Results Part II: Determining Experimental Ka pH of Buffer: 4.44 Ka HOAc: 3.63 x 10-05 Ka HOAc (298K): 1.

80 x 10-05 % Difference: 101.67 % Part III: Preparing Buffers of Specific pH Assigned pH: 4.00 Actual pH: 4.00 % Difference: 0.00 % Part IV: Determining the Effects of a Strong Acid and Base: Expected pH Buffer Volume (mL) pH (+1.00 mL) pH (+2.00 mL) pH (+3.00 mL) pH (+4.00 mL) pH (+5.00 mL) For addition of acid 15.0 Expected 3.86 3.74 3.59 3.40 3.08 Actual 3.66 3.24 2.62 2.29 2.06 % Error 5.18% 13.3% 27.0% 32.6% 33.1% For addition of base 15.0 Expected 4.05 4.14 4.22 4.29 4.38 Actual 4.21 4.34 4.44 4.58 4.66 % Error 3.95% 4.83% 5.21% 6.76% 6.39%

Sample Calculations Part II: Determining Experimental Ka Since pH of buffer = 4.44, Ka could be determined by the formula pKa = -log Ka By manipulation, Ka = 10-pKa By substitution, Ka = 10-4.44 Ka = 3.63 x 10-05 Part IV: Determining the Effects of a Strong Acid and Base: Expected pH Addition of 1 mL of 0.1M HCl Concentration CH3COO- (aq) + H3O+ (aq) CH3COOH (aq) + H2O (l) Initial 6 x 10-04 mol 1 x 10-04 1.8 x 10-03 mol Change -0.0001 -0.0001 +0.0001 Equilibrium 5 x 10-04 mol 0 1.9 x 10-03 mol pH = pKa log ([A]/[B]) pH = 4.44 log (1.9 x 10-03/5 x 10-04) pH = 3.86 % Error = |Expected Actual| / Expected x100 % Error = |3.86 3.66| / 3.86 x 100 % Error = 5.18% Addition of 1 mL of 0.1M NaOH Concentration CH3COOH (aq) + OH- (aq) CH3COO- (aq) Initial 1.8 x 10-03 mol 1 x 10-04 mol 6 x 10-04 mol Change -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 Final 1.7 x 10-03 mol 0 7.0 x 10-04 mol pH = pKa - log ([A]/[B]) pH = 4.44 log (1.7 x 10-03 /7.0 x 10-04) pH = 4.05

H2O (l)

% Error = |Expected Actual| / Expected x100 % Error = |4.05 4.21| / 4.05 x 100 % Error = 3.95% Discussion An acid-base buffer is a solution that lessens the impact on pH from the addition of acid or base. (Silberberg 632) The buffer solution is a mixture of a weak acid or base and its conjugate that resists the changes in the pH of the ad dition of an acid or a base. In the second part of the experiment, the experimental Ka was determined to be 3.63 x 10-05 by using the measured pH of the buffer, 4.44, acting as pKa and substituting it to the formula: pKa = - log Ka The percent difference of the experimental Ka, 3.63 x 10-05, and the Ka at 298K, 1.80 x 10-05 is 101.67%. This is caused by the difference in the temper ature as the former is measured at the temperature of 300K, while the latter is measured at 298K. It shows the higher the temperature, the higher the Ka measure d. In the third part of the experiment, a pH of 4.00 was achieved by adding 0.18 g of NaOAc. Compared to the assigned pH of 4.00 given, there is no differe nce, which means that the buffer produced is good, and accurate. The last part of the experiment determined the effects of a strong acid, HCl, and base, NaOH, to the buffer. The expected and actual values measured by the addition of HCl showed unfavorable results as seen in the percent errors and the inconsistency of the differences between the values. It might be caused by the excess addition of HCl, which lessens the pH, or the concentration of the ac id at only one point in the solution because of not stirring well. On the other hand, the expected and actual values of the added NaOH, which increases the pH o f the buffer solution, were proportional to each other. Knowing this, it is safe to assume that the addition of NaOH to the buffer solutions were successful, pr ecise, and truthful. Conclusion The buffer solution, which is a mixture of a weak acid or base and its c onjugate, resists the changes in the pH of the addition of an acid or a base. In this experiment, an experimental Ka of 3.63 x 10-05 was calculated, a buffer so lution of pH 4.00, which was assigned, was prepared and the effect of a strong a cid and base on the buffer solution was determined as decreasing and increasing the pH, respectively. The errors encountered in the experiment were the differen ce in the temperature, excess addition of HCl, and the inappropriate stirring of the solution.

Answers to Questions 1. Would a solution made by mixing HCl and NaOH be an effective buffer? Explain. A solution made by mixing HCl and NaOH would not be an effective buffer because both of them are considered strong. Strong acids and bases dissociate co mpletely, giving an irreversible and significant increase or decrease in the pH of the buffer solution. Weak acids or bases would be more appropriate in making an effective buffer solution. 2. In part IV, adding a strong acid increases the amount of weak acid in solutio n and decreases that of the salt. Conversely, adding a strong base decreases the amount of the weak acid and increases that of the salt. How can you claim that the buffered solution resists changes in the pH. The proofs of this are the expected values of pH that was computed, both in the addition and HCl and NaOH. It can be seen that only minimal changes took place. The actual values, however, are not that credible since some mistakes we re found out experimentation wise. A buffer solution is a mixture of either a we

ak acid or base and its conjugate base and acid. The added acid reacts with the base and it works vice versa, so both of the components remain, resulting in a m inimal change. References Silberberg, Martin S. Principles of General Chemistry. 2nd ed. New York City: Mc graw Hill Companies, 2010. Print. Page 632.