COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND CIVIL

ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Final Internship report
Company Name: HANS CONSTRUCTION PLC
g
Internship Practice on: Building
Prepared By: Henock Yalew Email: enochyal@gmail.com
Section: B Id No: ETS0531/11
Period of internship: March 10 to June 10/2019 G.C
Company supervisor: Mr. Tesfa Azage
Academic supervisor: Mr. Mamuye Tebabel
June, 2022 G.C
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Content
• Chapter – One Introduction

• Chapter - Two
Construction Equipment, Machinery, Material and Methodology

 Chapter – Three Overall Activities during my internship program

 Chapter – Four Assessment of internship program

 Chapter – Five Observed Problems, Recommendation and

Conclusion
 Chapter – One Introduction
 HANS CONSTRUCTION AND BUSINESS PLC was registered
and licensed in 2008 E.C
 It is is owned by Engineer Haben Abrha who has graduated from
Addis Ababa University in Civil engineering in June 2008. He has
served over 12 (Twelve) years in the construction sector. And W/Ro
Azmera Tadesse who has graduated from Addis Ababa University in
Business Administration and Technology.

How I joined to HANS CONSTRUCTION

I joined HANS CONSTRUCTION PLC because I have a friend that
been employed on their Ayat 49 site from the consulting office and he
give me an idea that for intern like me contractors company are way
better to learn than consulting because consulting engineer check the
error and he said “you may end up been a fault finder”
 Chapter - Two
Construction Equipment, Machinery,
Material and Methodology
 2.1 Equipment and Machinery
 Excavator is an earthmoving vehicle that has feature a bucket,
arm, rotating cab and movable track.

 Pulley system lift: Used for lifting materials such as rebar

mixed concrete and HCB

Figure 2.1 Excavator Figure 2.2 pulley system lift

 Batching plant:- Used to prepare concrete in massive
amount for fulfilling demand to cast huge amount
concrete.
 Vibrator: - is used to Elimination of trapped air and
forcing the particles in to a closer configuration.

Figure 2.3 Batching plant Figure 2.4 Vibrators

 Mixer:-is a machine used to mix the concrete at the
construction site
 Rig is a machine used for boring holes to install piles

Figure 2.5 Mixer Figure 2.6 Rig Machine

2.2 Construction materials
Cement:-
 It should not be stock above six months in store.
 It should not be stay above 30 min after opening the bags
 It should not be stay above 2hrs after mixing.
 It should be stored properly in a dry place and we have to give
space during storing.

 Water
Water fit for drinking is generally suitable for making concrete.
Water used in concrete mixes has two functions, the first is two
react chemically with the cement which will finally set and
harden, and the second function is to lubricate all other materials
and make the concrete workable.
Aggregate: It is classified based on size as Coarse and
fine aggregate
Coarse aggregate
 It should have different size (well graded) this is
essential in order to a good workability and to secure
economy in the use of cement.
 It should be free from silt and bad materials such as
piece tree, plastic and also the aggregate must be
washed by water to increase the quality of the
concrete mix. But some time the aggregate used
directly in concrete mix if there is no time to wash.
Fine aggregate (sand) Sand: it should be free from silt,
boarder and other bad material.
2.3 Methodology
 I have used the following methodologies to gain skill,
experience and information about the Project work.
by asking;
 Objective of the project
 Oral questions to site supervisors
 Components of the site construction
 Labors and Forman
Chapter – Three Overall Activities
during my internship program
 During my internship I was assigned at different site and I has
experienced both super and sub structure works. As well I
have done office work also

 Office works : takeoff, bar schedule, bill of quantity

 Site works: read and interpret drawings, supervision of fixing
of rebar, fixing of formwork, collecting data and concrete
casting.
N.B I am going to focus on the site work because most of my
internship was on site.
 3.2 Site work
Any construction start by site exploration which involve soil test
and site reconnaissance survey
Substructure work
Any structure bellow the grade beam
Setting out
It is a process of putting the exact/actual form of the building from a
plan or map provided to the ground
 Given a known point (may be taken from road) transfer to the
site
 Setting profile (fixing modini ) and level them
 Stretch string to check the squadra or it is right angle (with 3-4-
5 method)
 Centres are marked with nails
 Lime powder or chikal may be used to locate the where to
excavate
 Shoring work
 shoring work is temporary structure to support temporarily
an unsafe structure. It has structural elements such as pile ,
caping beam, shotcret wall, bracing beam and if the
excavation is halfway below its depth there may be an anchor.
 Difference between shoring work and
main pile
shoring work Main pile

built to resist lateral force  Built to resist axial force

 It is permanent and used for life
it is temporary can be
time of the building as its is a
demolished after the
part of the building
construction been completed
 Trimming have to be done for
and it’s not part of building
the entire pile depth
Trimming may be used
only half of its depth
 Differences by Design parameter

Design parameters for shoring work

Appropriate select type of lateral earth pressure that expected

to act on the wall i.e. Active or at rest pressure ( caution with
taking passive earth pressure)
a) External stability: checks the shoring design passive
resistance of shoring system
Resisting horizontal forces
𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 = >= 1.2
Driving horizontal forces

b) Moment – rotational stability of shoring system

Resisting Moment
 𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 = >= 1.5
Driving moment
c) Bearing stability in shoring wall design : In all cases
a retaining wall has to be founded in some kind of base
material (be that rock or soil). When a retaining wall is
based on soil the bearing stability tends to be more critical.
The first task in this check is to properly compute bearing
stresses on the toe and heel of the wall. The reason why
bearining stresses have to be computed on both sides is
because the overturning causes increased stresses in the toe
and reduced stresses on the heel base.
 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 =
permissible bearing stresses
>= 3.0
bearing stresses
d) Global stability: In some cases, while the other checks
yield acceptable factors the wall might be susceptible to an
overall rotational type failure that extends well below the
retaining wall itself. Such a failure mode is most commonly
accounted in hillsides where weaker soil zones exist or when
a soft geo material is found below the wall base.

e) Structural checks in a shoring system: Once a stability

checks are satisfactory then one can design the actual
individual shoring components. For concrete retaining walls
this involves the proper sizing of longitudinal and shears
reinforcement if required.
Design parameter for Main pile
Analytical Determination of Bearing Capacity
The ultimate load-carrying capacity Qu of a pile is given by the equation:
Qu=Qp+Qs
Different methods are suggested by different researchers
to determine Qp and Qs.
Load-carrying capacity of the pile point

Qp = Ap(c'Nc* + q’Nq*)

Where
 Ap = area of pile tip
 c' = cohesion of the soil supporting the pile tip
 qp = unit point resistance
 q' = effective vertical stress at the level of the pile tip
 Nc*, Nq* = the bearing capacity factors
Frictional resistance, Qs is determined as:
Qs = ΣpΔLf
where
 P = perimeter of the pile section
 ΔL = incremental pile length over which P and f are taken to
be constant
 f = unit friction resistance at any depth z
Pile method of installation
 Driving method of installation
 Cast in situ method of installation
Cast in situ method of installation

Process in cast in situ method of installation

I. Preparation of rebar

Prepared rebar.
 II. Boring hole using rig (only bore numbers that you
can cast on that day because if get delay there might
be entry of soil and has to avoid boring of adjacent
holes)

Boom Kelly bar

Driling hole
Gear that attach to the Kelly bar
Auger Used for drilling dry soil and soft rock.
Core bar : Used for drilling hard rock that is not suitable for augar.
Sediment pocket: Used to drill and remove wet soil.

Auger Core bar

Sediment pocket
III. Inserting the prepared rebar using Crain

IV. Placing fork to trap the trimi

V. Inserting trimi using crain

Fork Trimi
VI. Attach copper to the trimi for directing the concrete to the trimi

VI. Cast the concrete

Concrete casting After casting concrete

VI. Remove the copper, Trimi and fork
Shoring work components
 Capping beam: Provide an additional structural support
to tie the top of the piles together and form a solid wall.
The function of a Capping Beam is two-fold: To prevent
or inhibit lateral displacement of the installed retaining
piles
 Bracing beam: used for additional support for the pile to
resist lateral displacement

capping beam Bracing beam

Foundation

Foundation is the lowest part of a structure which transmits the

load of the structure to the ground
 Types of Foundations
 Foundations can be broadly classified into the following two
categories
 Shallow foundations
 Spread or Isolated Footings
 Combined Footing
 Cantilever or Strap Footing
 Continuous or wall footing or strip footing
 Mat (Raft) Foundation
 Deep foundations
 Pile foundation
 Pear founfation
Mat foundation
It is a combined footing that covers the entire area beneath a structure and
supports all the columns.
Used when
 structural loads are so high or the soil conditions so poor and uplift loads are larger,
spread footings would be exceptionally large and couldn't accommodate the uplift.
 When the soil is erratic and prone to cause differential settlement
 The bottom of the structure is located below ground water table.

Laying negative bar then fixing mat beam Laying mat slab reinforcement
Chair or cebeleto: is a rebar used for maintaining the depth of
slab.

chair or cebeleto

(a) Casting concrete (b) after casting mat slab

(a) Fixing mat beam formwork (b) after casting mat beam
Foundation column
It is a part of foundation which is constructed with
concrete or brickwork masonry and acts as a base to the
floor columns and floor walls. The main function is to
transfer the load to the wide area or the foundation. It can
be shown in the above figure.
Shear wall:
It is a vertical element of a system that is designed to resist in-plane lateral
forces, typically wind and seismic loads. It resists the lateral load by its
length. The failure of shear wall is by shear and it is designed for shear
Retaining wall
It is a structure designed and constructed to resist the lateral pressure of
soil, when there is a desired change in ground elevation (for using the
basement) that exceeds the angle of repose of the soil.

shear wall reinforcement Retaining wall reinforcement

Super structure work
Column

(a) Development length rebar (b) fixing column rebar

Different wood structures are provided to hold or keep the position of the column
formwork
 Gindila : Long and heavy wood around the entire floor.
 Crachery: a horizontal timber attached at the bottom of column formwork to
place the panel of column at right position.
 Stanga : wood or steel placed diagonally to vertical plywood used to keep the
column up right.
 Kerabat : wood placed horizontally attached to plywood of column to prevent the
panel or plywood from shifting position.
 Modini: other name of profile.
 Tumbi: another name of plumb bob, which is used to check vertical alignment.
kerebat Stanga

Tumbi

Cratchery
Gindila
Slab
A slab is a structural element, made of concrete that is used
to create flat horizontal surfaces such as floors, roof decks,
and ceilings.
Slabs can be classified as one way solid slabs, two way solid
slabs, flat slabs and ribbed slabs

Ribbed or Waffled Slab: is a slab with topping or flange

supported by closely spaced ribs.
Ribbed slab is used to decrease the self weight and to be
economical
Procedure followed to build ribbed slab
 Fix a formwork using H – frame as vertical support to place
the slab
 Girder beam rebar is placed
 Placing HCB
 Placing rib rebar above u bar between the adjacent HCB
 Placing lateral distributive rebar and negative bar around the
girder
 Attaching gancho that is used for fixing gindila
 Casting concrete
 H - Frame

(a) Fixing H frame and laying slab formwork (b) laying girder beam
 (c) laying HCB and laying rib reinforcement

(d) fixing negative bar and distributive bar and (e) casting ribbed
 Chapter – Four Assessment of internship program

Overall benefit of internship program

 Improving Practical Skill
 Improving Theoretical Knowledge
 Improving Interpersonal Communication Skill
 Improving Team Playing Skill
 Improving Leadership Skill
Chapter – Five Observed Problems, Recommendation
and Conclusion
Problems I observed on site during internship program
 High inflation of cement price
 Safety problem, almost every labor, Forman and even the
Engineer don’t wear a safety cloth, safety shoe and helmet.
 Mat beam rebar prepared outside the site in the store then
the bar bender cut the rebar as the drawing suggest but
when it is fixed on the site it gets elongated and hence it is
large in diameter hard to bend or hit using meraja and get
the right position.
 High water to cement ratio sometimes doesn't properly
done based on the needs design provided
Recommendation
1 Recommendation to the company
 I recommend the company to arrange safety tools for site
workers.
 I recommend them to work with honesty and responsibly
 I recommend to meet required water to cement ratio
 Hire highly professional skilled man powers, this enables the firm
to attend projects with a lot of speed and accuracy.
 I recommend to fold main bar for large diameter by decreasing 5
cm to the required
Recommendation to the university
 Four months internship is not enough so I recommend
internship program every summer, after students joined
their department so they can visualize and understand what
the teacher is talking about, but the trained doesn’t give
opportunity to development of new technology in fact
student couldn’t know what is already been innovated.
 I recommend to prepare a certificate program for software
programs used that in the industries like SAP, MS Excel, Microsoft
Project and Water CAD etc.
Conclusion

The Internship program was the valuable period for us to

interpret the knowledge gathered from academic
knowledge to the tangible and real life work, It helped us
to be familiar with the industry and gain a great deal of
experience. In general the internship program is very
interesting as well as very important in creating well
skilled engineer and it has to be continue with more
organized way