon. It designed to give answers to the questions
of who, what, when, where, and how which was linked with a research problem. Noticed that,
descriptive research does not answer the question “why” because it does not seek to explain why
certain things happen. It is applied only to describe what exists and not to gather information about
a current status of a certain phenomenon (Anastas, 1999 as cited in Salkind and Rasmussen, 2007,
251-254). This design attempts to find general attributes of the presently existing situation and
determine the frequency with which it occurs.
It is considered descriptive if the researchers answer “YES” to the following questions:
✓ Is the research primarily describing the phenomenon?
✓ Were the researchers documenting the characteristics of the phenomenon?
Example: Descriptive research may be used, if for example:
You want to know hour many hours Senior High School students spent
in social media.

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Remember: This research type cannot be applied to discover a definitive answer or

to disprove hypothesis” because it usually uses “observational methods as opposed to
qualitative methods.”
(Anastas, 1999 as cited in Salkind and Rasmussen, 2007, 251-254)

a. Survey – a research design used when the researcher intends to provide a quantitative or
numeric description of trends, attitudes, or opinions of a population by studying a sample of
that population (Creswell, 2003).

Example: - The student’s attitudes toward or opinion s regarding student services

like the canteen, clinic, security, guidance and counseling service and
the like.
b Correlational – It is a systematic investigation of the nature of relationships or associations
between and among variables without necessarily investigating causal reasons underlying them.
Example: - If the pre-board examination results can be used to predict
performance in the Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET, then
the higher the pre-board result, the higher most likely the score in
the LET.
c. Ex-Post Facto Research Design – The term “Ex post facto”, means after the fact, looks
at the possible causes of an already occurring phenomenon. These are non-experimental
designs that are used to investigate causal relationships. They examine whether one or more
pre-existing conditions could have caused subsequent differences in groups of subjects.
Example: What is the effect of homeschooling to the academic
performance of the students?
d. Comparative Design – involves comparing and contrasting two or more samples of study
subjects on one or more variables, often a single point of time. Specifically, this design is used
to compare two distinct groups based on selected attributes such as knowledge level,
perceptions, and attitudes, physical or psychological symptoms.
Example: A comparative study on Health problems among rural and urban
locals of Palawan
e. Evaluative Research – seeks to assess or judge in some way providing information about
something other than might be gleaned in mere observation or investigation of relationship.
Example: Where the MPS of the students’ grade in a subject is used to
assess the effectiveness of teaching
f. Methodological – in this approach, the implementation of a variety of methodologies forms
a critical part of achieving the goal of developing a scale-matched approach, where data from
different disciplines can be integrated.

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Take Note!!! This decision tree would help you decide the kind of research you are going to pursue.

Source: http://samples.jbpub.com/9780763780586/80586_CH03_Keele.pdf

Independent Activity 1: IDENTIFYING RESEARCH DESIGN

Directions: Identify what type of research is being described on the given
statements. Write your answer on the space provided before each number
(descriptive research, correlational research, causal-comparative/quasi research,
or experimental)

______________1. Association between birth order and social skills

______________2. Relationship between the severity of autism and others’ helping behaviors (the
more severe the autism the more or less others help you)?
______________3. Identify the effects of preschool attendance towards the motivation of first grade
pupils.
______________4. Participants was divided into groups. The treatment group receives a special
reading program. Participants in the control group do not receive the treatment. Reading ability is
assessed.
______________5. Examining the academic achievement of two groups, one that goes to tutoring
and one that doesn't. Here the groups already existed, they either attended tutoring or not and were
placed in groups based on this pre-existing condition.

Importance of Quantitative Research Across Field

People research to find solutions, even tentative ones to problems to improve or enhance
ways of doing things, to disprove or provide a new hypothesis, or simply to find answers to questions
or solutions to problems in daily life.
The value of quantitative research to man’s quest to discover the unknown and improve
underlying conditions is undeniable. Throughout history, quantitative research has paved the way to
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finding meaningful solutions to difficulties. For instance, the development of vaccines to strengthen
our immunity against viruses causing highly communicable diseases like polio, influenza,
chickenpox, and measles to name a few, underwent thorough experimental trials. You bet, scientists
and medical experts all over the world today are working their best to fast track the development,
testing and release of the vaccine for the Corona Virus Disease of 2019 (Covid-19) as the pandemic
has critically affected the world economy, education, as well as physical and emotional well-being of
people.
The findings of the quantitative study can influence leaders and law-makers’ decisions for
crafting and implementing laws for the safety and welfare of the more significant majority. For
example, a community with high cases of Covid-19 positive patients is mandated by law to be under
Enhanced Community Quarantine where only the most essential businesses can operate. On the
other hand, cities with less or zero case will be under General Community Quarantine where some
businesses, public and private offices are already allowed to operate.
Using quantitative design helps us determine and better understand relationships between
variables or phenomenon crucial to reducing the range of uncertainty because the mathematics
(more of this in the last module) behind quantitative studies helps us make close estimates of the
outcome (dependent variable) from a given condition/s (independent variable). Relationship
between demand and supply, age and health, discipline and academic achievement, practice and
winning at sports, depression and suicidal rates, algae population and Oxygen demand are just a
few examples of real-life applications of correlation studies in the past that we still apply today.
Most inventions and innovations are products of quantitative studies. Before you can enjoy
the uses and features of a smart phone, it took years of research to establish compliance to
standards for interoperability, to find the most cost-effective raw materials, identify the sleekest and
sturdiest design, the fastest data saving and processing power, and most marketable add-ons
according to consumer needs. Indeed, mankind will dwell in the darkness of ignorance if not for the
people who conducted their research before reading about it from books or manuals.
The table below shows some of the contributions of quantitative research to other fields and
their example.

Field Contribution/Application Example

Social Science • Effects of intervention to The effects of pandemic on

group behavior. social behavior and economic
• Understanding cultural or stability.
racial conflicts.
Human satisfaction and
stressors

Natural and Physical Sciences • Investigate the effectiveness Antidiabetic properties of

of a product or treatment to common Philippine herbs.
illnesses.
• Finding or enhancing
alternative energy sources.
Advancement in material
science.

Agriculture and Fisheries • Increase the yield of crops The effectiveness of organic
• Prevention and cure for crops and inorganic fertilizer to
and livestock diseases vegetable production.

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Sports • Enhance athletic performance Diet and exercise techniques for

different kinds of sports.
Business • Device marketing strategies Effectiveness of Facebook ads
• Improve marketability on sales.
Arts and Design • Relationship between color and architectural The effects of music on learning
space and behavior.
• Multimedia use and adaptation for recreation,
business marketing and lifestyle changes.
Environmental • Causes and effects of climate change The environmental factors
Science affecting natural calamities

Kinds of Variables
A Variable is anything that has a quantity or quality that varies. For instance, during the
quarantine period, your mother planted tomato seedlings in pots. Now common understanding from
science tells you that several factors are affecting the growth of tomatoes: sunlight, water, kind of
soil, and nutrients in soil. How fast the tomato seedlings will grow and bear fruits will depend on
these factors. The growth of tomatoes and the number of fruits produced are examples of the
Dependent Variables. The amount of sunlight, water, and nutrients in the soil are the Independent
Variables. If there is an existing relationship between the independent and dependent variables, then
the value of the dependent variable varies in response to the manipulation done on the independent
variable. The independent variable is also identified as the presumed cause while the dependent
variable is the presumed effect. In an experimental quantitative design, the independent variable is
pre-defined and manipulated by the researcher while the dependent variable is observed and
measured. For descriptive, correlational and ex post facto quantitative research designs,
independent and dependent variables simply do not apply.
It is important to note other factors that may influence the outcome (dependent variable) which
are not manipulated or pre-defined by the researcher. These factors are called Extraneous
Variables. In our example above, the presence of pests and environmental stressors (e.g., pets,
extreme weather) are the extraneous variables. Since extraneous variables may affect the result of
the experiment, it is crucial for the researcher to identify them prior to conducting the experiment and
control them in such a way that they do not threaten the internal validity (i.e., accurate conclusion)
of the result. Controlling the extraneous variable can be done by holding it constant or distribute its
effect across the treatment. When the researcher fails to control the extraneous variable that it
caused considerable effect to the outcome, the extraneous variable becomes a Confounding
Variable. For example, if the tomato had been infested by pests (confounding variable) then you
cannot conclude that manipulations in sunlight, water and soil nutrients (independent variable) are
the only contributing factors for the stunted growth and poor yield (dependent variable) of the plant
or is it the result of both the independent variables and the confounding variable.

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The variables can also be classified according to their nature. The diagram below shows the
different classifications:

VARIABLE

QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
(NUMERICAL) (CATEGORICAL)

DISCREET CONTINUOUS NOMINAL ORDINAL DICHOTOMOUS

Quantitative Variables, also called numerical variables are the type of variables used in quantitative
research because they are numeric and can be measured. Under this category are discrete and continuous
variables.

A. Discrete variables are countable whole numbers. It does not take negative values or values between
fixed points. For example: number of students in a class, group size and frequency.
B. Continuous variables take fractional (non-whole number) values that can either be a positive or a
negative. Example: height, temperature.

Numerical data have two levels of measurement, namely:

A. Interval are quantitative variables where the interval or differences between consecutive values are
equal and meaningful but the numbers are arbitrary. For example, the difference between 36 degrees
and 37 degrees is the same as between 100 degrees and 101 degrees. The zero point does not
suggest the absence of a property being measured. Temperature at 0 degree Celsius is assigned as
the melting point of ice. Other examples of interval data would be year and IQ score.

B. Ratio type of data is similar to interval, the only difference is the presence of a true zero value. The
zero point in this scale indicates the absence of the quantity being measured. Examples are age,
height, weight and distance.

II. Qualitative Variables are also referred to as Categorical Variables are not expressed in numbers but are
descriptions or categories. It can be further divided into nominal, ordinal or dichotomous.
C. Dichotomous are consisting of only two distinct categories or values. For example, a response to a
question either be a yes or no.

D. Nominal variable simply defines groups of subjects. Here you may have more than 2 categories of
equivalent magnitude. For example, a basketball player’s number is used to distinguish him from other
players. It certainly does not follow that player 10 is better than player 8. Other examples are blood
type, hair color and mode of transportation.

E. Ordinal variable, from the name itself denotes that a variable is ranked in a certain order. This variable
can have a qualitative or quantitative attribute. For example, a survey questionnaire may have a
numerical rating as choices like 1, 2, 3, 4, 5ranked accordingly (5=highest, 1=lowest) or categorical
rating like strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree and strongly disagree. Other examples or ordinal
variable: cancer stage (Stage I, Stage II, Stage III), Spotify Top 20 hits, academic honors (with highest,
with high, with honors).

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Independent Activity 2: IDENTIFYING RESEARCH VARIABLES

Directions: Study the following research cases. Identify the independent
and dependent variables for each of the following research cases by writing your
answers on the table provided for:

Case 1: To determine whether a diet of blueberries have an effect on aging, an

experiment involving 19-month-old rats was undertaken. In this study, one group of rats was fed with
their standard diet while the other three groups were fed with a diet supplemented with blueberry,
strawberry, or spinach powder, respectively. After eight weeks, the rats were given a memory test
and motor skills test.

Case 2: Ascorbic acid (vitamin C), if given in mega doses, is known to reduce the occurrences of
cancer cells. To test this hypothesis, patients with known cancers were given mega doses of vitamin
C for 12 weeks. After twelve weeks, screening tests were done to determine the decrease of cancer
cells.
Case Number Dependent Variable Independent Variable

LET’S APPLY!
Directions: Search online, from a book or publication one particular quantitative study for every field
below and indicate its contribution to the development of knowledge to that field.

Field Title, Author/s, Yr published Contribution

The Better You Feel the Better You Learn: Do

Warm Colours and Rounded Shapes Enhance
Education Finds a way to improve learning
Learning Outcome in Multimedia Learning?
through colors and shapes.
Munchow, H, Mengelkamp, C, Bannert, M.
(2017)

Medicine

Sports

Food Industry

Agriculture

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Arts

Social Science

Environmental Science

ICT

Energy

LET’S WRAP IT UP!

Directions: Identify the Independent, Dependent and Extraneous variable/s in each
of the following situations.
1. An online seller would like to know whether the indication of price on Facebook posts will attract
consumers more. He posted 50 products for sale on Facebook market, 25 of which he indicated
the price while the remaining 25 products, did not have prices. Buyers were just instructed to
send him a personal message (pm) if they want to know the price. He then identified which
products have greater sales.
Independent variable: ________________________________________________________
Dependent variable: _________________________________________________________
Extraneous variable: _________________________________________________________
2. A housewife wanted to know which soil is best for her pechay plants: the soil purchased from an
online seller, soil from her backyard compost or the soil underneath the nearby bamboo tree. She
planted 30 pechay seeds into each soil source and then compared the growth of pechay after a
month.
Independent variable: ________________________________________________________
Dependent variable: _________________________________________________________
Extraneous variable: ________________________________________________________

LET’S DO THIS! (POST-TEST)

Instruction: Choose the appropriate answer write it before the number.

1. Which of the following types of research seeks to examine the findings of a study by using the
same design but a different sample is and it also strengthen the foundations of past researches?
a. An exploratory study b. A replication studies
c. An empirical study d. Hypothesis testing

2. This characteristic of quantitative research which refers to its necessity to come up to a more
reliable data analysis.
a. Large Sample Sizes b. Replication
c. Numerical Data d. Objective
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3. Which of the following statement below is NOT a strength of quantitative research?

a. Large sample size b. It’s costly
c. It’s empirical d. It’s logical

4. What kind of variable is measured using 2 different values?

a. Binary b. Dichotomous
c. Binomial d. All of these

5. What sort of data is socio-economic status?

a. Ratio b. ordinal
c. interval d. nominal

6. Which of the following can be described as a nominal variable?

a. Annual income b. Age
c. Annual sale d. Geographical location

7. In an experiment, the group that does not receive the intervention is called:
a. The experiment group b. The control group
c. The participant group d. The treatment group.

8. The key defining characteristic of experimental research is that:

a. The independent variable is manipulated b. Hypothesis are proved
c. A positive correlation exists d. Samples are large

9. What sort of data are zip code?

a. Nominal b. Interval
c. ratio d. ordinal

10. The following are quantitative variables, EXCEPT:

a. Brand of cellphone used b. Degree of student’s happiness
c. Amount of cash in your pocket d. Distance traveled by a car in Km

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ADDITIONAL ACTIVITY (LAS 1)

Topics that interest me!

Directions: Take time to identify the things that matters most to you by filling out the following
information:

1. My chosen SHS track is: __________________________________.

2. The top three things that I excel doing are ________________, ________________ and
______________________

3. The top five (5) things that make me happy are ____________, ___________,
____________, ________________, and ___________________.

4. The three things that I find interesting are _____________, ______________ and
________________.

Research Title

Directions: Draft your research title focusing your field of interest. Identify the different
kinds of variables that can be found in your proposed study.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

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REFERENCES
• Baroceros, Esther L. 2016. Practical Research 2; First
Edition. First Edition. Sampaloc, Manila: Rex Books Store.
• Pulmones, Richard. 2016. You and the Natural World: Quantiative
Research. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
• Prieto, Nilda G., Victoria C. Naval, and Teresita G. Carey. 2017.
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Prepared by:

GERALDINE C. RAMIRO

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