DTL A typical DTL NAND gate is shown in Figure.

Observe the diode AND function on the front end and the transistor NOT at the output end. The extra resistors and diodes are used to maintain appropriate currents, to maintain proper functioning, and to guarantee certain noise margins. We will completely analyze this circuit, but will be particularly interested in the "terminal" characteristics of the gate. Our ultimate goal is to understand the operation of the gate so that the manufacturer's specifications can be understood.

DTL NAND Gate While the NAND function can be used to implement any logic expression, it is often convenient to use other functions. These figures show how other three basic functions could be implemented.

DTL AND Gate

DTL NOR Gate

DTL OR Gate

TTL The evolution from DTL to TTL can be seen by observing the placement of p-n junctions. TTL integrated circuits have been manufactured that perform over one hundred different functions. Many are small-scale integrated circuits that perform simple logic functions in addition to the basic NAND as well as flip-flops. Others are medium-scale integrated circuits that perform more sophisticated functions such as encoders, decoders, and registers. The more complex functions are implemented in TTL using combinations of the basic logic gates. It is of interest to look at how some of the other logic functions are implemented. Figures below show some basic gates.

TTL NAND Gate

TTL AND Gate

TTL NOR Gate

TTL OR Gate