PROJECT REPORT

ON
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING
Starting date of training March - 2019

Ending date of training June– 2019

COLLEGE :- Lala Lajpat Rai Institute of

Engineering And Technology ( MOGA )

Name :- Baljot Singh

Roll no :-15113240

Civil Engineering Final year 2015 Batch

Semester :- 8th
 Acknowledgement

It is great pleasure to present this report on Industrial training undertaken by me as a part of my Civil
Engineering curriculum.

I am thankful to “MRSPTU” for offering me such a wonderful challenging oppurtunity and I express
my deepest thanks to all coordinators of “GULMOHAR HEIGHTS” for providing all the possible
help and assistance and their constant encouragement during my training.

It is pleasure that we find ourselves penning down these lines to express our sincere thanks to the
people who helped us along the way in completing our project. We find inadequate words to express
our sincere gratitude towards them.

First and foremost we would like to express our gratitude towards our training guide Er. Narendra
Singh
(Site Engineer)for placing complete faith and confidence in our ability to carry out this project and for
providing us his time, inspiration, encouragement, help, valuable guidance, constructive criticism and
constant interest. He took personal interest in spite of numerous commitments and busy schedule to
help us complete this project. Without the sincere and honest guidance of our respected project guide
we would have not been to reach the present stage.
Project Details
Project Name:Construction of multi-storey residential building in Ropar Road NH Kharar
(Mohali)

Scope : Design and construction of multi story residential building.

 Area : 5.193 Acre

 Type of building : Residentail building

 Estimated project cost : 10 crores

 Vise President : Bhupinder singh

 Site Engineer : Er. Narendra Singh

 Construction period : 24 months

 Design of concrete mix : Department of civil engineering, Chandigarh.

Accidents in construction site

 Construction Site fall  Crane accidents

 Scaffolding Accidents  Electrical accidents

 Trench collapses  Fires and explosions

 Welding Accidents  Cutting accidents

 Structure Failure  Building collapse

 Supervisor Negligence  Punch press malfunctions

 Compressor Accidents  Exploding compressor

 Gas Explosions during welding  Run- Over by operating equipment

Unsafe/Dangerous equipment
Accidents

1.3 SITE LOCATION

Ropar Road NH 21 Kharar ( Mohali )

1.3.1 Advantages of this site

 Land

 Store

 Parking space

 Health unit

 Transportation facilities

SECTION - 2
CONSTYRUCTION STEPS INVOLVED IN BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION

2.1 Site clearance

2.2 Surveying and layout

2.3 Excavation

2.4 Bar binding and positioning of foundation steel

2.5 Concreting

2.6 Wall construction

2.7 Beam and Columns

2.8 Finishing and whitewashing

2.1 SITE CLEARANCE

A no. of conditions determine the kind of building that may be erected on a plot of
ground. These conditions determine where on the plot it may be located. There are
also convinants that are legally binding regulations. These may be setting height of
building, prohibit utility of buildings or ban rooftop network towers etc. Zoning
laws regulate the setback and other factors that play into equation of house location
a lot. Septic tanks also require special considerations and a certificate of occupancy
is also required for some loaning and legal processes.

2.2 SURVEYING AND LAYOUT

Survey is the first step done in any construction site so as to get the required level
of surface. It is also used in level transferring during construction of retaining
wall.

Auto level is a modified form of dumpy level. We used auto level to transfer the
level of ground to retaining wall and setting thickness of slab in which first of all
marking was made to fix the level of particulars elevations then casting of slab was
performed.

Transferring of surface level to retaining wall

1- Set the auto level at the building floor level.

2- Level the instrument.

3- Take the staff reading at point also on floor level surface.

4- Locate the staff on the formwork of retaining wall and adjust the staff in such a
way that reading of staff is same as staff reading in step 3.
 2.3 EXCAVATION

Excavation work on the site was being done by the JCB machines and excavated
soil was transferred using dumpers.

Following measures should be prevented while excavation work.

1- There should be proper timbering while excavation for basement area.

2- Dewatering should be done before construction work.

3- During rainy season excavation work should be avoided.

Fig.4:- Excavation of soil for construction of retaining wall

2.4 FOUNDATION

Footing are strips of concrete or filled concrete blocks placed under foundation
wall. Gravel or crushed stone footings may also be used. The purpose of footing is
to transfer the loads safety in the ground.
 Generally in high rise buildings three types of buildings are
provided

Isolated footing:-

An isolated footing is used to support the load on a single column. It is usually

either square or rectangular in plan. It represents on a single column. It is usually
either square or rectangular in plan. It represents the simplest, most economical
type and most widely used footing. Whenever possible, square footings are
provided so as to reduce the bending moments and shearing forces at their critical.

Fig. 5 Reinforcement detail of foundation 2.5 CONCRETING

After shuttering and scaffolding concreting should be done.

During concreting following equipment's are used-

1:-Concrete miser.

2:-Mounted concrete pump.

3:-Concrete vibrators (e.g. Needle vibrator, plate/surface vibrator etc.).

 During concreting work following instructions should be followed-
1:-There should be proper compaction of poured concrete. 2:-There

should be spacers to provide cover to reinforcement 3:-There

should be proper curing of concrete construction.

Concrete Slump Test for Workability

Concrete slump test is to determine the workability or consistency of concrete mix
prepared at the laboratory or the construction site during the progress of the work.
Concrete slump test is carried out from batch to batch to check the uniform quality of
concrete during construction.

The slump test is the most simple workability test for concrete, involves low cost and provides
immediate results. Due to this fact, it has been widely used for workability tests since 1922.
The slump is carried out as per procedures mentioned in ASTM C143 in the United States,
IS: 1199 – 1959 in India and EN 12350-2 in Europe.
Generally concrete slump value is used to find the workability,which indicates water-
cement ratio, but there are various factors including properties of materials, mixing
methods, dosage, admixtures etc. also affect the concrete slump value.
Factors which influence the concrete slump test:
1. Material properties like chemistry, fineness, particle size distribution, moisture content and
temperature of cementitious materials. Size, texture, combined grading, cleanliness and
moisture content of the aggregates,
2. Chemical admixtures dosage, type, combination, interaction, sequence of addition and its
effectiveness,
3. Air content of concrete,
4. Concrete batching, mixing and transporting methods and equipment,
5. Temperature of the concrete,
6. Sampling of concrete, slump-testing technique and the condition of test equipment,
 7. The amount of free water in the concrete, and
8. Time since mixing of concrete at the time of testing.
Equipments Required for Concrete Slump Test:
Mould for slump test, non porous base plate, measuring scale, temping rod. The mould for the test
is in the form of the frustum of a cone having height 30 cm, bottom diameter 20 cm and top
diameter 10 cm. The tamping rod is of steel 16 mm diameter and 60cm long and rounded at one
end.

Sampling of Materials for Slump Test:

A concrete mix (M15 or other) by weight with suitable water/ cement ratio is prepaid in the
laboratory similar to that explained in 5.9 and required for casting

Fig. 6 :- Slump Test

Procedure of concrete slump Test :Procedure for FigureConcrete Slump Test:-1: Measuring
Slump of Concrete
1.Clean the internal surface of the mould and apply oil.
2.Place the mould on a smooth horizontal non- porous base plate.
3.Fill the mould with the prepared concrete mix in 4 approximately equal layers.
4.Tamp each layer with 25 strokes of the rounded end of the tamping rod in a uniform manner over
the cross section of the mould. For the subsequent layers, the tamping should penetrate into the
underlying layer.
5.Remove the excess concrete and level the surface with a trowel.
 6.Clean away the mortar or water leaked out between the mould and the base plate.
7.Raise the mould from the concrete immediately and slowly in vertical direction.
8.Measure the slump as the difference between the height of the mould and that of height
point of the specimen being tested.

Figure-7: Concrete Slump Test Procedure NOTE:

The above operation should be carried out at a place free from Vibrations or shock and within a
period of 2 minutes after sampling.

Slump Value Observation:

The slump (Vertical settlement) measured shall be recorded in terms of millimeters of
subsidence of the specimen during the test.

Results of Slump Test on Concrete:

Slump for the given sample= mm

When the slump test is carried out, following are the shape of the concrete slump that can be
observed:

Figure-8: Types of Concrete Slump Test

 Results

o True Slump – True slump is the only slump that can be measured in the test. The
measurement is taken between the top of the cone and the top of the concrete after the
cone has been removed as shown in figure-1.
o Zero Slump – Zero slump is the indication of very low water-cement ratio, which
results in dry mixes. These type of concrete is
o generally used Collapsed Slump for road construction.– This is an indication that the water-
cement ratio is too high, i.e. concrete mix is too wet or it is a high workability mix, for which
a slump test is not appropriate.

o Shear Slump – The shear slump indicates that the result is incomplete, and concrete to be
retested.
2.6 WALL CONSTRUCTION

In framed structure generally brick walls are constructed for partition purpose and half

brick walls are made. But at the site no wall was constructed with brick because it was a

high rise building. All the walls were constructed as RCC wall because these acts as a

shear wall and provide horizontal stability to building and reduces the deflection.
 Fig. 9:- Workers at site during forming work for R.C.C. wall
construction

2.7 BEAMS AND COLUMNS

In framed structure fixed type beams are constructed. In such type of proper
reinforcement should be done for positive as well as negative bending moments. In such
type of structures short columns are constructed with minimum eccentricity. In square or
rectangular shaped columns min. 4 no's of 12 mm diameter bars must be used and spacing
should not be more than as per code IS 456:2000
 Fixed beam
constructed at
site with
positive as well
as negative
reinforcement

A view of short
column at site
Fig. 10:- Workers at site during forming work for R.C.C. wall
construction

SLABS

Slabs are of following types-

One way slab-

In one way slab load transfer occurs only in one direction. For one way slob aspect
ratio should be more than or equal to 2. In one way slab reinforcement calculated is
provided only in shorter direction and in other direction distribution steel is provided.
Two way slab-

In two way slab load transfer occurs in both the directions. For two way slab aspect
ratio should be less thon 2. In two way slab reinforcement is provided in both shorter
and longer directions and at the supports negative reinforcement is also provided
Fig. 11 Detailing of reinforcement in two way slab

Fig. 12 Detailing of reinforcement in two way slab

 Fig. 13 Detailing of reinforcement in two way slab Fig. 14 Detailing of
reinforcement in two way slab
SECTION-3

MATERIALS

3.1 MATERIALS USED FOR CONSTRUCTION AT SITE

At the construction site following materials were being used

31.1 Cement
The function of cement is to combine with water and to form cement paste. This
paste first sets i.e. it becomes firms and then hardens due to chemical reaction, called
hydration, between the cement and water. On setting & hardening cement binds the
aggregate together into o stone like hard moss & thus pro strength durability &
water-tighten to the concrete. Quality of cement is based on grade of cement. The
grades of cement are as :-

 33 Grades
 43 Grades
 53 Grades

 At the site Portland cement of 53 grades (ULTRATECH CEMENT) was used.

 The initial setting time of cement 30 minutes (1/2 hr.). The final setting time
of cement 10hrs.

3.1.2 Aggregate-

Aggregates are small pieces of broken stones in irregular size and shapes Neat
cement is very rarely used in construction works since it is liable to shrink too much
and become cracks on setting Moreover, it will be costly to use neat cement

in construction work. Therefore cement is mixed with some inert strong & durable

hard materials They also reduce the cost of concrete because they are comparative

much cheaper as cement.

 Types of aggregates:-

Fine Aggregate

Coarse Aggregate

Fine aggregate (sand)-

The aggregate, which pass through 4.75 mm IS sieve and entirely retain on 75
micron (.075mm) I.S sieve is known as fine aggregate.

Fig. 15:- FINE AGGREGATE

OLACED NEAR RMC PLANT

The function of using fine aggregate in o concrete mix is to fi up the voids existing
in the coarse aggregate and to obtain a dense and strong concrete with les quantity of
cement and increase the workability of the concrete mix

Coarse aggregate:-

The aggregate, which pass through 75 mm I.S sieve and entirely retain on 4.75 LS
sieve is known as coarse aggregates

At construction site aggregate used are as follows

Coarse aggregate of 20mm size

Coarse aggregate of 12.5 mm size (As per concrete mix design)

Fine aggregate in form of coarse sand.

3.1.3 Reinforcement

Fig. 16:- Reinforcement of column

Fig. 17:-STEEL BARS IN Fig. 18:-STEEL BARS PLACED AT

RETAINING WALL SITE
The material that develops a good band with concrete in order to increase its
strength is called reinforcement Steel bars ore highly strong in tension shear,
bending moment, torsion and compression

Function of reinforcement-

Reinforcement working as a tension member because concrete is strong in

compression and week in tension so reinforcement resists the tensile stresses in the
concrete members the site contractor using the high strength steel bars and T.MT.
(Thermo Mechanically Treated) bars of diameter 8mm, 10 mm, 16 mm & 32 mm
as per requirement of design.
At construction site 8mm 10mm, 16mm,&32 mm (T.M.T.)reinforcement bars
were being used.
The bars were of grade fe415 for 8mm and Fe500 for other diameter bars

The bars were of brand TATA TISCON. –

The main reason of using steel bars in RCC is that, the coefficients of therma
expansion of steel bars and concrete is of approximately equal value.
 Fig.19:-Shuttering of
columns

Fig.20:-Columns after
concreting
 SECTION-4 QUALITY CONTROL

Quality control is the part of quality management that ensures products and service
comply with requirements. It is a work method that facilitates the measurement of
the quality characteristics of a unit, compares them with the established standards,
and analysis the differences between the results attained and the desired results in
order to make decisions which will correct any differences.

Technical specifications define the type of controls that must be carried out to ensure
the construction works are carried out correctly. They include not only products
materials, but also the execution and completion of the works.

Causes for poor quality :-

These can be summarized as ignorance, poor materials, poor design, poor detailing
poor workmanship, improper quantity of cement improper concrete mix excess
water, inadequate compaction, substandard forms, inadequate curing, inadequate
cover, poor construction practices, poor supervision and above all .of technical
knowledge.

QUALITY CONTROLIN CONGRETE WORKS :-

Since concrete keeps a very important place in modern building works, so it is

necessary to test and inspection of concrete work at site

Following points should be kept in mind while concreting

There should proper compacting of poured concrete because every 1 % void reduce
the strength of concrete by 20 %

There should be proper curing of concrete work for at least 7ho 10days because
it helps in gaining the strength.
  Level of formwork should be some throughout the building while costing the slab.

 There should be a lab to test the properties of Green Concrete like slump, initial
setting time etc.

 There should be proper portioning of materials while preparing R.M.C.

4.1.1Quality control works in concreting at

site:Needle vibrator was being used for

compaction.

 RMC plant was being operated for concrete mixing.

 A lab was established for testing.

SECTION-5

CONTRIBUTION

5.1 REINFORCEMENT PLACEMENT AND CASTING OF SLAB

At there I was involved while placement of reinforcement bar for monolithic

construction of concrete slab with beam.
 Fig.21:- Reinforcement in slab with alternate bent up bars provided at supports
in order to provide negative reinforcement supports in two slab.

5.2 IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF RETAINING WALL

In the retaining wall two sided reinforcement was provided with 16mm steel bars
with 200mm c/c spacing .

The retaining wall was constructed without shear key

 Fig. 22:- A VIEW Fig 23:-RETAINING WALL
REINFORCEMENT IN RETAINING AFTER CONSTRUCTION
WALL
At the site all the wolls were provided with two sided reinforcement and constructed
by concrete which may work as shear wall during earthquake or wind blow in
general buildings lift pit acts as shear wall and reduces horizontal deflection of
building during horizontal loading.

Fig.24:- Lift pit serves as shear

Fig.25:-A view of reinforcement
wall
in RCC wall
 SECTION - 6

Fig.26:- Layout Plan

Fig.27:- Reinforcement for staircase at site

Fig.28:-Brick Work

Fig.29:-Layout plan

stair case
Fig.30:- Columns reinforceme
reinforcement:-

Fig.31:-Foundation plan

Fig.32:-Layout plan of Plinth Beams

Fig 31:-Structural Notes
Fig.32 Foundation Plan

Fig. 33:-Lift Section

 Section
at 1A-1A

Section
at 2A-2A

Section
at 4A-4A
Joinery Details
Joinery Detail
Ventilation Details
 Types of Stairs

1. Straight Stair
2. Dog legged Stair
3. Quarter tur n Stair
4. Open newel Stair
5. Three quarter turn Stair
6. Bifurcated Stair
7. Geometrical Stair
8. Circular Stair
 2. D o g legged Stair :

• It consists of two straight flights of steps

with abrupt turn between them. A level

landing is placed across the two flights at the

change of direction.

• This type of stair is useful where the width of

the staircase hall is just sufficient to

accommodate two width of stair.

 Transit Mixer

Transit mixer is a piece of equipment that is used for transporting concrete/ mortar or ready mix
material from a concrete batching plant directly to the site where it is to be utilized.
Transit mixer is loaded with dry material and water. The interior of the transit drum is fitted with a
spiral blade. Spiral blade is able to move in two directions. During clockwise Movement drum is
charged with concrete and in counter lock wise direction concrete discharge out from the transit drum.
Concrete mixing drum ensures the liquid state of Materials through rotation of the drum about its own
axis.
 PARTS OF TRANSIT MIXER
Transit mixer is utilized for many projects. For example: it delivers concrete for construction of airports,
multi story building, dams, highways, bridges, factories etc. It has various parts named as hopper,
discharge chute, rotating mixing drum and a water tank. Hopper is that part through which transit mixer
is charged with concrete. Water tank with transit mixer is for washing of concrete mixing drum so that
no concrete left with the internal walls.

Discharge chute is utilized during discharging of concrete from the mixer. It ensures the same quality of
concrete as it was at the mixer. Chute guides the concrete directly to the job site.
Sometimes it happens when pouring site is not close enough to the truck, then in such cases
concrete is discharged the conveyor belt. The conveyor belt is about 8-10 meters long that
came along with the modern transit mixer. If it is not enough, then concrete is poured into a temporarily
made concrete box. From here concrete is pumped to site with the help of the
concrete pump. This mostly happens during multi story building construction.
If concrete drops from a height of above one meter without discharge chute then concrete strength
drops because of breaking of internal bonds and this also affects the workability of concrete.
Concrete mixer must be at the site within 90 minutes after charging. This is because concrete final
setting starts which affect the workability as well as strength. If the truck is not on the site within
defined time limits, then concrete hardens in the truck and now for breakup workers need to blast
barrels.

DISCHARGING OF CONCRETE
During delivering of concrete the driver must ensure that the material is discharged at the
requested location. After that wash the concrete drum, discharge chute and stow it safely on the
vehicle. Sometimes it happens, when concrete is more than the customer requirement. In such
cases contact back to the supervisor before returning back the remaining concrete.
Different concrete mix and their purpose use in differentwork:
Mix
Concerttype prepartion Nature of work

M5 1:5:10 Massconcretein heavywall foundation

M7.5 1:4:8 Simple foundation

M10 1:3:6

M15 1:2:4 ( RCC work ,slab ,beam,column)

Piles, Bridges ,water, retaining structure

M20 1:1.5:3 ,RCC structure

M25 1:1:2 Heavy load, RCC ,ExRoad.

Different ratio of concrete or masala use in different section of wall
or foundation, footing etc:

 PCC CONCRETE(1:4:8)
 BRICK MASONARY (1:6)
 DPC(1:2:4)
  FLOOR MASALA USE (1:4:8)
 LINTEL(1:4:8)
 RCC SLAB (1:1.5:3) TWO TYPE OF MASAL USE(1:2:4)
 PLASTER RATIO(1:6)
Autocad Drawings
Drawings by using autocad and learning more about the scale and printing .

Architectural and Structural Drawing study

The Architectural and Structural dreawings are the most important thing for the site and design
engineer.

Impact of Engineering and learned skills in training .

In practical training learning you to determine quantities of material and to learn the important
rule in engineer life that does it with less cost and higher safety.

Civil Engineering needs a practical practice in the field and a place to test the theorems taken in
the university and this training gives you the opportunity to do that, which will help in practical
life to be a better engineer.

In the training period I’ ve experience Engineers work as part of an extremely Significant

contribution and learned how to perform well as a part of team.

Civil engineers require some sort of interaction with workers. Whether they are working in a team
situation, or
just asking for advice, engineers have the ability to communicate and work with other people.
 Conclusions
 The training is an important course because it closes the gap between the scientific and
practical study.
 Learning you how to deal with other.
 Finding the team work is most important element in every successful project.
 Learned you that a civil engineer is capable of lot of work such as supervision, implementation,
and the calculation of quantities and the design engineering apprentice engineer and in the
future can work as a consultant and contractor.
 Learning you how to control and manage the site and how behaves when their problems by
taken a professional decisions.
 Plans must be clear and easy to use for those who read.
 Successful engineer will find the economic design and the project is implemented less time.
Recommendations
The training is an excellent method and very important to each student in the engineering faculity,
because it teaches us what happened in the field .

The engineers in the engineering projects teach you and gave you from their long experience, accept
all our questions, and encourage you to ask.

The training teaches you the important thing that the engineer must learn the regulation and done
the work at time.