Professional Documents
Culture Documents
حسام الحملاوى: السودان - الشمال، الجنوب، والثورة
حسام الحملاوى: السودان - الشمال، الجنوب، والثورة
:
- -
.
:
-
"
" "
"
- -
/ /
-:
.
.
- -
(1).
.
-
.
-
(2).
.
. . "
) ( "(3).
.
. )- 1835
4000 : (1836 7000 250000 64000 19600
(4).
- - . /
.
(5).
.
.
. -
.
.
(6).
.
. 1881
1882
.1885
-:
- 1898
. )(
.
)( (7).
- .
. .
.
.
(8).
" "
.
.
.
.
.
: .
. ""
.
(9).1905
. -
.
. .
) ( .
-
. (10).
1919
. .1923
""
: .
. .
1924
.
(11).
1924
(12).
. 1945 /
(13).1952
:
1946 :
" " )(
.
.
" " .
.1917
.
.
) (1925
.
.
.1917 ""
.
.
" " )(
. " 1946 " .
1924 1946 . )(
. 1946
" " .
%90
40000 .
(14).
)( .
. 8 .1947
. 1948
. 1950
. 1951
. " " .
1952
1952 1953
(15).
.
" " .1956
1947
. (16).
1946
. .
8 1951 ) (1899 .1936
. .
.1952
. 23
1952 (17).
.
19 10 1953
3
(18).
1953
(19).
.
1955 .
. .
. -
- (20).
:1958
""
.1954 18 ) 1955
( .
. .
300 .
(21).
1954
1 .1956
46 3 (22)
.
.
.
) 3(
) (
(23).
" "
" "
.
(24).
.
- -
1957 62 8
. 1958
40 46 (25).
42
%98 . (26).
. 17 1958 .
:1958
1964
"" . (27).
.
.
""
(28).
"" .
1955 "" .
1963 (29).
.
(30).1960
(31).
1960
(32).
1961
.%50 .
1961
. 1963 .
.
45 60
(33).
. .1964
:1964
.
.
. 21 1964 .
(34).
30000
. .
. .
. 26(35).
"
. 3
:
16 1965 .
.
. .
. (36).
.
" " - -
. -
(37).
!) (38
.
.
(39).
.
:
1965
"" .
(40). %17.3 11 15
(41).
(42).
24 1965 (43).
. 1969
"" "" .
.
8 1965 76
(45). .
10 1965 8(46).
(47).
53.2 1961 13.7 (48)1970
1968 (49)
%20 (50)
25/24 1969 " "
:
10
. "" ""
" " .
"
" .
.
.
1958 1 1969
.
""
(52).
.
9
. 25 " "
) ( . 3
4 (53).
" "
.
.
" "
" "
" " . :
" "
. " "
. ""
(54).
"" "".
:
4 3
. 18 .1969
.
4
. .
28(55).
.
. . 29
" " .
31 1969 "
" . - 1 1970
" " .
. 1970
" "
.
. .
" "
" "
!!)(57
3
. "
" " "
1971 . 25
" " 15
(58).1917
29 .
.
.
" " .
(59). .
19 1971 : .
.
(60)
. 22 2000
(61)
.
) ( . 22 72
(62).
. .
" "
" "!!!)(63
(64).
(65).
1983 .
.
.1974 .
2 .
1974 . .
(66).
.1973
1971
65000 - 1979 1969
(67).1979 - 1975
1976
(68). 1977 -
(70).
(71).
:
1964
.
.1973 .1977
.
(72).
.
. %1.3
% 5,5 %9 1971
% 8.2 .1980 10 3
300 1979
(73).1982 - 1978 3.6 5 .1982
(76).1981
1983
- -.
5 )
!(
. ) 10
( . .
.
(77).
1983
. 1983
105 . ) 2
(1972 (78).
2 .
2
2 (79).
(80).
. 28 1983
1984 (81).
/ 1985 .
:1985
) (
23 1985 .
) (.
) .(82
) .(83 1 "
") . (84
6 1985
1971
. 1985
1964
. "" :
) (85 .
) (87 1986
%38 (88).35
. ) ( %18.5 23
28
(89).
" "
" " (92).
. "" (93).
2 (94).1987
15 1988
.
" " . -
) ( -
1988 (95).
. (96).1988
(97).
) .(! %500
.
.
.
28 - (98).
1988
. 1989
27
(99).
"" .
30 (100) 1989 .
1989 :
- "" ""
(103) .
(104).
) /( )
( 1992
- 1989
"" .
).(105
.
.1990 .
- -
(106).
1992 (107).
.
. /
) 1992 ( .
) .(108
(109).
" "
.
. .
1993.
:
"
) (" .
/
2
. :
) (
. :
1992 ""
.
/
.
1994
" "
" "
. :
.
" "
.1995
.
1994
/
.
" "
.
/
" " .
(111).
.1993 (112)1993
(113) .1994
/
. 1994
60 20 10000
.
(114).
1995
) (
(115).
.
14
(116).
(117).
. 4
.
1500 .
" "!!
!
14
(118).
96
!)(119
1997 .
.
(120).
(121).
29
161000 .
(122).
.
29 .
)( (123).
"" .
""
)(
. !
(124).
:
.
)( ""
" "
"
"! ) (125
"" . 1992
3
) !( .
1997
.
.
" "
" " ! !
) (
1997 .
70000
10 ) (
.
(126) 3000.
) (
.
-1969 " "
""
" " .
- - )
(.
1998
.
160 .
:
1999 .
) (
.
" " .
.
: :
: .
" " .
(128)
- - 1995 ) (
(129).
- -
8 ) (
(130) .
" "
.
9 1997
(131)
. 1998 :
" " "
1999/11/27
" "
" " . !
12 .
. " "
" " ""
. "
" 6
.
- .
""
(133).
/ )
(
-
: .
.
:
.
.
.
.
.
:
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.10
.11
.12
.13
.14
.15
.16
.17
.18
.19
.20
.21
.22
.23
.24
.25
.26
.27
.28
.29
.30
.31
.32
.33
.34
.35
.36
.37
.38
.39
.40
.41
. . : .1987 .21
. . : .1978 .5
. .1955 - 1820 .1993 .70 - 69
.73 - 72
.7
. .1989 - 1898 : .1990.23
.15 - 14
.41
.46
.26 24
.47 - 46
.49 - 48
.339
.96 95
.98 97
.83
.76 74
.77 76
.88
.84 83
. . . . : .1993 .12
.77
.98 97
.101 100
105 104 101
. . : .1999 .97
.106
.72
.107
.109 108
.82
.109
.114 112 110
.114
.108
.113
" ". : ) .1977 (
. . 1992.112
.90 - 89
.111
.116 115
.42
.43
.44
.45
.46
.47
.48
.49
.50
.51
.52
.53
.54
.55
.56
.57
.58
.59
.60
.61
.62
.63
.64
.65
.66
.67
.68
.69
.70
.71
.72
.73
.74
.75
.76
.77
.78
.79
.80
.81
.82
.83
.84
.85
.116
" . " . ) (21 1989 .396
.85
.161
.83
.112
.85
.120
.85
.394
.393
.396
.398 397
.399 398
.400
.403 400
.405
.405
.131
.405
.132
.135
.139
.210
.45 - 44
.213 211
.20
.213
. . : ) .(2 .61
.60
.61 - 60
.211
.21
.60
www. Sudan. Net :
.125 124
1985/4/11 .16
.128 126
.127
www. Sudan. Net :
. .1995 1985: :1996 .21
85/4/10 .2
.21
.48
.86 1985/11/8 .1
.87 .55 25
.88 . . .1991 : .32
.89 .59
.90 .85
.91 .59
.92 .64 63
.93 .64
.94 .152
.95 .67 66
.96 .86 85
.97 .68
.98 1988/12/28 1988/12/29 7 .1
.99 .137
.71
.100
.62
.101
90 .67
.102
.103
". " . . 1991 13 - 9
" " 1999 1989 .16
.104
.175 174
.105
.179 177
.106
.179
.107
.183
.108
. .1995 : .120
.109
1994 .127
.110
.118
.111
1993 .120
.112
1994 .113
.113
.121
.114
1995 .120 119
.115
.121 120
.116
.123
.117
.127 124
.118
1997 .90 76
.119
1998 .58 49
.120
.58
.121
.59 58
.122
.60
.123
.53
.124
.
.125
1998 .65 64
.126
1999 .104 87 85
.127
AFP .21
.128
AFP .20
.129
.130
.131
.132
.133
.8
1998.61
1999.101
AFP .26