Research Methodology: Department of Education

Chapter III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
2
Fig. 1. Illustration of Population and Sample
POPULATION
SAMPLE

(The Research Bunker, 2011 in Arcenas, 2016 p. 74)
3
It is impossible to collect data from

the entire population (Barrot,2017)
refers to a portion or part of

the population that is
Sample representative of the
population from which its was
selected.
is generally a large collection of
Population individual or objects that is the main
focus of a scientific query.
is the process of the selecting units from

population of interest so that by studying
Sampling the sample we may fairly generalize our
results back to the population from which
they were chosen.
Advantages and disadvantages of using a sample:
Advantages Disadvantages
 Reduce the cost of the study  Some biases in selecting the
and make data collection sample due to some external
much easier and faster factors out of the researcher’s
control or the researchers
themselves
 Easy manipulation and  Require the researcher to
control of data know about statistics in order
 Easily avoid errors and to analyze and collect the data
analyze data with smaller correctly.
numbers. Source: Cristobal & dela Cruz-Cristobal,
2016.
Sampling Methods are divided into two
categories:
In Probability sampling, every member of the
population has a known chance of participating
in the study
In Non-probability sampling, on the other

hand, sampling group members are selected on
non-random manner, therefore not each
population member has a chance to participate in
the study
Table 1 :Probability sampling
methods
Sampling Description Sampling Procedure
Methods
Simple Random Equal chance of 1. Assign a number to all

Sampling being selected as a members of the
member of the population.
sample. 2. Randomly select or
draw a predetermined
numbers
Stratified Similar to random Divide the population into
Random sampling except that different subgroups or
Sampling the population is strata (age, gender, year
divided into subgroups level, location)
or strata. Best used Randomly select the
when the members of the sample
characteristics of the for each subgroup.
subgroups may
influence the variables
being measured.
Systematic Sample from a larger 1. Number the units in the
Random Sampling population are population from 1 to N.
selected according to a 2. Decide on the sample
random starting point size (n) you need.
and a fixed periodic 3. Compute for the interval
interval by calculating size, k. k= N/n
the population size by 4. Randomly select an
the desired sample integer between 1 to k.
size. 5. Take every kth unit of
the population as a
sample.
Cluster or area When the members 1. Divide the population
sampling (unit) of the into clusters using
population are geographic boundaries.
dispersed across a 2. Randomly cluster
wide geographical samples.
region. 3. Randomly select
units from each
sampled cluster.
1
Table 2. Non-probability sampling

Sampling Description Example
Methods
Convenient The samples are Ask any willing

Sampling selected because they learner to answer
are accessible or easy the instrument
to recruit by the
researcher
Quota Sampling The researcher ensures In a population,
equal or proportionate there are 60% men
representation of the and 40% women. In
subjects depending on this case, you will
which trait is considered select samples non-
as basis of the quota randomly until you
reach 40% women (4
out of 10).
Purposive Researcher seek for In a study
Sampling one or more involving
predetermined/pre diabetic persons,
defined groups in a researcher will
population only choose
diabetic persons.
Snowball Participants Researcher who
Sampling identify other has interviewed
potential an online game
participants addict would
recommend
other online
game addicts
Data Collection
Procedures and
Analysis
for a Quantitative Study
3
Planning the Data Collection Procedure
1. Develop 3. Select and

4. Train the
your data screen the
raters,
collection 2. Seek population
observers,
permission from using
instrument the authorities. appropriate
assistants and
other research
and sampling
personnel.
technique
materials.
BEFORE
3
5. Obtained
informed 6. Pilot test
consent the
from the instruments.
participants.
BEFORE
3
2. Administer
1. Provide the instrument,
instructions to and implement 3. As much as
the the possible, utilize
participants. intervention or triangulation.
treatment, if
applicable..
During
3
3. Later,
1. Immediately 2. Safeguard examine and
encode or the analyse your
transcribe and confidentiality of data using the
archive your your data. appropriate
data. statistical tools
(Barrot,2017).
After
3
Data Collection
Procedures
for a Qualitative Study
3
OTHER INSTRUMENTS IN DATA COLLECTION
• explores individual • generates insights

experiences perspective or into hared
practices in rich detail. experiences and
Focus • social norms
Interview Group through
Discussion
• group
discussion.
.
Textual data
Observation
• various data collection such as • learns about
surveys, stories, diaries,
behaviours
documents..
• in natural setting;
learns about cultural
aspect of setting 3
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION context.
Semi-
In-depth
structured
interview
interview
Focused
Structured group
interview discussio
Interview n
Types
3
Qualitative Quantitative
Subjective Objective
Research questions answer what and why Research questions answer how many or
state relationship or differences
Literature Review may be done as the Literature review is usually done before
study progresses the conduct of the study
Develops theory Tests Theory
Interpretive Measurable
Reports narrative, individual Reports statistical analysis
interpretation
Basic element of analysis is words/ Basic element of analysis is numbers
ideas
Researcher is part of the process Researcher is separate
Participants Subjects
Context dependent Context Free
Reasoning is dialectic and inductive Reasoning is logistic and deductive
Describes meaning/discovery Establishes relationships and
causations.
Guidelines for quali/quanti-research for
Senior High School.
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION 24
Quantitative Qualitative
A. Research Design
This part identifies the This provides background to
research methods to use in the specific strategy of
the study (descriptive, inquiry to be used with
correlational, experimental, references i.e Narrative,
meta-analysis, etc.) If two Phenomenology,
or more methods will be Ethnographic, Grounded
used, a brief description of Theory. It also provides the
the parts where each will intended outcome of using
be used to be included. the strategy and why it is
appropriate.
B. Research Environment
This is a description of the research locale which
includes significant features that are relevant to the
study.
C. Research Samples and Sampling Procedure
This is a description of the respondents/participants/key
informants, their characteristics and profiles and how
you are going to identify them. Present a table depicting
your total respondents, the population and sample sizes,
type, number, frequencies and percentages, and so on.
Describe also the technique on how you have identified
or derive these samples-what sampling techniques will
you use. Take note that the sampling procedure should
be scientific. Avoid arbitrariness. Consider also that your
sampling procedures and sample size determination
should pass the test of representativeness.
D. Research Instruments
It presents a detailed description of each research instrument
used, and when necessary, explains in detail how the psychometric
properties (item analysis, validity, and reliability) were ensured. In
case the instruments have been adopted, the sources should be
properly cited and available psychometric properties be indicated.
E. Research Gathering Procedure

This is a detailed presentation of the various phrases of the
data gathering, from start to finish. It provides a description of what
exactly transpired in each phrase. If possible, a flowchart may be
used to supplement the textual presentation. It also includes
description of how you will maintain ethics of the study by
preserving anonymity, confidentiality, and security of documents.
F. Research Statistical F. Treatment of Data
Treatment of Data
This section states clearly This section states how the

the statistical tools, scales data will be organized and
and rubrics used to transcribed. Discuss the
address the problems that coding, pattern, and theme
require quantitative development procedures of
techniques, and the the transcripts or text files. If
processes and standards used, discuss specific
used to analyze the qualitative software you will
qualitative data. If use to assist in organizing
possible, indicate the collective data.
different formulas and the
legend for the symbols
used.
References
• Bronto, A.S. (2008). Nonparametric statistics (With
computer-aided solutions). Philippines: National
Bookstore
• Bronto, A.S. (2008). Parametric statistics (With
computer-aided solutions). Philippines: National
Bookstore
• Creswel, J.W. (2012). Educational research
planning, conducting and evaluating quantitative
and qualitative research. 4th ed. USA: Pearson
Education, Inc.
• Zulueta, F.M. and Costales Jr, N.E.B. (2003).
Methods of research and applied statistics.
Navotas: National Book Store
• Avilla, R. 2016. Qualitative Research
Approaches. Practical Research I.Makati City:
DIWA Publishing House.
• https://www.propofs.com/quiz.
• Kliatchko, J.M.R. Research Methodology.
• Mendoza, D. and Melegrito, M.L. 2016.The
Padayon Series Applied Research: An
Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods
and Report Writing. Quezon City: Phoenix
Publishing House.

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Chapter III

Fig. 1. Illustration of Population and Sample

(The Research Bunker, 2011 in Arcenas, 2016 p. 74)

It is impossible to collect data from

refers to a portion or part of

is the process of the selecting units from

In Non-probability sampling, on the other

Simple Random Equal chance of 1. Assign a number to all

Table 2. Non-probability sampling

Convenient The samples are Ask any willing

1. Develop 3. Select and

• explores individual • generates insights

E. Research Gathering Procedure

This section states clearly This section states how the

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