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Choose an item. DOCUMENT No

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Rev. Date Revision Description By Checked Approved
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CONTENTS

PAGE

1.0 INTRODUCTION 4

1.1 SCOPE 4

2.0 REFERENCES 4

2.1 GENERAL 4

2.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION (AISC) 4

2.3 AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE (ACI) 5

2.4 AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS (ASCE) 5

2.5 AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS (ASTM) 5

2.6 AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY (AWS) 6

3.0 METEOROLOGICAL DATA 7

3.1 WIND PARAMETERS 7

3.2 EARTHQUAKE PARAMETERS 7

4.0 ANALYSIS SOFTWARE 7

5.0 DESIGN LOADS 8

5.1 LOAD CONDITIONS 8

5.2 DEAD LOADS 9

5.3 THERMAL LOADS (TE) 10

5.4 LIVE LOAD “LL” 11

5.5 COLLATERAL LOADS: 11

5.6 WIND LOAD 12

5.7 EARTHQUAKE LOADS 13

6.0 LOAD COMBINATIONS 14

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CONTENTS

PAGE

6.1 GENERAL: 14

7.0 STEEL DESIGN 17

7.1 DESIGN CODE 17

7.2 MATERIAL 17

7.3 STEEL COATING 18

7.4 ANALYSIS METHOD 18

7.5 CONNECTION 18
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1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 SCOPE

This document covers design basis of structures and foundations. Calculations for structures,
buildings and foundations shall be prepared in accordance with this design basis but shall also
include the specific data, design requirements and assumptions used for the design within the
calculation. This document shall be used for design and preparation of construction documents and
is not intended for use as a construction specification.

2.0 REFERENCES

2.1 GENERAL

When a conflict exists among the design drawings, project standards/specifications and the
referenced standards, the order of precedence shall be:

i. Applicable Local Laws Regulation

ii. Applicable international codes and standards

iii. Basis of Design

v. Approved project specifications

iv. This document (Design Criteria)

In the event a conflict exists and the merits of the conflicting refences is not in accordance with the
above order of precedence the OWNER shall provide final decision of reference to be used for
project.

2.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION (AISC)

CODE TITLE

AISC 360 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (14th Edition)

AISC Design Guide 01 Base Plate and Anchor Rod Design

AISC Design Guide 04 Extended End-Plate Moment Connections Seismic and

Wind Applications

AISC Design Guide 07 Industrial Buildings – Roofs to Anchor Rods

AISC Design Guide 13 Stiffening of Wide-Flange Columns at Moment Connections

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2.3 AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE (ACI)

CODE TITLE

ACI 318M Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and

Commentary (SI Units)

2.4 AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS (ASCE)

CODE TITLE

ASCE/SEI 7-10 Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for

Buildings and Other Structures

SEI/ASCE 37 Design Loads on Structures During Construction

2.5 AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS (ASTM)

CODE TITLE

ASTM A6/A6M Standard Specification for General Requirements for Rolled

Structural, Steel Bars, Plates, Shapes, and Sheet Piling

ASTM A36/A36M Standard Specification for Carbon Structural Steel

ASTM A307 Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts, Studs, and
Threaded Rod 60,000 psi Tensile Strength

ASTM A325/325M Standard Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, Heat

Treated 830 MPa Minimum Tensile Strength

ASTM A500/A500M Standard Specification for Cold-Formed Welded and

Seamless Carbon Steel Structural Tubing in Rounds and
Shapes

ASTM A615/A615M Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-

Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement

ASTM A786/A786M Standard Specification for Hot-Rolled Carbon, Low-Alloy,

High-Strength Low-Alloy, and Alloy Steel Floor Plates

ASTM Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, Hot-

A1011/A1011M Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy,
High-Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability, and
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Ultra-High Strength

ASTM Standard Specification for Carbon-Steel Wire and Welded

A1064/A1064M Wire Reinforcement, Plain and Deformed, for Concrete

ASTM F1554 Standard Specification for Anchor Bolts, Steel, 36, 55, and
105-ksi Yield Strength

ASTM F2329/F2329M Standard Specification for Zinc Coating, Hot-Dip,

Requirements for Application to Carbon and Alloy Steel
Bolts, Screws, Washers, Nuts, and Special Threaded
Fasteners

ASTM F3125/F3125M Standard Specification for High Strength Structural Bolts

and Assemblies, Steel and Alloy Steel, Heat Treated, Inch
Dimensions 120 ksi and 150 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength,
and Metric Dimensions 830 MPa and 1040 MPa Minimum
Tensile Strength

2.6 AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY (AWS)

CODE TITLE

AWS D1.1/D1.1M Structural Welding Code - Steel

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3.0 METEOROLOGICAL DATA

3.1 WIND PARAMETERS

ULTIMATE WIND SPEED XX m/sec

WIND EXPOSURE EXPOSURE-C

RISK CATEGORY II

IMPOTANCE FACTOR 1.0

3.2 EARTHQUAKE PARAMETERS

SEISMIC CODE ASCE 7-10

SOIL CLASS XX

SEISMIC PARAMETERS Ss = XX , S1 =XX, SDS= XXX, SD1 = XXX

IMPORTANCE FACTOR I = 1.0

MODIFICATION FACTOR R = 3.5, for Steel Structure

R = 3.25, for Braced structure
R = 2.0, for Cantilever Support

4.0 ANALYSIS SOFTWARE

Structure analysis and design is performed using:

DESIGN SOFTWARE

ISOLATED FOOTING SPREAD SHEET AND/OR FOUNDATION 3D

ISOLATED WITH TIE BEAMS SAFE

COMBINED FOOTING SAFE AND/OR MAT 3D

MAT FOUNDATION SAFE AND/OR MAT 3D

STEEL STRUCTURE, STAAD

WAREHOUSE, SHED, ...ETC.,

STEEL CONNECTION SPREAD SHEET AND/OR RAM

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CONNECTION

5.0 DESIGN LOADS

5.1 LOAD CONDITIONS

LOAD CASE LOAD TYPE DESCRIPTION

DL DEAD Dead load which includes:

- Self-weight for analysed elements
- Structure dead load for non-analysed elements
(grating, stair, ladder, handrail, …etc.)
- Fireproofing
- Collateral Load for HVAC ducts, sprinkler,
lighting features
LL LIVE Live Load

LR LIVE Roof Live Load

T THERMAL Thermal Expansion

W+ve PRESSURE Wind Load

W-ve SUCTION Wind Load

EO SEISMIC Seismic Load

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5.2 DEAD LOADS

5.2.1 SELF WEIGHT

Self-weight of structure elements used in design, the dead weight shall be as following:

Unit weight of Reinforced Concrete 25 kN/cum

Unit Weight of Steel 78.5 kN/cum

Unit Weight of Soil 18 kN/cum

Steel weight shall be multiplied by factor 1.05 to consider connection weight

5.2.2 STRUCTURE LOAD

Structural member loads other than self-weight load. Structural loads consist of nonstructural
members, grating, roofing, siding, handrail, ladder, wall, partitions, soil above the foundation
resisting uplift (overburden),

Open Flooring (Grating) 0.5 kN/ sqm

Solid Flooring (Checkered Plate) 0.55 kN/ sqm

Stair 2.25 kN/m

Handrail 0.3 kN/m

Ladder 0.4 kN/m

Metal Sheet 0.08 kN/sqm

Sandwich panel 0.12 kN/sqm

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5.3 THERMAL LOADS (TE)

5.3.1 GENERAL

Thermal loads are those forces caused by expansion and contraction of structure due to the daily and
seasonal change in external temperature
Thermal loads shall be considered as sustained loads and shall be act concurrently with wind loads or
earthquake loads

5.3.2 THERMAL LOAD ON STRUCTURE

Thermal loads and displacements shall be based on the difference between ambient temperature and
installed temperature.
Ambient temperature shall be taken as the minimum ambient temperature or maximum ambient
temperature as applicable to account for controlling effects of contraction or expansion.
Additional thermal variation (thermal variation due to irradiation) to account for the significant
increase in temperatures of steel exposed to sunlight shall be considered
Accordingly, temperature variation shall be considered as follow:
T+ = (Tmax – T0) + T irrad
T- = (Tmin – T0)
Where;
Max temperature (Tmax) = 40o C
Min temperature (Tmin) = 0o C
Erection temperature (Tmax) = 20o C
Thermal variation for irradiation (T irrad) = 15o C
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5.4 LIVE LOAD “LL”

Live load is defined as loads of all movable loads

Minimum live load shall be considered as following:

CATEGORY UNIFORM LOAD

Stores
First Floor 5 kN/sqm *
Upper Floors 3.6 kN/sqm *

Stairs 5 kN/sqm

Offices 3 kN/sqm

Roof 1 kN/sqm

Live load reduction maybe considered as per ASCE 7-10

5.5 COLLATERAL LOADS:

Collateral loads for steel sheds, warehouse, workshop, …etc. maybe assumed as following:

ITEM LOAD

Ceiling 0.05 kN/sqm

HVAC ducts 0.1 kN/sqm

Sprinkler 0.1 kN/sqm

Lighting features 0.05 kN/sqm

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5.6 WIND LOAD

5.6.1 GENERAL

Wind load shall be calculated in accordance with ASCE 7-10

For ultimate wind speed, ASCE7-10 shall be used considering wind load as ultimate load

Wind parameters is considered as follow:

SERVICE WIND SPEED xx m/sec

WIND EXPOSURE EXPOSURE-C

RISK CATEGORY II

IMPOTANCE FACTOR 1.0

As per ASCE7-010, wind force is calculated as follow:

F = qz * Gf * Cf * Af

Where:

qz: basic wind pressure

= 0.613 * Kz * Kzt * Kd * V2

Gf: gust effect factor

= 0.85 for rigid structure,

= in accordance with ASCE7-10, Sec 26.9.5 for flexible structure

Cf: force coefficient

Af: projected are normal to wind

Kz: velocity exposure coefficient as per ASCE7-05, Sec [Link]

Kzt: Topographic factor = 1.0 as per ASCE7-05, Sec 6.5.7

Kd: Direction Factor

= 0.85 for wind load resisting system equal in all direction, i.e. vertical equipment

I: Importance Factor = 1.0

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5.6.2 WIND LOAD ON BUILDINGS

Wind loads on buildings shall be in accordance ASCE7-10 chapter-27 “Directional Procedure”

For buildings meet the conditions of low-rise building, the wind loads on these buildings shall be in
accordance ASCE7-10 chapter-28 “Envelop Procedure”
External wind pressure Cp & GCpf and internal wind pressure GCi are calculated based on Enclosure
Classification “Enclosed, Partially Enclosed, Partially Open and Open Building”

5.6.3 WIND LOAD ON PARTIALLY OPEN STRUCTURE

Compressor Shelters are usually classified as partially open building, accordingly internal wind
pressure GCi = ± 0.18. external wind pressure Cp shall be in accordance with ASCE7-10
Chapter-27 or Chapter-28 as applicable.

5.7 EARTHQUAKE LOADS

Earthquake loads shall be calculated in accordance with ASCE 7-10, with following
parameters:

- Seismic zone (or Ss & S1)

- Soil Class = Sa
- Risk Category =II
- Importance Factor =1
- SDS = xxxxx & SD1 = xxxxx
- Seismic Design Category (SDC) = xxxx as per Table (11-6-1 & 11-6-2)
- Response Modification Factor;
• The response modification coefficient R shall be selected from Table 12.2-1 for
building structures
STRUCTURE SYSTEM R

Steel Ordinary Moment Resisting Frame 3.5

Steel Ordinary Concentric Frame 3.25

Cantilever Column (Inverted Pendulum) 2.0

- The effective seismic weight:

The effective seismic weight for each level of the structure shall include loads above base
from Dead Load and 25% of the specified Live Load imposed on the structure weight
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- Seismic Analysis Method:

• In general, equivalent static method shall be used for all structure. Only in critical
cases, such as structures with huge eccentricity of masses in plan and elevation, the
designer shall perform response spectrum with the Effective Length Method for
stability design of steel instead of Direct Analysis Method
• Structure regular and irregular classification shall be determined according to
ASCE7-10 Table 12.3-1 & 12.3-2 or UBC-97 Table 16-L & 16-M
• For structures required Response Spectrum Analysis, the following to be
considered:
▪ The elastic response spectrum is calculated on the basis of seismic
parameters
▪ The design response spectrum is calculated after adjusting reduction factor
(I/R)
▪ As per ASCE 7, where base shear using combined responses (Vt) is less than
100% of base shear using equivalent lateral force (V), the calculated base
shear shall be multiplied by scale factor (V/Vt)
▪ Number of modes shall be sufficient to obtain a combined modal mass
participation of at least 90% of the actual mass in each orthogonal horizontal
direction of response considered in the model
▪ The response modes shall be combined using the square root of the sum of
the squares (SRSS) method for well separated modes, while shall be
combined using the complete quadratic combination (CQC) method for
closely spaced modes

6.0 LOAD COMBINATIONS

6.1 GENERAL:

The basic load combinations provided in ASCE/SEI 7 shall be followed for the design of
buildings, structures, and foundations. Refer to PIP STC01015, Structural Design Criteria for
additional guidance of load combinations.

Wind speed during in-place test/hydrotest, as documented in project testing procedures. Unless
otherwise indicated, recommended wind speed is 0.75 V to align with the requirements of
ASCE/SEI 37 for periods less than 6 weeks. Accordingly, for test load combination, wind load
shall be multiplied by factor 0.5625 to consider reduction in wind speed.

Empty load for heat exchanger during bundle pull shall be reduced due to removal of bundle
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6.1.1 STRENGTH DESIGN

• 1.4 DL

• 1.2 DL + 1.2 T + 1.6 LL + 0.5 LR

• 1.2 DL + 1.2 T + 1.6 LR + 1.0 LL

• 1.2 DL + 1.2 T + 1.6 LR ± 0.5 (Wx+ve)

• 1.2 DL + 1.2 T + 1.6 LR ± 0.5 (Wx-ve)

• 1.2 DL + 1.2 T + 1.6 LR ± 0.5 (Wz+ve)

• 1.2 DL + 1.2 T + 1.6 LR ± 0.5 (Wz-ve)

• 1.2 DL + 1.2 T + 1.0 (Wx+ve) + 0.5 LR

• 1.2 DL + 1.2 T + 1.0 (Wx-ve) + 0.5 LR

• 1.2 DL + 1.2 T + 1.0 (Wz+ve) + 0.5 LR

• 1.2 DL + 1.2 T + 1.0 (Wz-ve) + 0.5 LR

• 1.2 DL + 1.2 T + 1.0 Ex + 1.0 LL

• 1.2 DL + 1.2 T + 1.0 Ez + 1.0 LL

• 0.9 DL + 1.0 Ex

• 0.9 DL + 1.0 Ez

• 0.9 DL + 1.0 (Wx+ve)

• 0.9 DL + 1.0 (Wx-ve)

• 0.9 DL + 1.0 (Wz+ve)

• 0.9 DL + 1.0 (Wz-ve)

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6.1.2 ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN

• DL

• DL + T+ LL

• DL + T + LR

• DL + T + 0.75 LL + 0.75 LR

• DL + T + 0.6 (Wx+ve)

• DL + T + 0.6 (Wx-ve)

• DL + T + 0.6 (Wz+ve)

• DL + T + 0.6 (Wz-ve)

• DL + T + 0.7 Ex

• DL + T + 0.7 Ez

• DL + T + 0.45 (Wx+ve) + 0.75 LL + 0.75 LR

• DL + T + 0.45 (Wx-ve) + 0.75 LL + 0.75 LR

• DL + T + 0.45 (Wz+ve) + 0.75 LL + 0.75 LR

• DL + T + 0.45 (Wz-ve) + 0.75 LL + 0.75 LR

• DL + T + 0.525 Ex + 0.75 LL

• DL + T + 0.525 Ez + 0.75 LL

• 0.9 DL + 0.6 (Wx+ve)

• 0.9 DL + 0.6 (Wx-ve)

• 0.9 DL + 0.6 (Wz+ve)

• 0.9 DL + 0.6 (Wz-ve)

• 0.9 DL + 0.7 Ex

• 0.9 DL + 0.7 Ez
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7.0 STEEL DESIGN

7.1 DESIGN CODE

Structure steel shall be designed and detailed in accordance with AISC-360-10 (LRFD)

All welding shall be in accordance with AWS D 1.1.

7.2 MATERIAL

Steel material shall be as following:

ITEM MATERIAL

Steel shape ASTM-A36;

Minimum yield strength , Fy = 240 MPa

Plates ASTM-A36

Pipes for Handrail ASTM A53 Type E or S Grade B with Fy = 240 MPa

Grating ASTM A1011M, grade 36

project specification.
Max distance between supports of grating shall not exceed XXX
mm

Checkered plate ASTM A786, thick 6+2

High Strength Bolts; ASTM F3125, A325 type 1
Nuts; A563 grade DH
Washer; F436
Galvanized; HDG A153
Standard Bolts ASTM A307 Grade A
Nuts; A563 grade A
Washer; F436
Galvanized; HDG A153
Roof metal deck A653M
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7.3 STEEL COATING

In general, all steel structure shall be painted to resist Environmental conditions

Grating, stair treads and checkered plate shall be galvanized in accordance with ASTM A123

7.4 ANALYSIS METHOD

Steel analysis shall be performed using direct analysis method, and using equivalent static method
for estimation seismic forces

Where equivalent static method is not applicable due to irregularity of structure, response
spectrum shall be considered and in this case effective length method shall be considered instead
of direct analysis method as alternative method of design for stability

7.5 CONNECTION

7.5.1 GENERAL

Gusset plates shall have minimum thickness 10mm

Double angle members shall be connected at distance does not exceed 50 times minimum radius
of gyration

The depth of connection shall be not less than half depth of beam depth

7.5.2 WELDED CONNECTION

Welding shall comply with AWS D1.1 for structural welding

Weld design shall be in accordance with AISC-360-10 J2

Minimum Filed weld size shall be 0.8 times thinner thickness of elements to be connected but
not less than 6mm

All groove welds shall be full penetration

Weld strength shall be in accordance with AISC-360-10 Table J2.5

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7.5.3 BOLTED CONNECTION

All joint utilizing high strength bolts shall be bearing type (threaded to be included condition-N)

Hight strength bolts shall be pretensioned in accordance with AISC 360-10

The bolts shall be high strength bolts in accordance with ASTM A325 Type-1, Hot Dip
Galvanized in accordance with ASTM A153

Bolted connection shall be designed in accordance with AISC-360-16 J3

The minimum diameter of HSB shall be 20mm

The minimum diameter for standard bolt shall be 16mm, smaller diameter maybe used for ladder,
handrails

Bolted connection shall be minimum two bolts

Nut in connection subject to vibration shall be self locking type or provided with lock nut

Bolted connection shall be designed in accordance with AISC-360-10 J3