You are on page 1of 32

:

:
- -
.

:
-

"

" "

"

- -

/ /

-:
.

.
- -
(1).

.
-
.

-
(2).

.

. . "

) ( "(3).

.

. )- 1835
4000 : (1836 7000 250000 64000 19600
(4).
- - . /
.

(5).

.

.
. -

.
.

(6).


.
. 1881
1882

.1885

-:
- 1898

. )(
.
)( (7).
- .

. .

.
.

(8).
" "
.

.
.

"" " " ""



.

.

.

: .

. ""
.
(9).1905

. -
.

. .
) ( .
-
. (10).
1919
. .1923
""
: .

. .
1924
.

(11).

1924

1938 " " .


" "
. 1943

(12).

. 1945 /
(13).1952

:
1946 :
" " )(
.
.

" " .

.1917

.

.

) (1925
.

"" " "

.
.1917 ""
.


.
" " )(
. " 1946 " .
1924 1946 . )(

. 1946
" " .

%90
40000 .

(14).
)( .

. 8 .1947

. 1948
. 1950
. 1951

. " " .
1952

1952 1953
(15).

.
" " .1956
1947

. (16).

1946

. .

8 1951 ) (1899 .1936

. .
.1952

. 23

1952 (17).


.
19 10 1953
3
(18).

1953

(19).

.
1955 .

. .

. -

- (20).

:1958

""

.1954 18 ) 1955

( .
. .
300 .
(21).


1954

1 .1956

46 3 (22)

.

.

.
) 3(

) (

(23).

" "
" "

.
(24).

.
- -
1957 62 8
. 1958


40 46 (25).
42
%98 . (26).

. 17 1958 .

:1958
1964

"" . (27).

.
.

""
(28).

"" .
1955 "" .
1963 (29).
.
(30).1960

(31).

1960
(32).

1961
.%50 .

1961
. 1963 .


.
45 60
(33).


. .1964

:1964
.
.
. 21 1964 .

(34).
30000

. .


. .


. 26(35).


"

" " "

. 3

:
16 1965 .
.
. .
. (36).

.

" " - -

. -

(37).

!) (38
.

.
(39).

.

:
1965
"" .

(40). %17.3 11 15

(41).

(42).

24 1965 (43).
. 1969

332 160000 (44).

"" "" .
.

8 1965 76
(45). .

10 1965 8(46).

(47).

53.2 1961 13.7 (48)1970
1968 (49)

%20 (50)
25/24 1969 " "

:
10
. "" ""
" " .

"
" .
.
.

1958 1 1969

" " (51).1970

.
""

(52).

.
9

. 25 " "

) ( . 3
4 (53).
" "

.
.

" "
" "

" " . :

" "
. " "

. ""

(54).

"" "".

:
4 3
. 18 .1969
.
4
. .


28(55).
.
. . 29
" " .

(56). "" ""

31 1969 "
" . - 1 1970
" " .
. 1970

" "

.
. .

" "
" "
!!)(57
3
. "
" " "
1971 . 25

" " 15

(58).1917

29 .

.
.

" " .
(59). .
19 1971 : .
.

(60)

. 22 2000

(61)
.

) ( . 22 72

(62).

. .

" "
" "!!!)(63
(64).

(65).

1983 .
.

.1974 .
2 .
1974 . .

(66).

.1973
1971
65000 - 1979 1969
(67).1979 - 1975
1976

(68). 1977 -

" " . (69).

(70).
(71).

:
1964

.

.1973 .1977
.
(72).
.
. %1.3

% 5,5 %9 1971

% 8.2 .1980 10 3
300 1979
(73).1982 - 1978 3.6 5 .1982

%800 (74).1982 - 1970


(75)1982 81 43000

(76).1981

1983

- -.

5 )

!(

. ) 10
( . .

.
(77).
1983

. 1983
105 . ) 2
(1972 (78).

2 .
2
2 (79).

(80).


. 28 1983
1984 (81).
/ 1985 .

:1985
) (

23 1985 .

) (.

) .(82
) .(83 1 "
") . (84
6 1985

1971
. 1985
1964

. "" :
) (85 .

" " ""


8) (86


) (87 1986
%38 (88).35
. ) ( %18.5 23
28

(89).

"" "" (90).


(91). .

" "


" " (92).

. "" (93).

2 (94).1987

15 1988
.
" " . -
) ( -

1988 (95).

. (96).1988


(97).


) .(! %500
.

.
.
28 - (98).

1988

. 1989

27
(99).

"" .

30 (100) 1989 .

1989 :

- "" ""

" " (101).


- .
- (102)
.


(103) .
(104).

) /( )

( 1992

- 1989

"" .

).(105

.

.1990 .
- -

(106).

1992 (107).

.

. /
) 1992 ( .

) .(108
(109).

" "
.

. .

1993.

:
"
) (" .

/
2

. :

) (
. :
1992 ""


.
/
.

1994

" "

13 1994 " " (110).


" "

. :
.

" "

.1995
.

1994

/
.

" "
.
/


" " .

550 1989 210 1994 %150


%1500 1989 40 12

(111).

.1993 (112)1993
(113) .1994
/
. 1994

60 20 10000
.


(114).

1995
) (

(115).
.


14
(116).

(117).


. 4
.

1500 .


" "!!
!
14


(118).

96


!)(119
1997 .

.
(120).


(121).
29

161000 .

(122).

.
29 .

)( (123).

"" .

""

)(
. !

(124).

:
.

)( ""

" "
"

"! ) (125

"" . 1992
3

1995 " "


.



) !( .

1997
.
.
" "
" " ! !

) (

1997 .

70000

10 ) (
.
(126) 3000.

) (
.
-1969 " "

""
" " .
- - )
(.
1998
.



160 .

(127). " "

:
1999 .


) (
.
" " .
.

: :
: .
" " .
(128)
- - 1995 ) (

(129).
- -

8 ) (
(130) .
" "
.
9 1997

(131)

. 1998 :
" " "

") (132 1999


.

1999/11/27
" "
" " . !

12 .

. " "
" " ""

. "

" 6
.

- .
""
(133).


/ )
(

-
: .

.

:


.


.
.

.

.

:
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.10
.11
.12
.13
.14
.15
.16
.17
.18
.19
.20
.21
.22
.23
.24
.25
.26
.27
.28
.29
.30
.31
.32
.33
.34
.35
.36
.37
.38
.39
.40
.41

. . : .1987 .21
. . : .1978 .5
. .1955 - 1820 .1993 .70 - 69
.73 - 72
.7
. .1989 - 1898 : .1990.23
.15 - 14
.41
.46
.26 24
.47 - 46
.49 - 48
.339
.96 95
.98 97
.83
.76 74
.77 76
.88
.84 83
. . . . : .1993 .12
.77
.98 97
.101 100
105 104 101
. . : .1999 .97
.106
.72
.107
.109 108
.82
.109
.114 112 110
.114
.108
.113
" ". : ) .1977 (
. . 1992.112
.90 - 89
.111
.116 115

.42
.43
.44
.45
.46
.47
.48
.49
.50
.51
.52
.53
.54
.55
.56
.57
.58
.59
.60
.61
.62
.63
.64
.65
.66
.67
.68
.69
.70
.71
.72
.73
.74
.75
.76
.77
.78
.79
.80
.81
.82
.83
.84
.85

.116
" . " . ) (21 1989 .396
.85
.161
.83
.112
.85
.120
.85
.394
.393
.396
.398 397
.399 398
.400
.403 400
.405
.405
.131
.405
.132
.135
.139
.210
.45 - 44
.213 211
.20
.213
. . : ) .(2 .61
.60
.61 - 60
.211
.21
.60
www. Sudan. Net :
.125 124
1985/4/11 .16
.128 126
.127
www. Sudan. Net :
. .1995 1985: :1996 .21
85/4/10 .2
.21
.48

.86 1985/11/8 .1
.87 .55 25
.88 . . .1991 : .32
.89 .59
.90 .85
.91 .59
.92 .64 63
.93 .64
.94 .152
.95 .67 66
.96 .86 85
.97 .68
.98 1988/12/28 1988/12/29 7 .1
.99 .137
.71
.100
.62
.101
90 .67
.102
.103
". " . . 1991 13 - 9
" " 1999 1989 .16
.104
.175 174
.105
.179 177
.106
.179
.107
.183
.108
. .1995 : .120
.109
1994 .127
.110
.118
.111
1993 .120
.112
1994 .113
.113
.121
.114
1995 .120 119
.115
.121 120
.116
.123
.117
.127 124
.118
1997 .90 76
.119
1998 .58 49
.120
.58
.121
.59 58
.122
.60
.123
.53
.124
.
.125
1998 .65 64
.126
1999 .104 87 85
.127
AFP .21
.128
AFP .20
.129

.130
.131
.132
.133

.8
1998.61
1999.101
AFP .26

You might also like