Republic of the Philippines

COMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION

Region V (Bicol)
Province of Albay
Libon Community College
Libon, Albay

Discussants: Resare, Patricia Ann B. Rating:

Campit, Ivan B. Date:
Alvarado, Jessa Course: GE 9
Alcantara, Erica Year & Section: BSEd II- English
Reperoga, Marvie Instructor: Jean Sisno

THE PHILIPPINES IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY AS RIZAL'S CONTEXT

I. OBJECTIVES
1. Identify and explain the major economic changes in the Philippines during the 19th
century, such as the end of the galleon trade, the opening of the Suez Canal, and the
rise of the export crop economy.
2. Show appreciation for how economic changes in Rizal’s time influenced the lives of
Filipinos and contributed to the development of Filipino nationalism.
3. Create a visual timeline or infographic showing the key economic events in the 19th-
century Philippines and their effects on society.
II. MOTIVATIONAL ACTIVITY
Make me Whole!
Directions: Organize the puzzle.

Questions:
1. Who is in the picture?
2. What are his contributions on our country?
3. What do you think are the factors that pushed Rizal
to be that someone who we knew today? What
made Rizal, Rizal?

III. DISCUSSION

Jose Rizal
José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda(June 19, 1861 – December 30, 1896)

• was a Filipino nationalist, writer and polymath active at the end of the Spanish colonial
period of the Philippines
• He is popularly considered a national hero (pambansang bayani) of the Philippines
• An ophthalmologist by profession, Rizal became a writer and a key member of the
Filipino Propaganda Movement, which advocated political reforms for the colony under
Spain.
• Son of Francisco Rizal Mercado (1818–1898) &Teodora Alonso Realonda (1827–1911)

19th Century

• Birth of modernity
• the era of challenges and responses
• the period of major changes that affect man & society
• Philippine ports opened to world trade and shifts started occurring within Filipino society.
Age of enlightenment (1872-1898)
ECONOMIC CONTEXT
Industrialization (Industrial Revolution) - this generally applied to the extraordinary
transformation in the method of: production, transportation, and communication through the
substitution of the manual labor to machine.
ENCOMIENDA (entrust) TO HACIENDA (estate) - encomienda and hacienda systems.

• Labor systems (1450-1750) developed by Spain granting large amount of land to settlers
in the Americas and claiming ownership of all of the resources and of the natives. The
encomienda and hacienda systems developed an exchange among the natives for work
in return of protection and education.
GALLEON TRADE Manila - Acapulco Galleon Trade (1565)

• was the main source of income for the colony during its early years
• Service was Inaugurated in 1565 and continued into the early 19th century.
• The Galleon trade brought silver from New Spain and silk from China by way of Manila.
• The Acapulco Manila Galleon Trade in 1565 is the beginning of commercial ties between
Mexico and the Philippines, which represents an important contribution in the economy
of the world by uniting three continents Americas, Europe, and Asia. The trade route has
also established a valuable avenue for the exchange of not only goods, but also for the
exchange of culture, traditions, literature, and people-to-people interactions.
Why does Galleon Trade ended?

• The Mexican War of Independence (1810-1821) significantly impacted the galleon trade.
• The rise of free trade policies in Europe and the Americas challenged Spain's
monopolistic control over the galleon trade.
• Increased competition from other European powers in global trade further weakened
Spain's position.
• Advancements in shipbuilding and navigation, such as the development of steamships
and the opening of the Suez Canal, made alternative, faster, and more efficient trade
routes available.
• The galleon trade, reliant on traditional sailing ships, became less relevant in a world
with new technologies.
Results of End Of Galleon Trade

• End of Monopoly
• Emergence of Export Economy
• Rise of the Middle Class
• Emergence of Inquilinos-The agricultural sector saw the rise of inquilinos (tenant
farmers), highlighting the unequal distribution of land and resources.
• Exposure to European Ideas

MEANING AND HISTORY OF OPENING OF THE SUEZ CANAL.

• It was an artificial way that connected to the Red sea and Mediterranean Sea Egypt.
• On November 17, 1896 afforded the Philippines and Spain a relatively effortless
maritime route for Spanish Trading.
 • Started off as an agreement between Ferdinand de Lesseps l, Cairo's former French
diplomat and the Ottoman governor of Egypt in 1854 for the former to construct a 100
mile- canal across the Ishtmus of Suez.
• The construction commenced in April 1859 with forced laborers digging by hand with
picks and shovel. European workers through with dredgers and steam shovels later
arrived.
• It decreased the travel time of Philippines to Spain from 3 months to 32-40 days.
• Suez Canal was the first infrastructure that paved the way for the importation of books,
magazines and newspaper with liberal ideas from Europe and America. This was
instrumental to the political awakening of Rizal because he was able to expand his
perspective. Therefore shaping his nationalist sensibilities.

• Jose V. Basco who became the first Governor- General to the Philippines under the
Bourbon reign arrived in the country in 1778 when the Galleon Trade was a failing
venture.

• The European industrialization in other countries in the West brought an increased

demand for the raw materials which meant that the Philippines can take advantage of
its agricultural potential towards economic transformation.

• Bascos economic program developing and promoting agriculture in the country in

order to transform the Philippines into a financially sufficient colony.

• The opening of the suez canal became a huge advantage in commercial enterprises
especially between Europe and the East Asia. More importantly, it served as a
significant factor that enabled the growth of nationalist desires of Jose Rizal and other
Filipino illustrados.

• The Suez Canal expedited the importation not only or commercial products but also of
books, magazines and newspaper with liberal ideas from America and Europe, which
ultimately affected the minds of Rizal and other Filipino reformist.

• The availability of the Suez Canal has also encouraged the illustrados, especially Jose
Rizal to pursue education abroad and learn scientific and liberal in European academic
institutions. Their social dealings with liberal in the West have influenced their thoughts
on nationhood, politics, and government.

Why the Suez Canal is important?

• The Suez Canal is important because it is the shortest maritime route from Europe to
Asia. Prior to its construction, ships headed toward Asia had to embark on an arduous
journey around the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa. Because of its
strategic location, the canal is both heavily used and heavily protected.
 • Suez Canal is a shortcut like many other straits. Many countries like Africa and the US
transport crude oil and many goods using this straits.

• Countries from the Far East also use this strait to transport goods and oils.

• Europe also used this strait to colonize Africa.

Opening of the Port to the World Trade

 It means that the goods from the Philippines could be shipped out to any of the countries
abroad.
 And goods from other country could enter the Philippines directly. Before Spanish
banned the other foreigners from living in the provinces or having businesses in the
Philippines. They did not apply to Chinese settlers, but it covered other white men.

 History of Opening of Port to World Trade

The world turns its eyes on the Philippines
It all started when Royal Company of the Philippines, or in Spanish, the Real Compaña
de Filipinas. Governor General Félix Berenguer de Marquina recommended that the King of
Spain open Manila to world commerce.
Furthermore, the bankruptcy of the Real Compaña de Filipinas (Royal Company of the
Philippines) catapulted the Spanish king to open Manila to world trade. In a royal decree issued
on September 6, 1834, the privileges of the company were revoked and the port of Manila was
opened to trade.
 September 6, 1834
 Philippines opened to world trade- by a royal decree, Su Majestad or Your Majesty
the King declared the Royal Company of the Philippines abolished and opened Manila's
ports to world trade. Because Manila was a great harbour (the shape of the bay
protected trade boats from rough waters) it became one of the best cities to trade with,
luring American, British and other European and Asian merchants to its shores. As a
result, Spain's economic supremacy lost its footing in the region.
 Modern methods of production and transportation, notably sugar mills and steamships,
opened the Philippines for economic development. British, French, Dutch, and North
American traders began to demand Philippine agricultural products, including sugar,
cigars, and abaca (Manila hemp). Sugar became the leading export crop.
 In 1834 Spain lifted restrictions on trade between foreign nations and the Philippines.

 Who are these people involved in opening the ports in World Trade?
 The good and quite modern King Charles III of Spain was the one who created the
company, and his goal was to make trade to Spain from the Philippines more efficient.
 Governor-General Félix Berenguer de Marquina recommended that the King of Spain
open Manila to world commerce.
 Su Majestad or Your Majesty the King declared the Royal Company of the Philippines
abolished and opened Manila's ports to world trade.
 Governor-General Basco had opened the Philippines to this trade.
 Sebir (1787) a Frenchman conducted a profitable business in Manila.
 Tomas de Comyn(1798), a Spanish writer, in his book published in Madrid 1820,
mentioned an unnamed English merchant who left the Philippines in 1798 after living in
Manila for 20 years during which he became rich.
 George W. Hubbell (1821), an American businessman, and his younger brother Henry,
arrived in Manila, engaged in business, and founded the Hubbell Company.

 What is the Impact of Opening the Port to World Trade to all Filipinos?
The impact of Opening the Port to World Trade to all Filipinos 19th Century
➤ When world trades open to the Philippines, it has caused for the Spaniards to sell more
product to other countries. Since the materials came from the Philippines. They use our
resources and do not repay us as they sell more things, we grow to have less resources. But
the positive is that our economy increases.
➤ The economy of the Philippines rose rapidly and its local industries developed to satisfy the
rising demands of an industrializing Europe.
The impact of Opening the Port to World Trade to all Filipinos 20th Century
➤ Manila and the Philippines garnered great economic growth around this time. ➤ Many shops
opened in the Binondo and the rest of the "Intramuros" area (the areas outside of Intramuros).
➤ The best part of this was that some were also owned by Filipino businessmen who were
knowledgeable in finance and consumer retail. Manila itself expanded more people came to
settle in the city and grew rich through profit from trade.
The impact of Opening the Port to World Trade to all Filipinos
➤ In short by 19th and 20th century, the opening of the port and the other parts of the Philippine
to foreign trade brought not only economic prosperity to the country but also remarkable
transformation in the life of the Filipinos.
➤ As the people, prospered, their standard of living improved.

RISE OF THE EXPORT CROP ECONOMY

• Between 1855 and 1873 the Spanish opened new ports to
• foreign trade, including Ilo-Ilo in Panay, Zamboanga in western
• portion of the Mindanao, Cebu on Cebu And Legazpi in Bicol.
• IT became their perspective route to export their crop to
• different places.
• The opening of Suez Canal in 1869 had contributed to a
• spectacular increase in the volume of trade.
• By the 19 century Three crops which is tobacco, abaca, and sugar became the main
export commodities in the Philippines.
• Being open to world trade and having these products and became well known in other
parts of the world.
there was an increasing commodity concentration in:
[Link] Kingdom
[Link]
[Link] East Indies
[Link] States
[Link]
• Because of these economies of the regions colonial powers tried to increase
agricultural output by pressuring the peasants to produce more goods for export and to
develop plantation agriculture.
• According to Benito Legarda in 1820 and 1870 peasants or poor farmer are he primary
responsible for transforming the Philippine from a subsistence to an export economy.
• By the middle 1930’s Manila was open o foreign merchants.
• Because of the growth of the worldwide shipping, Philippine abaca was consider the
best material for ropes and cordage grew importance.
• In 1850 alternated with sugar as the islands most important exports.

MONOPOLY

 The word mono is derived from the Greek word 'monos' meaning one and 'polein'
means to sell
  "It is a market structure characterized by a single seller, selling unique product in the
market.

 Monopoly Contracting another main source of wealth during the post-galleon era.

 After 1850, government monopoly contracts for the collection of different revenues
were opened to foreigners for the first time.

 The Chinese instantly took advantage of this commercial opportunity and thus, for the
rest of the 19th century, enjoyed a pre-eminent position in monopoly contracting in the
Philippines.

 The opium monopoly was specifically a profitable one. During the 1840's, the Spanish
government had legalized the use of opium (provided it was limited to Chinese) and a
government monopoly of opium importation. and sales was created. The majority of
contracts in the monopoly were held by the Chinese.

 But even before 1850, monopolies on some products had been established, which
were basically controlled by the colonial government.

 There were monopolies of Special crops and items, such as spirituous liquors (1712-
1864), betel nut (1764), tobacco (1782-1882), and explosives (1805-1864).

 The seller faces no competition as he or she the sole seller of goods with no close
substitute.

Reasons why monopoly was created

1. Limited or prevent competition

2. It could fix prices for its product

3. Consumers would not have alternate source

4. Skilled labor are force to work what ever wages willing to pay

In late nineteenth century there are business who use monopolies one of the powerful
monopolies was:

 Standard Oil Company of John D. Rockefellers form the first trust in 1882.

 Families and business use this to heat their homes and buildings

 Steel Company of Andrew Carneige founded in July 1 1892

 "American tobacco Company founded in 1890 by James Buchanan Duke

 They abuse their power by forcing consumer to pay high prices for the things needed
on a regular basis

 "Senator John Sherman Hammer made a law that stop the abuses of the monopolies.

 "Sherman Antitrust Act." name after the U.S senator John Sherman Hammer

 "President Benjamin Harrison passed the Sherman Antitrust Act,

 "This act was passed and approved in 1890 but monopolies ended in January 8,1982.

 Act-this act banned trust and monopolies and shatter big companies to smaller pieces.

IV. ACTIVITY
 A. ANSWER ME.
1. If there is no one like Jose Rizal at his time, what do you think will happen to our
country? Do we have the freedom we are experiencing right now?
2. If you are Jose Rizal, will you do the same? Why or why not?
3. If you were given a chance to be a hero, who would you be and what are the things
you will change about him/her?
B. TIMELINE
Create a timeline showing the key economic events in the 19th-century Philippines and
their effects on society.

V. EVALUATION
1. What marked the end of the Spanish trade monopoly with the Americas?
A. Opening of Suez Canal
B. End of the Galleon Trade
C. Philippine Revolution
D. Treaty of Paris
2. The Suez Canal connected the Mediterranean Sea with what body of water?
A. Atlantic Ocean
B. South China Sea
C. Red Sea
D. Pacific Ocean
3. How did the Suez Canal affect the Philippines?
A. It isolated the country further
B. It shortened travel time between the Philippines and Europe
C. It ended all foreign trade
D. It increased Spanish military presence
4. What economic system rose in the 19th-century Philippines due to global trade?
A. Import-substitution economy
B. Barter economy
C. Export crop economy
D. Agricultural feudalism
5. The opening of ports in the Philippines allowed what?
A. Immigration of Spaniards only
B. The spread of Islam
C. Entry of world trade and foreign merchants
D. Isolation from the world economy
6. What did economic monopolies in the Philippines lead to?
A. Equal wealth distribution
B. Better wages for farmers
C. Control of industries by select groups
D. Elimination of taxes
7. What trade route was used before the Suez Canal became a major route?
A. Silk Road
B. Trans-Pacific Galleon Trade
C. Spice Route
D. Trans-Atlantic Trade
8. Which of the following best describes the galleon trade?
A. Land-based trade between provinces
B. Exchange of books and education
C. Maritime trade between Manila and Acapulco
D. Trade between the Philippines and China only
9. What was the effect of opening Philippine ports to world trade in the 19th century?
A. Decline in economy
B. Arrival of more foreign goods and investors
C. Loss of all exports
D. Closure of local industries
10. Which city became a major trading hub during the 19th century?
 A. Vigan
B. Manila
C. Davao
D. Laoag

II. True or False

11. The Suez Canal decreased the travel time between Europe and the Philippines.
12. The export crop economy encouraged local farmers to focus more on food production.
13. Opening of Philippine ports led to cultural isolation.
14. Monopolies allowed only a few to gain wealth from trade and agriculture.
15. Rizal is a hero.

Resources:

[Link]
works-of-rizalpdf/256222560