STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM one element that combine with a fixed mass
of the other element are in ratios of small
THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATOMIC THEORY
whole numbers. An example is carbon
Historical Perspective forms two stable compounds with oxygen –
CO and CO2 . CO = 1 C & 1 O; CO2 = 1 C & 2
- Anaximenes 545 BCE - air
O [Ratio of O2 of CO to the O2 of CO2 is 1:2]
- Thales 6th century BCE - water
- Heraclitus 540-480 BCE- fire Chemical reaction- involves only the separation,
- Empedocles 490-430 BCE- four combination, or rearrangement of atoms; it does
elements not result in their creation or destruction.
Aristotle supported Empedocles
Law of Conservation of Mass- This law
one element can be transformed from one
states that matter can be neither created
type to another thus alchemy
nor destroyed. [Since matter is made of
added aether matter from outside the earth
atoms that are unchanged in a chemical
and moon Continuous Theory
reaction, it follows that must be conserved
Early Theory as well].
A. Aristotle- all matter flows continuously and Joseph John Thomson (1897-England)- Discovered
is composed of 4 elements -FIRE, AIR, negatively charged electrons. “ Plum – Pudding
EARTH AND WATER Model ”
B. Democritus-Disagreed with Aristotle and
Ernest Rutherford(1897- England)-In 1908,
said that matter was made of small units
discovered the nucleus.
called "atomos" that were indivisible
- “Planetary or Nuclear Model” where the
Aristotle was more popular than Democritus
atom’s positive charges are all concentrated
so this theory was ignored for over 2000
in a dense central core within the atom and
years!
the electrons are considered to be spinning
Modern Theory around the nucleus as the planets do
around the sun. The dense central core of
John Dalton (England, 1800’s) - ATOMS
the atom is called the nucleus.
- John Dalton was an English chemist,
Neils Bohr (1913)-Denmark – said electrons where
physicist and meteorologist. He is best
in orbits or energy levels(planetary model) around
known for introducing the atomic theory
the nucleus.J
into chemistry. He presented the idea in
detail in his book New System of Chemical - Energy Levels The energy that an electron
Philosophy in 1808. has is based on its location around the
nucleus. (Electrons that are closer to the
Elements- are composed of extremely small
nucleus have less energy than those that
particles called atoms. All atoms of an element are
are farther away from the nucleus)
identical having the same size, mass, and chemical
- Energy Levels:
properties. The atoms of an element are different
• Level 1-2 electrons
from the atoms of all other elements.
• Level 2=8 electrons
Law of Definite Proportions This law was • Level 3-18 electrons
advanced by Joseph Proust, a French • Level 4-32 electrons
chemist, which states that the different • Level 5-50 electrons
samples of the same compound always Each level must be full before another can
contain its constituent elements in the same be started.
proportions by mass. An example is carbon
QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL
dioxide, CO2 from different sources have
the same ratio by mass of carbon, C to Louis de Broglie
oxygen, O2 .
Particles move about the speed of light thus
Compounds- are composed of atoms of more than having wavelike properties
one element. In any compound, the ratio of the Electron move around the nucleus like a
numbers of any two of the elements present is wave
either an integer or a simple fraction. Wavelength can be obtained via
Law of Multiple Proportions This law states
that if two elements can combine to form
more than one compound, the masses of
THE MODERN ATOMIC THEORY
ATOM
Electrons orbit around an electron cloud
surrounding the nucleus
made of proton and neutrons at high
speeds
1. All matter is made of atoms Atomic Parts
Protons-positive (+); some mass; in nucleus
Neutrons-no charge (0); some mass; in
nucleus
Electrons-negative (-); no real mass but do
take up most of the space around an atom
Atomic Number, Mass Number, and Atomic Mass
The atomic number and mass number can
be expressed with the elemental symbol:
- Atomic number (Z) is indicated by a
left subscript
- Mass number (A) is indicated by a
left superscript
Each element in the Periodic Table is
identified by its Atomic Number
Atomic number indicates the number of
protons in the nucleus of an atom
The Mass Number indicates the total
number of particles in the nucleus
- Mass number = protons + neutrons
- Mass number is measured in atomic
mass units (amu: 1 amu = mass of
p/n)
