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Optical Instruments

The document discusses various optical instruments, including simple and compound microscopes, and telescopes, detailing their image characteristics and magnification types. It also covers the principles of refraction through prisms, including conditions for emergence and maximum deviation. Key concepts include the relationship between aperture size and image brightness, as well as the behavior of light as it passes through different prism angles.

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Yogeswara Rao Araveeti
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48 views3 pages

Optical Instruments

The document discusses various optical instruments, including simple and compound microscopes, and telescopes, detailing their image characteristics and magnification types. It also covers the principles of refraction through prisms, including conditions for emergence and maximum deviation. Key concepts include the relationship between aperture size and image brightness, as well as the behavior of light as it passes through different prism angles.

Uploaded by

Yogeswara Rao Araveeti
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

INSTRUMENT DIAGRAM FOCAL MAGNIFICATION MAGNIFICATION AT MAGNIFICATION AT NEAREST


LENGTH INFINITY POINT
SIMPLE
MICROSCOPE
IMAGE :
VIRTUAL, ERECT,
ENLARGED
COMPOUND
MICROSCOPE
INTERMIDIATE
IMAGE : REAL ,
INVERTED , Length of the tube
DIMINISHED
L = v0 + fe
FINAL IMAGE :
VIRTUAL,
INVERTED,
ENLARGED [Link]
object
Astronomical
Telescope :
FINAL IMAGE : INTERMIDIATE IMAGE :
VIRTUAL, REAL , INVERTED ,
INVERTED, DIMINISHED
ENLARGED [Link]
object
GALILEO’S
TELESCOPE
At infinity

At nearest point

If a fly is sitting on the objective of a telescope and we take a photograph of distant astronomical object through it, the fly will not be seen but the intensity of
the image will be slightly reduced as the fly will act as obstruction to light and will reduce the aperture of the objective.
A telescope produces angular magnification whereas a microscope produces linear magnification. The image due to a telescope appears to be near to the eye
increasing the visual angle.
Larger aperture of objective helps in improving the brightness of image by gathering more light from the distant object.
Refraction through Prism :
The plane surface on which light is incident and
emerges are called refracting faces.
The angle between the faces on which light is incident
and from which it emerges is called refracting angle or
apex angle or angle of prism (A).
The two refracting surfaces meet each other in a line
called refracting edge.

Condition of no emergence:
1)A > 2C ; µ > cosec(A/ 2) = √ cot2 ( A /2 ) +1

2) the ray emerges out of a prism from the other


surface ; A < 2C ; µ < cosec(A/ 2) = √ cot2 ( A /2 ) +1
;
3) the ray grazes at the other surface A = 2C ;
Maximum deviation:
µ = cosec(A/ 2) ;
A > 2C, all rays are reflected back from the second
surface.
A  C, no rays are reflected back from the
second surface i.e. all rays are refracted from
second surface.
If 2C  A > C, some rays are reflected back from
the second surface and some rays are refracted
from second surface.
 is first decreasing and then increasing for i < e and Condition of grazing emergence:
i > e respectively.
Before i = e, δ decreases more rapidly than it
increases with i after i = e. Right hand side part of the
graph is more tilted then the left hand side. *Deviation produced by small angled prism for
1)If minimum deviation is equal to angle of prism (A) small angle,
then the refractive index of prism is µ = 2cos(A/ 2)
2) If μp= cot(A/2), minimum deviation of prism
δ=1800 – 2A violet is deviated most while red is least deviated.
3) The refractive index of a prism which permits the * For an equilateral prism, it is observed that
transmission of light through it when the refracting when a ray strikes grazing at one face it emerges
angle of the prism is 90° is μ = √ 2 grazing at the other. Its refractive index will be 2

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