Crystalline Structure

Crystal Systems and Lattices

I II

crystalline structure is regular and repeating

aluminum

III I. II. III. atom position crystal plane crystal direction

magnesium

Crystalline Structure

STM

Periodicity

AFM

crystalline structure is regular and repeating Courtesy of IBM

Crystalline Structure
The Unit Cell

unit cell

The unit cell is characterized by a set of lengths and angles.

Crystalline Structure
The Crystal

unit cell

The Crystal

Crystalline Structure
7 Crystal Systems Crystal System
1 cubic

Axial Lengths and Angles

a = b = c, = = = 90 a = b c, = = = 90 a b c, = = = 90 a = b = c, = = 90 a = b c, = = 90, = 120 a b c, = = 90 a b c, 90

2 tetragonal 3 orthorhombic 4 rhombohedral 5 hexagonal 6 monoclinic 7 triclinic

Crystalline Structure
7 Crystal Systems

4
Crystal System
1 cubic

Axial Lengths and Angles

a = b = c, = = = 90 a = b c, = = = 90 a b c, = = = 90 a = b = c, = = 90 a = b c, = = 90, = 120 a b c, = = 90 a b c, 90

2 tetragonal 3 orthorhombic 4 rhombohedral 5 hexagonal 6 monoclinic 7 triclinic

Crystalline Structure
14 Bravais Lattices

Crystalline Structure
Actual Crystals

Garnet structure

Crystalline Structure
Lattice Points & Positions

lattice points lattice positions

actual crystal

Crystalline Structure
Lattice Points & Positions

lattice points lattice positions

actual crystal

Crystalline Structure
Lattice Directions

equivalent lattice positions

Al2O3

Crystalline Structure
Lattice Directions

lattice directions

Crystalline Structure
Lattice Directions

lattice directions

family of directions <111>

Crystalline Structure
Lattice Planes

Miller indices (hkl)

lattice planes

Crystalline Structure
Lattice Planes

Miller indices (hkl)

lattice planes

Crystalline Structure
Lattice Planes

lattice planes

[111] (111) 000

a b b

Crystalline Structure
Lattice Planes

hexagonal system

family of planes {100}

Crystalline Structure Metal Structures

bcc/0.68

Structure: body-centered cubic Bravais lattice: bcc Atoms per unit cell: 1+ 8x1/8 = 2 Typical metals: -Fe, V, Cr, Mo, and V

Crystalline Structure Metal Structures

fcc/0.74

Structure: face-centered cubic Bravais lattice: fcc Atoms per unit cell: 6x1/2 + 8x1/8 = 4 Typical metals: -Fe, Al, Ni, Cu, Ag, Pt and Au

Crystalline Structure Metal Structures

fcc/0.74

Structure: face-centered cubic Bravais lattice: fcc Atoms per unit cell: 6x1/2 + 8x1/8 = 4 Typical metals: -Fe, Al, Ni, Cu, Ag, Pt and Au

Crystalline Structure Metal Structures

hcp/0.74

Structure: hexagonal close packed Bravais lattice: hcp Atoms per unit cell: 1 + 4x1/6 + 4x1/12 = 2 Typical metals: Be, Mg, -Ti, Zn and Zr

Crystalline Structure Stacking Sequence

hcp/0.74 fcc/0.74 A C B A A A B

Crystalline Structure fcc versus hcp

hcp/0.74

fcc/0.74

Crystalline Structure Metal Structures

-Uranium

body-centered orthorhombic Bravais lattice

Crystalline Structure Ceramic Structures CsCl structure

CsCl

NaCl structure

NaCl

Crystalline Structure Ceramic Structures

NaCl structure

NaCl
close-packed planes

Crystalline Structure Ceramic Structures CaF2 Fluorite - structure

CaF2

Crystalline Structure Ceramic Structures SiO2 Cristobalite - structure

relatively open structures

Crystalline Structure SiO2 Polymorphs

Mineral -Quartz -Tridymite -Cristobalite -Quartz -Tridymite -Cristobalite Coesite Stichovite Lechatelierite Keatite Crystal System trigonal orthorhombic or monoclinic tetragonal hexagonal hexagonal isometric monoclinic tetragonal amorphous tetragonal 32 2 / m 2 / m 2 / m or 2 / m 422 622 6/m2/m2/m 4 / m -3- 2 / m 2/m 4/m2/m2/m none 422 Point Group

Amethyst

Crystalline Structure Ceramic Structures

Al2O3 Corundum - structure

rather complex structure

Bravais lattice: rhombohedral Ions per unit cell: 12Al3+ + 18O2Typical ceramics: Al2O3, Cr2O3, -Fe2O3

Crystalline Structure Ceramic Structures

ABX3 Perowskite - structure

CaTiO3

electronic ceramics

Bravais lattice: simple cubic Ions per unit cell: 1Ca2+ + 1Ti4+ + 3O2Typical ceramics: CaTiO3, BaTiO3

Crystalline Structure Silicate Structures

Al4Si4O10(OH)8 Kaolinit

complex silicates clay mineral

Crystalline Structure Semiconductor Structures

Diamond cubic structure

Bravais lattice: fcc Ions per unit cell: 4 + 6x1/2 + 8x1/8 = 8 Typical semiconductors: Si, Ge, gray Sn

Zink blende, ZnS structure

Bravais lattice: fcc Ions per unit cell: 4 Zn2+ + 4 S2Typical semiconductors: GaAs, AlP InSb (III-V) ZnSe, CdS, HgTe (II-VI)

Crystalline Structure Stacking Sequence

000

(2 0 0) [1 1 1] 10

Summary of unit cell elements 7 crystal systems 14 Bravais lattices (note: there are 230 Point Groups) We distinguish between: lattice points, lattice directions, and lattice planes Lattice Points set of multiples or fractions of lattice vectors, e.g., 1 0 Lattice Directions set of integers, where it intersects with lattice vectors brackets [111] note: family of directions angular brackets <100> Lattice Planes set of integers, where it intersects with lattice vectors, then = inverse gives Miller indices (hkl) parenthesis (110) note: family of planes braces {110} note: hexagonal system: Miller-Bravais indices [1 1 1] 10

(2 0 0)