INTERNSHIP REPORT

ON

“CONSTRUCTION OF G+14(ATHARVA NAGRI

VII) RESIDENTIAL BUIKLDING”
AT

“ATHARVA INFRASTRUCTURE”

Submitted by
Ayush Ganesh Gawande
Academic Year 2023-2024

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

ST. VINCENT PALLOTTI

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Wardha Road, Gavsi Manapur , Nagpur-441108

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 INTRODUCTION

Civil Engineering is the oldest engineering discipline, it deals with the built environment and
much defines modern civilization buildings and bridges are often first construction come to
our mind, one of civil engineering’s major sub – discipline. Roads, railroads, subway systems,
and airports are designed by transportation engineer.
As Nagpur University RTMNU gives us an opportunity to gain a knowledge in filed work as an
internship in last semester of our academic’s. This helps us to understand the practical
knowledge on filed based work, real word experiences.

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 ATHARVA INFRASTRUCTURE

Atharva Infrastructure, a distinguished company rooted in Nagpur, has established itself as a

reputable player in the construction industry. Specializing in a wide array of projects including
layouts, bungalows, colonies, and flats, the company has gain recognition for its commitment to
excellence and innovation.
As part of their ongoing commitment to fostering talent in the field, Atharva Nagari
Infrastructure offers a unique opportunity for a three-month internship. The internship is
centered around their latest commercial project situated on the Besa Pipla Road in Nagpur. This
ambitious venture encompasses four acres of prime land, showcasing the company's dedication
to large-scale, impactful developments.
During the internship, participants will gain valuable insights into the intricacies of real estate
and construction, particularly within the context of commercial projects. This hands-on
experience will provide a holistic understanding of the industry while working within the
dynamic and forward-thinking environment that defines Atharva Nagari Infrastructure.

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 DETAILS OF PROJECT

 Address of the site :- Atharva nagri 8 behind leverage building at besa pipla road,
Nagpur.
 Scheme: - G+ 14 Building (Tower A)
 Plot area:- 4 acres – 16187,427 sq.m
 Number of Flats: - 98 Flats 2&3 BHK
 Flat sizes :- 1197.00 [Link] 1478.00 [Link]

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 1. EXCAVATION AND LEVELING

Foundation leveling is a process of adjusting a building foundation to a stable and a level

position. The primary objective for leveling is to prepare the ground for PCC work, ensuring a
flat and even surface. This is done by excavator and loader equipment, the intension is to
achieve a leveled position of the ground.
The construction site must be clean before the work is executed, this work involves the removal
of extra soil, debris, and leveling ground level.
As shown in figure 1.3 Leveling is done with the help of instrument called Dumpy level, it is
used to locate the points in same horizontal plane. It is also called as automatic level, Elevations
of different points and distance between the points of same elevation can be determined by
dumpy level.

Figure 1.1 Leveling of site Figure 1.2 Excavation of site

1.1 DUMPY LEVEL

Dumpy level is a surveying instrument used for measuring horizontal and vertical angles to
establish points at the same horizontal level. The instrument is widely used in construction,
topography survey, and geodetic work, providing measurement for leveling in surveying and
height determination.
The procedure involve:-
 Setting up instrument
 Leveling
 Focusing
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The instrument is fixed on the tripod stand using clamp screw, the tripod legs are spread
position the instrument at a convenient height and adjust the bubble on bubble tube by adjusting
the tripod legs as shown in figure 1.3. With the used of a cross staff various reference point
where taken and a average leveliing point was given.

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 Figure 1.3 Levveling by dumpy level

Leveling the instrument involves using foot screw, align the telescope parallel to any two
leveling screws, centering the bubbles in the tube by adjusting both screws inward and outward.
Rotate the telescope 90 degree and adjust 3rd screw until the bubble center. Repeat this until the
bubble stays on the middle.
In our site there is some uneven surface therefore they used churi to level the surface for PCC
work.

1.2 CRAWELR EXCAVATOR

Crawelr excavator is a earthmoving vehicle that has bucket, arm, rotating cab and
moveable tracks. These excavator use hydraulic power mechanism to lift heavy debris and
soil. These machine is used for excavation of soil for foundation as shown in figure 1.2 and
1.4.

Figure 1.4 Crawler Excavator Used For Excavation And Levelling

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 2. PCC WORK FOR FOUNDATION

PCC (Plain concrete cement) it helps in distributing the load uniformly from the structure to the
soil beneath. This is important to prevent uneven settlement and stability of the entire structure.
For thus foundation they used M15 ratio for PCC work the ratio for these grade is [Link] that
mean 1 part of cement, 2 part of sand and 4 part of aggregate.
We observe on site the ratio of PCC as:-
PCC 1 BAGS ½ BAGS
In Sand 6 3
Ghamela 20mm aggregate 10 5
40mm aggregate 4 2
Dust 6 3

Figure 2.1 Laying of PCC

The above table shows that the quantity they used to utilize on site in on site PCC work for
foundation. The PCC work is done for an average of 6 inches to form a levelled surface to avoid
the contact of soil, the soil extract the water from PCC.
2.1 CONCRETE MIX MACHINE
As shown in figure 2.2, concrete mix machine is used in construction to mix cement, water,
sand, aggregate and other material to make a concrete. This type of concrete mixture machine is
used for small to medium-sized construction project.

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2.2 AJEX MILLER
Along with concrete mix machine ajex miller is also used the benefit of this machine is that it
has loading arms with titing hatch bucket it flows the material into the drum from bucket, and
accurately measures all the ingredient, it is easy to operate, thus it saves the time of labours and
the work will be done fast as shown in figure 2.3.

Figure
Figure 2.2 Concrete Mix Machine Figure 2.3 Ajex Miller
 Quantity of cement used for PCC is: - 1259 bags
 Quantity of sand used for PCC is:- 87.38 cu.m
 Quantity of aggregate used for PCC is:- 174.77 cu.m
 Quantity of PCC :- 1324.08 m2 X 0.15m = 198.612 cu.m

2.3 TROLLEY
Trolley are used to carry concrete from one point to other with the help of labor’s and then the
concrete are poured on the surface and evenly spread on the ground as shown in figure 2.4.

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 Figure 2.4 Laying of PCC using Trolleys.

3. COLUMN CENTRE POINT MARKING

The layout of columns are marked with the help of Total station (TS) with the help of center
line plan it provides detail information of regarding the position of columns.
Total station is the instrument used to measure horizontal and vertical angles and the slope
distance to a particular point and to collect the data and perform calculation. The very first step
is to set tripod on the ground and set the bubble with the screw the bubble should be in a center
then establish the reference point with stack and mark the point. Connect the battery pack and
controller to the total station using appropriate cables then turn on the device make the
adjustment using the fine level to get directly over the survey marker on the stake.
After the setting the X and Y coordinate they mark the point of column with the help of prism.
After PCC (plain concrete cement) work done we had to layout the points of column Mr hasizm
javed sir provide us with the site plan detailing of column layouting, allowing us to check the
points marked are at the correct position as given in site plan. The column point marking is
done with the help of instrument called prism as shown fig we then double re-checked the
distances of the columns using measuring tap and high lights the points by using oil pants.

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 Figure 3.1 Column Centre point marking using Total Station

Figure 3.2 Designation column centre pint and column number with paint.

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 4. COLUMN CENTRE LINE MARKING
Centre line marking is done with the help of line dori, according to measurement of tie the
thread for center line of the column, the point of interaction of two sides of threads for center
line of the columns. A column may have different dimensions but it has the same centerline and
gets a proper position of the column.
If the column position is not appropriate, the load distribution may become uneven and it
increases the risk of building to collapse.

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 Figure 4.1 Centre line plan study

Figure 4.2 Centre line marking calculation

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 Figure 4.3 Column Centre line marking

5. RAFT FOUNDATION OR MAT FOUNATION

The function of foundation is to safely sustain and transmit to the ground on which it rests the
combine dead imposed and wind load in such a manner as not to cause any settlement or other
movement which would impair the stability or sub soil beneath foundation is compressed and
reacts by exerting an upward pressure to resist foundation loading.
The foundation that construct in our project is a Raft foundation or also called as mat
foundation as shown in figure 5.1.

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 Figure 5.1 Reinforcement of Raft Foundation
Raft or mat foundation are the type of foundation which are spread across the entire area of the
building to support heavy structural load from column’s and walls.
The use of mat foundation for columns and walls foundations where the loads from the structure
on columns and walls are very high. This is use to prevent different settlement of individual
footing. It is suitable for expansive soil whose bearing capacity is less for the suitability of
spread footing and wall footing.
This foundation should not be used where the ground water table is above the bearing surface of
the soil.

6. BOTTOM REINFORCEMENT OF THE RAFT FOUNDATION

The structure transfer the load from the building to the soil or rock, bottom reinforcement in
foundation provides structural integrity and resist tensile forces. The presence of bottom
reinforcement helps to prevent and control the cracking in the concrete.
In seismic regions, buildings are subjected to horizontal forces during earthquake. Bottom
reinforcement in the foundation improves the foundation ability to withstand these
earthquake lateral forces and reduces the risk of structural damage. The bottom
reinforcement helps distribute load more uniformly across the foundation. A raft
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foundation has thickness of

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600mm, while the top reinforcement of the raft has 1000mm thickness as per site plan shown
in fig.
As shown in figure 6.1 raft are provided with mesh of rebar both bottom X direction and in
bottom Y direction the spacing of the rebar are 200c/c additional bottom reinforcement is
also given as shown fig as it provided layer above the mesh, additional reinforcement is
generally required below the column as positive bending moments are generated below
them.
16mm of main reinforcemnmt and 20 mm of extra reinforcement where used.

Figure 6.1 Bar Bending Of Bottom Reinforcement Of Raft

6.1 CHAIRS
 The chairs as shown in Figure 6.2 they used to hold the reinforcement in position.
 The chairs maintain the distance between top and bottom reinforcement.
 They hold the reinforcement such that the concrete may surround the reinforcement
from all directions.
 The chairs keep the reinforcement in place in case of any vibrations due to machines
or laboures walk on the tied reinforcement.
 It maintains the tidiness of work and mess up is hence avoided.
 It is one of the most important part of raft foundation.
 The diameter of chair should not be less then 12mm.
 It increases the tension property of concrete, thus it helps to prevent the structure from
collapsing due to failure in tension zone.

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 Figure 6.2 Chairs with Dimension
 There are 336 chairs are fixed in section A.
 The development length of the chair (leg of the chair) is 425mm.
 The distance between 2 chairs are 800mm.
 The top length of head of chair is 730mm.

6.2 CLEAR COVER

 Clear cover used in bottom reinforcement is 50mm as shown in fig.
 Main bar diameter is 20mm for bottom reinforcement.
 Distribution bar diameter is 16mm for bottom reinforcement.
 Overlapping of bars are 800mm.
 The spacing varies but 200c/c is used.

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 Figure 6.3 Circular Clearr Cover for Raft Foundation
 The clear cover is provided to protect the reinforcement from corrosion.
 The clear cover for foundation footing should not be at least 50mm for mild exposure and
at least 75mm for severe exposure
 It is essential to give clear cover which ensures that the reinforcement remains protected
from damage.
 The damage in reinforcement can lead to a reduction in the strength of the structure.

6.3 JOGGLE OR OVERLAPPING

 The overlapping of steel bar is important because it transfer the stresses from one bar to
other bar.
 The overlapping is depending on tension zone, compression zone, rebar zone, concrete
cover, grade of concrete.
 The overlapping for 16mm dia bar is 800mm.

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 The normal overlap for reinforcing bars is typically 50 times the diameter of the bar as
shown in fig
 On the construction site, always the top bar of the column is joggled for the lapping
purpose.
 After concrete work if you joggle the bottom bar, it may produce cracks or break the
portion of concrete, due to the force applied for joggle work.

Figure 6.4 Joggle and Overlapping

Figure 6.5 Barbending for Joggle

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 7. TOP REINFORCEMENT OF THE RAFT FOUNDATION
Similar to the bottom reinforcement rafts are provided with the mesh of rebars which run along
both X direction and Y direction. The spacing between rebars are 150c/c in top reinforcement,
additional top and bottom reinforcement are provided with diameter of 20mm bar at the corner
of the foundation where shear walls are provided.

Figure 7.1 Bar bending of Top Reinforcement of raft foundation

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7.1 COLUMNS
 Columns are vertical structure transmits the compressive loads along with the column
shear walls are also provided at the corner of the foundation.
 Stirupps are provided from the bottom of the raft the angle of the hook is 135 degree
therefore they resist the shear force easily.
 Lateral ties help to improve the lateral stability of the column and preventing it from
buckling or failing under load.
 The longitudinal bars of the column need to be adequately anchored into the
foundation or the base.
 The length required for the bars to fully develop their strength is known as the
development length.
 It ensures a reliable transfer of forces between the column and the foundation.
 The development length depends on the bar size, concrete strength, and design
specifications.
 The Development length should not be less than 300mm.
 The concrete cover in the column should not be less than 40mm.

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7.2 SHEAR WALL
Shear wall are provided at the corner of the foundation.
Shear wall are provided in high rise building to resist earthquake forces.
The earthquake forces produce large displacement vibration which leads to an unsafe
building causing discomfort to the occupants.
 Shear wall carry large horizontal forces, the overturning effects of earthquake are large.
 As mention above the shear walls are provided at the corner to increase the resistance
of the building.

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24
 8. SHUTTERING OF RAFT FOUNDATION

 Shuttering helps in giving the shape and strength to the concrete.

 Shuttering or formwork is the process of giving support and stability to the concrete
before it become solid.
 The shuttering for foundation is made from plywood.
 The material used for shuttering must be in good quality and the thickness of the
shuttering is 3 inches.
 Before pouring the concrete oil or grease was applied on the plywood. This way, the
concrete doesn’t stick and the shuttering can come off easily.
 Removing of the shuttering is done after the concrete is set completely.
 Shuttering is kept for 24hours.
 Shuttering was provide with support so that due to the pressure of the concrete the
shuttering must not fall as shown in figure 8.1.

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Figure 8.1 Shuttering for raft foundation

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 9. RCC FOR RAFT FOUNDATION
 Concrete can be weak when it comes to tension, yet it has high compressive strength,
making it better fit to be combined with steel, increasing its tensile strength. The base of
the foundation that connects the building surface to earth is the lowest level of the
building, and divides the pressure from the construction design to the ground, thus
foundation must be durable enough to withstand the damage.
 The Reinforced cement concrete (RCC) is responsible for strengthen building base and
supporting entire building structure to keep it upright. The grade for RCC is M30 the
ratio for this grade is 1:0.75:1.5 that means 1 part of cement 0.75 part of sand and 1.5 part
of aggregate. As shown in fig these is the setup for Reinforced concrete cement (RCC)
where aluminum sheet are lay down in such a way that concrete mix directly goes to the
raft foundation.
 Concrete mix was made at the site with used of concrete mix machine and ajex miller and
were lay down with special arrangements as shown in figure 9.1.

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 Figure 9.1 Concrete Mix and Laying
 After pouring the fresh concrete the needle vibrator is used to compact concrete. This are
used to remove the traped air and access water, it is to settle concrete firmly in the place
of form work. This is done to do the consolidation of concrete and avoid defect.
 Electric and desiel vibrator where used.

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 Figure 9.2 Concrete Laying and use of Vibrator
 Along with concrete mixture ajex mixture are also used for RCC as menstion above it is
easy operate and saves the time of labour. The RCC done within 6 days.

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10. SHUTTERING OF COLUMNS
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10.1 COLUMN STARTER
Starters are needed to cast the column in proper alignment. Column starter
marking is the process of casting the first 50 to 100 mm height of the column
for the alignment of the rest of the column. To construct the column starter,
shutters are made to the size of the column and the height of the shutter
should be normally 75 to 100 mm. The shutters are fixed at the bottom of the
column according to the centre line. Check the shuttering and reinforcements
of the starter for verticality.

10.2 COLUMN CASTING

 Once the formwork and reinforcement are in place, concrete is poured into the
formwork. The concrete mix should have the appropriate proportions of cement,
aggregates, water, and any required additives or admixtures to achieve the desired
strength and workability. The concrete is poured in layers, and care is taken to ensure
it is evenly distributed and compacted to avoid voids and honeycombing.
 After pouring, the concrete needs to be consolidated to remove any trapped air and
achieve proper compaction. Vibrating equipment, such as concrete vibrators, may be
used to consolidate the concrete and ensure it fills the formwork. Proper consolidation
helps to improve the strength and durability of the column.
 While consolidation is important, excessive vibration can lead to segregation of
aggregates and affect the bond between the concrete and reinforcement. Avoid over-
vibrating the concrete, especially near the reinforcement, and ensure that the vibrator
is inserted properly to avoid damaging the [Link] cure the freshly poured
concrete column to promote hydration and achieve the desired strength development.
Apply appropriate curing methods such as covering the column with curing blankets,

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using wet burlap, or applying curing compounds. Protect the column from excessive
drying, extreme temperatures, and external damage during the curing period.

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 11. BACKFILLING
 Backfilling refers to a process in which material is used to fill an excavated or empty
area, typically to restore the ground to its original level or to provide support and
stability. It is commonly used in construction, mining, and civil engineering projects.
 The process of backfilling involves placing suitable material, such as soil, gravel, sand, or
crushed stone, into the excavated area. This material is compacted and levelled to ensure
proper support and stability for the surrounding structures to prepare the area for future
construction.

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 12. PLINTH BEAM
A beam which is constructed at the plinth level is known as plinth beam. Plinth beam is
provided to prevent the extension or propagation of cracks from the foundation into the wall
above the foundation suffer from settlement. The plinth beam distribute the weight outward,
dispersing it more evenly through the ground or floor. It carries masonry load at ground floor
level. Plinth beam prevents differential settlement in structure because entire load coming on
the plinth beam is uniformly transferred to the foundation. It prevents dampness from
foundation to enter the building, it ties the entire column, it prevent the building to collapse
during an earthquake. Plinth beam distribute the load uniformly.

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12.1 BOTTOM SCAFFOLDING
Before the bar bending of the plinth beam bottom formwork of the plinth beam
needs to be placed which is kept on bricks to maintain the bottom level of the
plinth beam according to the design. Whereas in this case, the bottom level of
the plinth beam is equal to the road level.

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13.2 BAR BENDING

The bar bending of the plinth beam is to be done at the location of the beam,
where the beam needs to be placed as shown in the figure.
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13.3 PLINTH BEAM
REINFORCEMENT
 MAIN REINFORCMENT
(a) Bottom reinforcement: Plinth
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beams generally have bottom

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 reinforcement to resist tensile
forces. The bottom reinforcement
consists of longitudinal bars that
run along the length of the beam
and are placed at the bottom of
the beam's cross-section. The
bottom of the plinth beam has
two reinforcing steel bars with a
minimum diameter of 12mm.
(b) Top reinforcement: In some
cases, plinth beams may also
have top reinforcement. The top
reinforcement helps control
cracking and improves the beam's
capacity to resist bending and
shear forces. On the top are two
more steel bars for reinforcement
with a diameter of at least 10 mm.
(c) Stirrups: Lateral reinforcement
in the form of stirrups or ties is
typically provided in plinth
beams to prevent shear failures.
Stirrups are placed around the
bottom and top reinforcement at
regular intervals along the length
of the beam. The hooks of the
stirrups are always provided at
the top reinforcement in case of a
simply supported beam because,
initially it was thought, that hooks
of stirrups should be provided in
the compression zone of a beam.
By this logic, a cantilever beam
hook is to be placed at the bottom
and for other beams at the top -
generally done. But then the
question arises - how do the
stirrups work effectively in the
face of the support of other fixed

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 beams where there is - ve
moment i.e., tension at the top?
Because in the case of max.
shear, the stirrups tend to open so
they can be conveniently kept
closed in the compression zone
rather than in the tension zone.
(d) Development Length: The
development length of the main
reinforcement should be equal to
the depth of the column
subtracting the clear cover from
both sides.
(e) Extra Top and Extra Bottom:
In continuous beams, undergo
hogging
moments at the top corner face (max. in L/4 region from the face of the
column) & sagging moments at the bottom middle region.
Therefore, extra steel at the top & bottom face is provided as per design
requirements to cater for the extra moments.
(f) Clear Cover: The minimum
thickness of the main
reinforcement in the plinth beam
should not be less than 25mm.

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41
12.4 PLINTH BEAM CASTING
 Formwork is constructed to define the shape and dimensions of the beam. The
formwork can be made of various materials such as wood, steel, or plastic, and it
should be strong enough to withstand the pressure of the wet concrete. The
formwork is carefully aligned and secured to ensure that the beam is straight and
aligned with the structural design.
 The concrete was prepared for a grade of M25 mix i.e., ([Link] ratio) means 1 part
of cement, 1 part of fine aggregate (sand) and 2 parts of coarse aggregate with a
water- cement ratio of 0.38.
 Once the formwork and reinforcement are in place, concrete is poured into the
formwork. The concrete is typically placed in layers and compacted using vibration
equipment to ensure proper compaction and remove any trapped air or voids. The
concrete is poured continuously to achieve a monolithic structure without cold
joints.

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 13. OVERLAPING OF COLUMN

 Overlapping in columns and beams refers to the practice of extending the

reinforcement bars from one section to another and overlapping them to ensure
continuity and structural integrity.
 The specific requirements for overlapping reinforcement bars in columns and
beams are determined by the structural design and are typically specified in the
design drawings and specifications. The design considers factors such as loadings,
concrete strength, and development length requirements to determine the
appropriate overlap lengths.
 Lapping is usually done where minimum bending stress is encountered. In general,
lap length is 50d which means 50 times the bar diameter, if both bars are of the
same diameter.
 Lapping should be done in such a way that the clear cover should be maintained
at the lapped portion of the bar.
 The spacing of the stirrups in the lapping zone should be minimal or in other
words, you have to provide more stirrups (lateral ties) in the lapping zone of
the column.

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