SINGLE-PHASE PARALLEL A.C.
CIRCUITS
• In parallel circuits, the voltage is common • The supply current 𝐼 is the phasor sum of 𝐼𝑅 and
to each branch of the network 𝐼𝐿 and thus, the current 𝐼 lags the applied
voltage 𝑉 by an angle 𝜃 lying between 0° and
R–L parallel a.c. Circuit 90°.
𝐼= (𝐼𝑅2 + 𝐼𝐿2 )
𝑉 𝑉
𝐼𝑅 = and 𝐼𝐿 =
𝑅 𝑋𝐿
𝐼𝐿 𝐼𝑅
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
• In the two branch parallel circuit, the 𝐼𝑅 𝐼
current flowing in the resistance, 𝐼𝑅 , is in-
phase with the supply voltage 𝑉 and the 𝑉
current flowing in the inductance, 𝐼𝐿, lags 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑍 =
𝐼
the supply voltage by 90°.
• QUIZ
A 20 Ω resistor is connected in parallel with an inductance of 2.387 mH across a
60 V, 1 kHz supply. Calculate
(a) current in each branch
(b) supply current
(c) circuit phase angle
(d) circuit impedance
(e) power consumed
• Solution
−1 𝐼𝐿
a. c. 𝜃= 𝑇𝑎𝑛
𝐼𝑅
𝑉 60
𝐼𝑅 = = =3𝐴 4
𝑅 20 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛 −1
3
𝑉 𝑉
𝐼𝐿 = = = 53.130 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑋𝐿 2𝜋𝑓𝑙
𝑉 60
60 d. 𝑍=
𝐼
=
5
= 12 Ω
=
2𝜋𝑥1000𝑥2.387𝑥10−3
=4𝐴
b. From phasor Diagram Supply current, I e. 𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 60𝑥5𝑥𝐶𝑜𝑠 53.13 = 180 𝑊
𝐼= 𝐼𝑅2 + 𝐼𝐿2 Alternatively, 𝑃 = 𝐼𝑅2 𝑅 = 32 𝑥20 = 180 𝑊
= 32 + 42
=5
SINGLE-PHASE PARALLEL A.C. CIRCUITS
• In parallel circuits, the voltage is common • The supply current 𝐼 is the phasor sum of 𝐼𝑅 and
to each branch of the network 𝐼C and thus, the current 𝐼 leads the applied
voltage 𝑉 by an angle 𝜃 lying between 0° and
R–C parallel a.c. Circuit 90°.
𝐼= (𝐼𝑅2 + 𝐼𝐶2 )
𝑉 𝑉
𝐼𝑅 = and 𝐼𝐶 =
𝑅 𝑋𝐶
𝐼𝐶 𝐼𝑅
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
𝐼𝑅 𝐼
• In the two branch parallel circuit, the
current flowing in the resistance, 𝐼𝑅 , is in-
phase with the supply voltage 𝑉 and the 𝑉
current flowing in the capacitor, 𝐼C, leads 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑍 =
𝐼
the supply voltage by 90°.
• QUIZ
A 30 μF capacitor is connected in parallel with an 80 Ω resistor across a 240 V, 50
Hz supply. Calculate
(a) current in each branch
(b) supply current
(c) circuit phase angle
(d) circuit impedance
(e) power dissipated
(f) apparent power.
Answers
a. 𝐼𝑅 = 3 𝐴, 𝐼𝐶 = 2.262𝐴 b. 𝐼 = 3.757 𝐴 𝑐. 𝜃 = 370 𝑑. 𝑍 = 63.88 Ω
SINGLE-PHASE PARALLEL A.C. CIRCUITS
• In parallel circuits, the voltage is • The supply current is the phasor
common to each branch of the network difference between 𝐼𝐶 and 𝐼𝐿
L–C parallel a.c. Circuit • The phasor diagrams depend on the
relative values of 𝐼𝐿 and 𝐼𝐶 :
1. 𝐼𝐿 > 𝐼𝐶 : Supply current will lag voltage by
900
𝑉 𝑉
𝐼𝐿 = and 𝐼𝐶 =
𝑋𝐿 𝑋𝐶 2. 𝐼𝐶 > 𝐼𝐿 : Supply current will lead voltage
by 900
• In the two branch parallel circuit, the
current flowing in the inductor, 𝐼L, lags
the supply voltage by 90° and the
current flowing in the capacitor, 𝐼C ,
leads the supply voltage by 90°.
• QUIZ
A pure inductance of 120 mH is connected in parallel with a 25 μF capacitor and
the network is connected to a 100 V, 50 Hz supply. Determine :
(a) branch currents
(b) Supply current and its phase angle
(c) circuit impedance
(d) power consumed
Answers
a. 𝐼𝐿 = 2.653 𝐴, 𝐼𝐶 = 0.786 𝐴 𝑏. 𝐼 = 1.867 𝐴 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑏𝑦 90 𝐷𝑒𝑔.
𝑐. 𝑧 = 53.56 Ω 𝑑. 𝑃 = 0𝑊
SINGLE-PHASE PARALLEL A.C. CIRCUITS
LR–C parallel a.c. Circuit • Voltage is common in the two
branches, the two phasor are rotated
and superimposed on one another to
give the complete phasor diagram
below
• The phasor diagram for the LR
branch alone is: 𝜏
• The phasor diagram for the C branch
alone is:
• To find the phasor sum of current in the
two branches, resolve the currents into
their vertical and horizontal components
SINGLE-PHASE PARALLEL A.C. CIRCUITS
Phasor Diagram with ILR resolves • Three possible conditions:
a. 𝐼𝐶 > 𝐼𝐿𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛ϕ1; Supply current 𝐼 leading
voltage by an angle ∅
b. 𝐼𝐿𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛ϕ1 > 𝐼𝐶 ; Supply current 𝐼 Lagging
voltage by an angle ∅
𝐼𝐿𝑅𝐶𝑜𝑠ϕ1 c. 𝐼𝐿𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛ϕ1 = 𝐼𝐶 ; Parallel resonance
𝐼𝐿𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛ϕ1
• The Current ILR can be resolved into two
components:
Horizontal component=𝐼𝐿𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠ϕ1
Vertical Component =𝐼𝐿𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛ϕ1
SINGLE-PHASE PARALLEL A.C. CIRCUITS
• Impendance of LR branch: • Circuit Impedance
𝑍𝐿𝑅 = 𝑅2 + 𝑋𝐿2 𝑉
𝑍=
𝑉 𝐼
𝐼𝐿𝑅 =
𝑍𝐿𝑅
𝑉
𝐼𝐶 =
𝑋𝐶
Supply Current :
𝐼 = √{(𝐼𝐿𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2+(𝐼𝐿𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃- 𝐼𝐶 )2}
𝐼𝐿𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃− 𝐼𝐶
𝑇𝑎𝑛∅ =
𝐼𝐿𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝐼𝐿𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝐶𝑜𝑠∅ =
𝐼
• QUIZ
A coil of inductance 0.12 H and resistance 3 kΩ is connected in parallel with a
0.02 μF capacitor and is supplied at 40 V at a frequency of 5 kHz. Determine:
a. current in the coil and its phase angle
b. current in the capacitor
c. supply current and its phase angle
d. circuit impedance
e. power consumed.
Solution b. Current in the capacitor, 𝐼𝑐
1
a. Current through the coil, 𝐼𝐿𝑅 𝑋𝐶 =
2𝜋𝑓𝑐
1
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑙 =
2𝜋𝑥500𝑥(0.02𝑥10−6)
= 2𝜋𝑥5000𝑥0.12
=1592Ω
= 3770Ω 𝑉
𝐼𝐶 =
𝑋𝐶
𝑍𝐼 = 𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐿2
40
=
1592
= 30002 + 37702 =25.13mA leading V by 900
c. Supply Current, 𝐼
= 4818Ω 𝐼= (𝐼𝐿𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2 + 𝐼𝐿𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝐼𝐶 2
𝑉 = 19.34 𝑚𝐴
𝐼𝐿𝑅 =
𝑍𝐼
𝐼𝐶− 𝐼𝐿𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
40 𝜃 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛−1 = 74.50
= (𝐼𝐿𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
4818
= 8.3 𝑚𝐴
𝑋𝐿 3770
Branch Phase angle 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑅 3000
= 51.50 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔
d. Circuit Impedance
𝑉
𝑍=
𝐼
40
=
19.34𝑥10−3
= 2.068 𝑘ΩΩ
e. Power Consumed
𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
= 40𝑥(19.34𝑥10−3 )𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 74.5
= 206.7 𝑚𝑊
PARALLEL RESONANCE
•Resonance occurs in the two branch • Hence
network containing capacitance C in 𝐿
parallel with inductance L and resistance R 𝑅2+ 𝑋𝐿2 2
=
𝐶
in series when the vertical component of 2 2
𝐿
current ILR is equal to IC. 𝑅 + 𝑋𝐿 =
𝐶
• At resonance, the supply current I is in- 𝐿
2𝜋𝑓𝑟𝐿 = - 𝑅2
2
phase with the supply voltage V. 𝐶
Resonant frequency
𝑉 𝑉 𝑋𝐿 1 𝐿
𝐼𝐶 = 𝐿𝑅𝐼 𝑆𝑖𝑛ϕ = = ( ) 𝑓𝑟 = ( − 𝑅2)
𝑋𝐶 𝑍𝐿𝑅 𝑍𝐿𝑅 2𝜋𝐿 𝐶
From which
𝑍𝐿𝑅2 = 𝑋𝐿𝑋𝐶 1 1 𝑅2
= ( − ) Hz
2𝜋 𝐿𝐶 𝐿2
1 𝐿
= 2𝜋𝑓𝑟𝐿 = when R is negligible
2𝜋𝑓𝑟𝐶 𝐶 1
𝑓𝑟 =
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶
PARALLEL RESONANCE
Current at resonance • The impedance at resonance
𝐼𝑟 = 𝐼𝐿𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑉
𝑉 𝑅 𝑍𝑟 =
= ( ) 𝐼𝑟
𝑍𝐿𝑅 𝑍𝐿𝑅
𝑉
𝑉𝑅 =
𝑉𝑅𝐶
= 𝐿
𝑍𝐿𝑅2
𝐿
But 𝑍𝐿𝑅2 = 𝐿
𝐶
𝑉𝑅𝐶 =
Hence; 𝐼𝑟 = 𝑅𝐶
𝐿
• The parallel resonant circuit is often
Hence the current is minimum at
described as a rejector circuit since it
resonance.
presents its maximum impedance at
the resonant frequency
PARALLEL RESONANCE
Q-factor 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
• 𝑄 − 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
• Currents higher than the supply
current can circulate within the 𝐼𝐶 𝐼𝐿𝑅𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃
parallel branches of a parallel = =
resonant circuit, the current leaving 𝐼𝑟 𝐼𝑟
the capacitor and establishing the
magnetic field of the inductor, this 𝐼𝐿𝑅𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃
then collapsing and recharging the 𝐼𝐿𝑅𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃
capacitor, and so on
𝑋𝐿
• The Q-factor of a parallel resonant = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
circuit is the ratio of the current 𝑅
2𝜋𝑓𝑟𝐿
circulating in the parallel branches =
of the circuit to the supply current, 𝑅
i.e. the current magnification.
PARALLEL RESONANCE
Q-factor Solution
A coil of inductance 0.20 H and resistance 1 1 𝑅2
60Ω is connected in parallel with a 20 μF a. 𝑓𝑟 = 2𝜋 𝑙𝑐
− 2
𝐿
capacitor across a 20 V, variable frequency
supply. Calculate:
(a) the resonant frequency, 1 1 602
= −6
− 2
= 63.66 Hz
(b) the current at resonance and 2𝜋 0.2𝑋(20𝑥10 ) 0.2
(c) the circuit Q-factor at resonance.
𝑉𝑅𝐶 20𝑥60𝑥(20𝑥10−6 )
b. 𝐼𝑟 = = = 0.12𝐴
𝐿 0.2
𝑋𝐿 2𝜋𝑓𝑟 𝑙
C. 𝑄 − 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = =
𝑅 𝑅
2𝜋𝑥63.66𝑥0.2
= = 1.33
60
PARALLEL RESONANCE
Power factor Improvement
• For a particular power supplied, a high power factor reduces the current
flowing in a supply system and therefore reduces the cost of cables,
switch-gear, transformers and generators.
• Supply authorities use tariffs which encourage electricity consumers to
operate at a reasonably high power factor.
• Industrial loads such as a.c. motors are essentially inductive (R–L) and may
have a low power factor. One method of improving (or correcting) the
power factor of an inductive load is to connect a static capacitor C in
parallel with the load
