LANGUAGE USE (PART 2)
1. TYPES OF SENTENCE
- Types of clauses: Dependent and Independent
=> Types of sentences: 3 loại
- Simple: câu đơn
Eg: Yesterday I went to school.
My school starts at 7am and finishes at 11am.
=> chỉ bao gồm mệnh đề ĐỘC LẬP
- Complex: câu phức
Eg: Because he was late, he missed the bus.
=> phụ thuộc: Because he was late
Độc lập: còn lại
=> 1 independent + 1 dependent clause
- Compound: câu ghép
Eg: You can stay home watching TV with me, or you can go out shopping
FANBOYS
Conjunctive adverbs: however, while, whereas,…..
2. HEDGING LANGUAGE
- Levels of certainty
+ 100%: it is clear/evident that, will
+ 80%: it appears that/it seems that/it is rather clear/may/could
+ 50%: might
+ 0%: There is little chance/possibility that…/there is no/little likelihood/It is unlikely
that….
May/could
Likely
- how to lessen generalizations
+ appear to/seem to/tend to
+ Limit the subject: a majority of/many/ in most places
+ add exceptions: with the exception of/except for/…
3. NOMINALIZATION – danh từ hóa
=> biến động từ/tính từ thành danh từ/cụm danh từ
Eg: Effective => effectiveness
People may commit crimes because they are addicted to drugs (addiction)
=> because of drug addiction
….. because they have drug addiction.
due to their addiction to drugs
=> addicted to drugs => drug addiction
Drug addiction may be a cause of crime.
=> Function
- To be more succint – ngắn gọn súc tích hơn
- to emphasize the action, not the agent
Eg: A recent report into road safety found that people who drive too fast was the
primary cause of accidents
=> ….. Speeding was the primary cause of…
NGOÀI LỀ: speed limit
=> break/exceed the speed limit
=> go/drive within the speed limit
3.1. Patterns of nominalization
- Verb => noun
Decide => decision
Fail => failure
The decision was made after careful considerations
The failure to meet the deadline caused delays.
- Adjective => noun
Efficient => efficiency
The efficiency of the new system improved the overall productivity.
PRACTICE:
1. In Skellig, Michael, the main character develops strength
Skellig is about the development of strength in Michael.
2. Frankenstein was an influential text for Ridley Scott in making Blade Runner.
The influence of Frankenstein was noticeable in making Blade Runner
Frankenstein had considerable/enormous/significant influence on text for
=> sử dụng nominalization trong việc tóm tắt những luận điểm trong phần intro và
phần conclusion.
3.2. Warning
Don’t use too much nominalization, as it can make your sentences too abstract
Eg: The proliferation of nominalizations in a discursvie formation may be an indication of a
tendency towar pomposity and abstraction.
the proliferation of nominalizations in a discursive form may indicate that the text
is pompous and abstract.
indicate something
indicate that
The proliferation of nominalizations in a discursive formation may be indicative of
a tendency towards pompous and abstract things
Too frequent use of nominalization in a discursive discourse may indicate a
tendency toward overly formal or abstract things/texts.
"Using too many nominalizations in a discursive discourse may indicate a
tendency toward pomposity and abstraction
Pomposity (noun): the fact of showing that you are more important than other people, by
using long and formal words.
Proliferation (noun): the sudden increase in the number or amount of something; a large
number of a particular thing
Proliferate (verb): to suddenly increase
Despite the fact that
4. COLLOCATIONS
Những từ hay đi cùng nhau/lúc nào cũng đi cùng nhau => collocations
Eg: She’s got yellow hair
=> blonde hair => collocation
4.1. Types of collocations
4.1.1. Strong collocation
- Mitgating (adj): lessening
Mitigate something (verb): lessen something
Mitigating factors/circumstances: tình tiết giảm nhẹ
- Inclement weather: unpleasant weather
- Auburn hair: red-brown hair
4.2. Fixed collocations
- Walk from/to
- Make for
- Phrasal verbs
- Compound nouns (danh từ ghép)
Eg: stock market, economy drive, pay rise
4.3. Weak collocations
- Broad smile/broad shoulders/broad accent
4.2. Grammatical categories
Verb + noun:
Draw up a list/a contract: prepare sth
Pass up a chance/an opportunity: miss out on a chance/an opportunity
Withstand the pressure/the impact: bear the pressure/…
Noun + verb
Opportunity arises
Standards slip => degrading standards
Noun + noun
A stroke of luck
An element of luck
A barrage of insults/criticisms: unusually large number of sth happening at the same time
Adjective + noun
Vain hope: hopelessness
Vain (adj): hopeless
Do sth in vain: do sth without good results
Mounting concern/criticism/fury: = growing concern/…
Mount (verb): grow
Fury (n): sự tức giận/phẫn nộ
Furious
Trivial matter: unimportant things.
Simple/plain truth
The plain truth is that..
….
4.4. Collocations in writing
- Verb+noun collocations: Do/ conduct/ carry out Research
Conduct analysis
Adj + noun:
…extensive/scientific/in-depth/detailed/comprehensive/thorough/academic
Research/investigations
- Issue/problem
Verb+noun collocations: raise/have/solve/tackle/handle/address/cause
- Impact/influence
+ Adj + noun: Considerable/ drastic/ dramatic/ positive/ negative/
enormous/lasting/immediate/instant/devastating/destructive/adverse/
beneficial/profound/favourable
Momentous = historic: quan trọng trong lịch sử
Momentous decision/event/occasion
- Recommend
+ Adverb+ verb: highly/strongly
- Examine/discuss
+ adverb+ verb: fully/thoroughly/intensively/extensively/in detail
Collocation according to topics:
- Education
+ educational reform: cải cách giáo dục
+ academic success: thành công về mặt học thuật
+ vocational training: học nghề
- Diplomacy
+ strengthen diplomatic ties/relationships
+ trade agreement
+ economic cooperation
_ multilateral cooperation: hợp tác đa phương
+ economic sanctions:
oxford/cambridge dictionary: tra từ => xem ví dụ in đậm
xem youtube: TED-ed, BBC Ideas, National Geographic, The inforgraphics,…
HOMEWORK: Write an essay of 250-300 words on the following topic.
