+ Üds-Kpds - G - Unit 1 Engli̇sh Verb Tenses

UNIT - 1 ENGLISH VERB TENSES
(ngilizce bir cmlede szck dizimi) ngilizce szck dizimi, Trke szck diziminden farkldr. Trke bir cmlede yklem cmlenin sonunda yer alr ve zneyi de iinde barndrr. Ben ngilizce alrm. zne Nesne Yklem Subject Object Verb cmlesini, "ngilizce alrm." biiminde de ifade edebiliriz ve ikinci cmlede zneyi ak olarak gremediimiz halde, znenin 1. tekil ahs olduunu yklemdeki -m taksndan anlarz.Bu durum ngilizce iin geerli deildir. Yani ngilizce bir cmlede yklem zneyi belli etmez.Bu yzden, cmleye zne ile balamak zorundayz. Formle edilmi olarak ngilizce cmle dzeni yledir: Subject + Verb + Object zne Yklem Nesne "ngilizce alrm." cmlesini ngilizcede "I study English." biiminde ifade edebiliriz. 1-1 THE VERB'BE" Szckleri rastgele bir araya getirerek cmle kuramayz. Cmle kurabilmemiz iin mutlaka bir fiile ihtiyacmz vardr. "Be fiili, "come, go, study, eat, become" vb. gibi asl fiilimiz olmad zaman cmle kurmamz salar. "Be" fiilinin imdiki zaman ve geni zaman biimi ayndr ve bu tense'lerle "am, is, are" biiminde kullanlr. Singular Subject Plural Subject Pronouns Pronouns I am We are You are You are He/She/It is T h ey a re I am always nervous before an exam, (general) I am nervous now, because I'm taking an exam in half an hour, (present) a) "Be" fiilini asl fiil olarak kullanabileceimiz balca kalp vardr: a) be + noun I am a teacher. They are students. She is a Turk. Today is Tuesday. b) be + adjective He is tall. The world is round. They are intelligent. It's very hot today. c) be + prepositional phrase They are at home. Jane is from England. She is at the bus-stop. We are in the classroom.
WORD ORDER IN AN ENGLISH SENTENCE
b)
"Be", yardmc fiil olarak srerlik bildiren tense'lerle de kullanlr. I am writing now. She is reading the newspaper. They are listening to music.
GRAMMAR FOR UDS / KPDS/TOEIC & TOEFL EXAMS (REF:ELS GRAMMAR INSIDE OUT)
UNIT - 1 ENGLISH VERB TENSES 1 -2 THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

FORM Affirmative I am writing now. You are reading a book. He/She/It is eating lunch. We are listening to music. You are working hard. They are discussing their financial problems. Negative I am not writing now. You are not reading a book. He/She/It is not eating lunch. We are not listening to music. You are not working hard. They are not discussing their financial problems. Interrogative Am I writing now? Are you reading a book? Is he/she/it eating lunch? Are we listening to music? Are you working hard? Are they discussing their financial problems?
Olumsuz soruyu iki ekilde sorabiliriz. Am I not trying to help you? Are you not helping your mother? Is she not studying English? Are we not leaving for class now? Are you not watching the film? Are they not having breakfast? or or or or or or Aren't I trying to help you? Aren't you helping your mother? Isn't she studying English? Aren't we leaving for class now? Aren't you watching the film? Aren't they having breakfast?
Sonu -e ile biten fuller
SPELLING OF ING
write admire hope hide
writing admiring hoping hiding
shave amaze dine ride
shaving amazing dining riding
Sonu -e ile bilen fiillere ing taks eklenirken e der. *
Sonu bir sesli harf +bir sessiz harfle biten fiiller
TEK HECEL FLLER stop stopping beg begging sit sitting K HECEL FLLER a) listen listening happen happening b) prefer preferring refer referring
run rub set
running rubbing setting
Bu gruba giren tek heceli fiillerde, sondaki sessiz harf ift yazlr.
open ripen begin control play buy enjoy
opening ripening beginning controlling playing buying enjoying
Vurgu l.hecedeyse sondaki sessiz harf tek yazlr;2.hecedeyse ift yazlr.
Sonu -y ile biten fiiller
study reply try
studying replying trying
-y ile biten fiillere -ing taks eklenirken yazmda deiiklik olmaz.
Sonu -ie ile biten fiiller
die lie tie stand hold spend
dying lying tying standing holding spending start find bend starting finding bending
-ie -y' ye dnr ve -ing eklenir.
Sonu iki sessiz harfle biten fiiller
ki sessizle biten fiillere -ing eklenirken yazmda deiiklik olmaz.
* Sonu -ee biiminde biten fiiller -Ing taks alrken -e dmez: see-seeing, agree-agreeing, freefreeing
UNIT - 1 ENGLISH VERB TENSES l -3

a)
USE OF THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Bu tense ile temel olarak iinde bulunduumuz anda yapmakta olduumuz eylemleri anlatrz. Zaman pekitirmek iin ise now, right now, at the moment, at present, still gibi zaman zarflan kullanrz. Mother is in the kitchen now. She is cooking dinner. - Where is your sister? - I think she is writing a letter in her room. Listen! They are talking about us. Can you hear what they are saying? Konumann getii srada eylemi yapyor olmasak bile, o sralarda yapmakta olduumuz ileri de bu tense ile anlatrz ve nowadays, these days, this term, this year, this month, this semester, at the moment ("u sralar" anlamnda) gibi zaman zarflar kullanrz. - How many courses are you taking this term? - I'm taking five courses. - I haven't seen Peter recently. Have you? - No, but I talked to him on the phone last Saturday. He is very busy these days. He is redecorating his house by himself. Deimekte olan durumlar, olaylar bu tense ile anlatrz. "Everything is expensive. (Her ey pahal.)" cmlesi, fiyatlarn o anki durumunu anlatr. Fakat, "Everything is getting more and more expensive. (Her ey gittike pahallayor.)" ifadesi, fiyatlarn srekli deitiini, ykseldiini gsterir. It is cold. (Hava souk.) It is getting colder. (Hava gittike souyor.) The economic situation in Turkey is very bad. (Trkiye'nin ekonomik durumu ok kt.) The economic situation in Turkey is getting worse. (Trkiye'nin ekonomik durumu gittike ktleiyor.) Bu tense'i, "always" ve ayn anlam veren benzer zarflarla (perpetually, repeatedly, continually, forever, constantly) kullanarak, tekrarlanan eylemleri vurgulayabilir, ya da yaknma ve honutsuzluk ifade edebiliriz. I'm a/ways hearing strange things about him. You're a/ways making mistakes. Be more careful. You're constantly smoking at the dinner table. Can't you go somewhere else? Bu tense'i, tomorrow, next week, next year, next summer gibi gelecek zaman zarflaryla, gelecekte yapmay planladmz eylemleri anlatmak iin de kullanrz. I'm meeting Ann next Saturday. They are giving a party next month. She is leaving Istanbul in two days.
b)
c)
d)
e)
rneklerde grld gibi, cmle yap olarak imdiki zamana, anlam olarak ise gelecek zamana aittir. Ayn kullanm Trke'de de vardr ve bu cmleleri Trke'ye, gelecek zaman ya da imdiki zaman yapsnda evirmemiz mmkndr. Son rnei u ekilde evirebiliriz: ki gn sonra stanbul'dan ayrlyor. (ki gn sonra stanbul'dan ayrlacak.)
UNIT - 1 ENGLISH VERB TENSES l -4 THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

FORM
Negative I don't get up early. You don't go on holiday every year. He doesn't study hard. She doesn't clean the house herself. It doesn't stand in the corner. We don't keep our promises. You don't like animals They don't help people around. Interrogative Do I get up early? Do you go on holiday every year? Does he study hard? Does she clean the house herself? Does it stand in the corner? Do we keep our promise? Do you like animals? Do they help people around?
Affirmative I get up early. You go on holiday every year. He studies hard. She cleans the house herself. It stands in the corner. We keep our promises. You like animals. They help people around.
nc tekil ahs iin (he/she/it) fiil, olumlu cmlede -s taks alr. He reads a lot. She buys a newspaper regularly. The cat drinks only milk in the morning. Olumsuz cmlede ve soruda, yani "does" ya da "doesn't' bulunan cmlelerde fiil daima yalndr. He doesn't read a lot. She doesn't buy a newspaper every day. Does the cat drink milk in the morning? "have" fiilinin nc ahs biimi "has" dir. Ancak, soruda ve olumsuz cmlede fiilin yaln hali "have" kullanlr. - Do you have a bath every day? - Yes, I do. (I have a bath every day.) - Does your son have a bath every day? - Yes, he does. (He has a bath every day.) - Does your father have breakfast in the morning? - No, he doesn't. (He doesn't have breakfast in the morning.)
a)
1 -5
USE OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
Bu tense ile, genelde yaptmz ileri, alkanlklarmz anlatrz ve always, sometimes, never, often vb. sklk bildiren zarflarn yan sra, every day, every month, every year, every summer gibi zaman zarflarn ska kullanrz. - What time do you usually get up? - I usually get up at seven o'clock. - Does she always get up early? - Not a/ways. She sometimes gets up very late. - How often do you go to the cinema? - I go to the cinema every weekend/once a week/three times a year, etc. - How often does your brother write to you? - He writes to me very often.
b)
Frequency Adverbs (Sklk bildiren zaman zarflan) always....................................................all the time (hep, her zaman) almost always/nearly always ...................almost/nearly all the time, (hemen her zaman) very often ..............................................(ok sk) usually/generally ..................................(genellikle) often/frequently ....................................(sk sk) sometimes/occasionally ........................from lime to time (bazen, ara sra) rarely/seldom ........................................ (ender, nadiren, seyrek) hardly ever/scarcely ever/almost never..(hemen hemen hi) never ................................................... (hi, hi bir zaman, asla) Yardmc fiil bulunmayan olumlu cmlelerde bu zarflar asl fiilden nce, yani zne ile yklem arasnda yer alr. She always sings in English. I sometimes feel depressed. They seldom go to the theatre. Bu zarflar "am, Is, are" dan sonra gelir. I sometimes go to work late./I am sometimes late for work. Sklk bildiren zarflarn olumsuz cmledeki yeri deiiktir. Always daima olumsuzluk eki "not" dan sonra gelir. I don't always get up early. She doesn't always study very hard. They aren't always late for class. frequently, sometimes ve occasionally olumsuzluk ekinden nce gelir. I sometimes don't want to be with people.

She frequently doesn't want to do her homework. They sometimes aren't ready on time. She occasionally isn't polite to the people around her. NOT ........................................................................................................................ Birinci tekil ahs iin bu kural geerli deildir. Zarf, yardmc fiil "am" ile "not" arasnda yer alr. I'm sometimes not patient enough with children. usually, generally ve often her iki durumda da kullanlr. They usually don't go out on Sundays./They don't usually go out on Sundays. We often don't watch TV./We don't often watch TV. They generally aren't awake till 1 la.m./They aren't generally awake till 1 la.m. rarely, seldom, hardly ever, almost never ve never olumsuz cmlede kullanlmaz. Bu zarflar sadece olumlu cmlede kullanlr, ancak olumsuz bir anlam tar. I hardly ever go to the theatre. (Tiyatroya hemen hemen hi gitmem.) I'm hardly ever nervous before an exam. (Bir snav ncesinde neredeyse hi heyecanlanmam.) She never comes to her classes on time. She is never on time for her classes. (Derslerine asla/hi vaktinde gelmez.) Olumlu anlam tayan sklk zarflarn (usually, generally, often, frequently, sometimes, occasionally) dilbilgisi kurallarna uygun bu kullanmlarnn yan sra, cmlede vurguyu artrmak iin, cmlenin banda da kullanabiliriz. zellikle sometimes bu ekilde ok sk kullanlr. Sometimes I get angry easily. Occasionally I don't need to get up early. Usually they spend too much money on luxuries. Occasionally ve sometimes, cmle sonunda da yer alabilir. I go to the theatre occasionally. He is a bit lazy sometimes. Often, zellikle quite ve very ile birlikte kullanldnda cmle sonunda da yer alabilir. We come to this restaurant quite often. Do you catch colds often? I don't watch television very often. Rarely ve seldom, zellikle only, very ve quite ile birlikte kullanldnda, cmle sonunda yer alabilir. I eat meat very seldom. She smokes cigars quite rarefy. NOTE: Always bu ekilde cmle banda ya da sonunda yer almaz.Olumsuz anlam tayan sklk zarflan (rarely, seldom, hardly ever, scarcely ever, never] cmlenin bana geldii zaman cmle devrik olur. I never eat fish ............................................... Never do I eat fish. He rarely smokes ............................................ Rarely does he smoke. You seldom make mistakes............................ Seldom do you make mistakes. She scarcely ever visits us..............................Scarcely ever does she visit us. Ever olumlu veya olumsuz soruda kullanlr ve hi anlamn verir. Olumsuz cmlede hi demek iin do not ever yerine never kullanlr. - Do you ever smoke? - No, I never smoke. - Don't you ever help your mother? - Yes, I help her when I have time. c) Doa kanunlarn, her zaman geerlilii olan dorular ve genellemeleri bu tense ile ifade ederiz. A diamond is a precious stone. Water consists of oxygen and hydrogen. The Earth revolves round the Sun. Plants need water in order to grow. Water boils at 100 degrees centigrade. Wood floats in water but iron sinks. d) "What do you do?" sorusu kiinin neyle uratn, iini sorar. Yani "What is your job/occupation?" sorusu ile ayn anlamdadr. - What do you do? - I'm a teacher. - What does your father do? - He is an accountant. "What do you do?" sorusunu bir zaman zarfyla kullanrsak, "sz edilen zamanda ne yaparsn" anlamna gelir. - What do you do at the weekends? - I usually meet friends. - What does your father do in the evenings? - He reads his newspaper or watches television. e) "Why don't.......?" kalb birine neri getirirken kullanlr. - I have a headache. - Why don't you take an aspirin?

- We have nothing to eat at home. - Why don't we go out for dinner?
f)
Sinema, tiyatro gibi etkinliklerin balama ve biti saatlerini, ders programlarn yada uak, tren, otobs tarifelerini belirtirken, geni zaman gelecek zaman anlamyla kullanabiliriz. The buses start at 6 a.m. and stop at 12 a.m. every day. (simple present) The train to Ankara leaves at 9 a.m. tomorrow and arrives there at 6 p.m. (future) Our classes usually begin at 9 and finish at 12. (simple present) . My class begins at 9 tomorrow and finishes at 12. (future) ) Gazete manetlerinde, normalde past tense ile aktarlmas gereken (olmu, gereklemi) olaylar. Simple Present Tense ile aktarlr. A live bomb blows up a shopping centre in Israel.(=blew up) A coach collides with a train in India: hundreds killed and hundreds more wounded. (=collided)
imdi bu iki tense'i karlatralm. a) Konumann getii anda ya da o sralarda yapmakta olduumuz ileri Present Continuous ile (I am doing); genelde yaptmz ileri, alkanlklarmz ise Simple Present ile (/ do) ifade ettiimizi belirtmitik. Father is in his room now. He is resting, (now) Father always rests in his room in the afternoon, (simple present) I want to concentrate on my studies, so I'm not playing volleyball this year. I usually play volleyball at the weekend. I don't play on weekdays. b) Live ve work fiilleri ile srekli oturduumuz/altmz yeri ifade ediyorsak, geni zaman kullanlr.
1-6
THE SIMPLE PRESENT or THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS
- Where do you live? - I live in Istanbul. - Where does your father work? - He works for a construction company. Ancak, geici olarak ikamet ettiimiz/altmz yeri imdiki zamanla belirtiriz. I moved to istanbul last week, and I'm living with a friend for the time being. His company sent him abroad for a month, and now he is working in Kuwait. c) Baz fiiller srerlik bildiren tense'lerle (I am doing, I was doing, I have been doing, etc.) kullanlmazlar. Bu fuller, konuma srasnda bizzat yaplmakta olan bir eylem (action) bildirmezler, durum ifade ederler. "I'm writing now." ifadesinde, write fiili bir eylem bildirir. Yani benim u anda yapmakta olduum bir ii ifade eder. "/ know English." ifadesinde ise know fiili bir eylem bildirmez. Yani, kiinin yapmakta olduu bir ii deil, statik bir durum bildirir. Durum bildiren fiillerin Simple Present ve Present Continuous iin kullanmlar ayndr. When I get up in the morning, I want to drink coffee, (simple present) I'm very thirsty. I want to drink something, (now) People need money in order to live, (simple present) I need some money. Can you lend me some? (now)

1 -7 . PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS) TENSE'LERLE KULLANILMAYAN FLLER DNMEYE LKN FULLER (MENTAL STATE) think * realize understand suppose notice feel believe recognize doubt imagine know remember DUYGU BELKTEN FULLER (EMOTIONAL STATE) love dislike loathe hate appreciate fear SAHPLK BLDREN FiiLLER (POSSESSION) possess have * own 4. DUYU FLLER (SENSE PERCEPTIONS) see * hear smell* DER DURUM BLDREN FULLER look * owe be * seem cost exist appear* weigh * advise
forget want prefer
mean need
2.
3.
mind care desire belong taste *
wish forgive
feel *
5.
promise refuse contain
consist of include sound
* Yannda yldz olan fiiller, farkl bir anlam tadklar zaman, srerlik bildiren tense'lerle kullanlabilirler. 1-8 NONPROGRESSIVE or PROGRESSIVE
PROGRESSIVE think "dnmek" I'm thinking about going abroad next year. She is thinking about her family. see "grmek" The doctor is seeing his patient now. The manager is seeing the applicant now. smell "koklamak' Look! Mother is smelling the flowers. Why are you smelling the milk? taste "tadna bakmak' Look! The judges are tasting my dish right now. I can't wait to hear the result. feel "hissetmek" I feel better now./I'm feeling better now. (imdi kendimi daha iyi hissediyorum.) look "bakmak' Why are you looking out of the window? appear "(ortaya) kmak' The comedian is appearing nightly at the Broken Door club. weigh "tartmak" The butcher is weighing the meat now. be (konuma annda bir deiimi ifade ederken am/is/are being) You are being rude. (Kabalayorsun.) (Kiinin konuma srasnda kaba davrandn belirtir. "Kabalk" kiinin genel bir zellii olmayabilir.) have (eylem bildiriyorsa) She is having breakfast now. Father can't come to the phone. He is having a shower right now.
NONPROGRESSIVE think "sanmak, zannetmek' I think she is a student. I think they will visit us next week. see "grmek' Right now, I'm looking out of the window, and I see lots of people in the street. smell "kokmak" This perfume smells very nice. These flowers smell awful. taste (bir nesnenin tadndan sz ediyorsak) This soup tastes awful. I can't eat it. (orbann tad berbat.) The dinner looks bad but tastes delicious. (Yemein grnts kt ama tad gzel.) feel (bir nesnenin bize verdii duyguyu ifade ederken; "sezinlemek, ummak" anlamnda) This pillow feels very hard. (This pillow is very hard./Bu yastk ok sert.) I feel (that) something bad will happen. (Kt bir eylerin olacan hissediyorum.) look "gibi grnmek' You look ill. You'd better go home. That ladder doesn't look safe. appear "gibi grnmek" The teacher appears to be in a bad mood today. She appears to be bored with the film. weigh (bir nesnenin arln sylerken) The baby weighs six kilograms. ' be (genel bir durum ifade ederken am, is, are) You are very rude. (ok kabasn.) (Kiinin genelde kaba biri olduunu belirtir.) have (sahiplik bildiriyorsa) I don't have much money now. She has two brothers.
Sahiplik bildiren "have/has" "have got/has gol" biiminde de kullanlr I have two sisters. I don't have any brothers. She has a car. I have got two sisters. I haven't got any brothers. She has got a car

She doesn't have a bike. Do you have any nephews? Yes, I do. No, I don't. Does she have a boat? Yes, she does. No, she doesn't. She hasn't got a bike. Have you got any nephews? Yes, I have. No, I haven't. Has she got a boat? Yes, she has. No, she hasnt
EXERCISE 1: Use either the Simple Present or the Present Progressive of the verbs given In parentheses. 1. A: What ...................... you (do) .........................here in the kitchen? B: I (taste) ......................................the soup to see if it (have) .......................................... enough salt. 2. A: ....................... you (know) ..............................the woman who (talk) ..................................to Peter over there? B: No, I (not recognize) ........................................her, but I (suppose) ....................................that she is his guest from Germany. 3. A: Hi! How are you? B: Fine! Why ........................ you (whisper) .............................................? A: The baby (sleep) ........................................and I (try) ....................................... not to wake her. B: Oh. Which room ................... she (sleep) .............................. in? A: Upstairs, in my bedroom. B: Well, I (not think) .......................................we (be) ........................................ close enough to disturb her, anyway. 4. A: Why .................you (take) ...................... your umbrella? It (not, rain) ................................. B: I (always, take) ........................................it. Just in case! A: But it (never, rain) ....................................... here in July. B: Oh, well. You (never, know) ............................................ Today might be different! 5. Nearly everybody in this town (work) .......................................... at the local car factory. In fact, the company (rely) .......................................on the townspeople for its workforce, so, to stop them looking elsewhere, it (pay) ........................................ really well and (provide) ..................................... lots of extra facilities. Currently, it (build) ................................... a play-centre for the children of the working mothers. 6. I (look) ........................................ like our mother and my sister (take) ................................... after our father, but our brother (not resemble) ................................... either of them. 7. Prices (rise) .......................................so quickly nowadays that we (even, consider) ................................... selling our car just to keep up. 8. Mum (weigh) ...................................... herself again because she (try) ................................... to lose weight in time for her holiday next month. 9. My brother (weigh) ............................................about 70 kg, but he (seem) ................................... heavier because he (a/ways, wear) ......................................... such bulky clothes. 10. These cultivated roses (look) ........................................so beautiful, but they (not smell) ....................................at all. 11. Our guests (arrive) ...................................... shortly, and Sarah (still, wrap) ....................................the presents. 12. Jack is lucky. He (listen) ......................................... to Brahms's music live at the Albert Hall at this very moment while we (sit) ..........................................here in the office listening to the BBC orchestra on the radio. 13. This powdered pudding is strawberry flavour, but actually, it (not taste) .....................................fruity at all. 14. The Earth (get) ...................................... warmer and warmer, which (raise) ....................................the sea-level. 15. What lovely quality this baby outfit is! It (feel] ........................................... nice and thick. 16. A: You (look) ..........................................very worried. I (hope) ......................................... nothing bad has happened! B: Well, I've broken Grandma's favourite mug, and now I (think) ................................... about how to explain it to her. 17. Don't worry about your dog. The vet (feel) .......................................... his legs to check that nothing is broken. 18. A: Why ................... you (sniff] ...........................like that?

B: I (try) ..................................... to decide what perfume you (wear) .................................... at the moment. A: Oh, it's Givenchy - lan's present for Christmas. B: It (smell)...................................... wonderful. A snake's skin (look) ........................................slimy, but it (not, feel) ................................... slimy at all. The conditions these Afghan refugees (endure) ................................................in these troubled times are appalling. At the moment, the judge (see) ..................................... both the Defendant's lawyer and the Claimant's lawyer privately in his chamber. A: .................... you (think) ...........................you (have) ....................................... any chance of winning this chess match? B: Yes, I (see) ....................................... a number of good moves that I can make from this position.
19. 20. 21. 22.

1-9 THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE FORM Negative I didn't study English. You didn't work hard. He/She didn't come late. It didn't rain hard yesterday. We didn't enjoy the party. You didn't help a lot. They didn't get up early. Interrogative Did I study English? Did you work hard? Did he/she come late? Did it rain hard yesterday? Did we enjoy the party? Did you help a lot? Did they get up early?
Affirmative I studied English. You worked hard. He/She came lale. It rained hard yesterday. We enjoyed the party. You helped a lot. They got up early.
Olumlu cmlede, fiillerin past tense biimi, olumsuz cmlede ve soruda ise fiillerin yaln hali kullanlr. l lived in zmir for five years. She didn't study hard enough to pass the exam. Did you stay home yesterday? Ksa cevapta did ve didn't kullanlr. Did you go to the cinema last week? Yes, we did. (Yes, we went to the cinema last week.) Did you visit your friends yesterday? No, I didn't. (I didn't visit my friends yesterday.) 1-10 USE OF THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE Bu tense'i gemite yaptmz eylemleri, olaylan ve durumlan anlatrken kullanrz. Yesterday, last night, last week, last summer, halfan hour ago, ten days ago, two years ago vb. bu tense ile ska kullanlan zaman zarflardr. I became a teacher eight years ago. Where did you go on holiday last summer? He didn't play football last Sunday because he was ill. She left the country a few months ago. a) Dzenli (regular) fiillerin past biimi, fiilin yaln haline -ed eklenerek elde edilir. Present: want stay study shave Past: wanted stayed studied shaved b) "Be" fiilinin past biimi "was, were" biimindedir. I lived in a village when I was a child. She was late for work yesterday, so her boss was angry with her. We weren't at home last night. c) Dzenli fiillerin -ed taksn almasyla ilgili yazm kurallan yledir: I) ou dzenli fiil -ed alr. talk - talked govern - governed roar - roared walk - walked seem - seemed roam - roamed ) Bir sessiz + bir sesli + bir sessiz harften oluan ksa fiillerde, sondaki sessiz harf ift yazlr. grab - grabbed stop - stopped beg - begged ban - banned slim - slimmed rob - robbed
!) Sonu -e ile bitenler sadece -d taks alr. gaze - gazed smile - smiled stare - stared hate - hated like - liked save - saved
IV) Sonu bir sessiz harf + y ile bitenlerde -y, -l olur, ondan sonra -ed eklenir. try - tried dry - dried cry - cried fry - fried apply - applied study - studied
-y den nce bir sesli harf varsa yazmda deiiklik olmaz.

10

play - played pray - prayed d) delay - delayed decay - decayed betray - betrayed spray - sprayed
Dzensiz (irregular) fiillerin past biimi ise tabloda grld gibidir. AN ALPHABETICAL LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS
SIMPLE PAST arose was, were bore beat became began bent bet bid bound bit bled blew broke bred brought broadcast built burst bought cast caught chose clung came cost crept cut dealt dug did drew ate fell fed felt fought found fit fled rode rang rose ran said saw PAST PARTICIPLE arisen been borne /born beaten/beat become begun bent bet* bid bound bitten/bit bled blown broken bred brought broadcast built burst bought cast caught chosen clung come cost crept cut dealt dug done drawn eaten fallen fed felt fought found fit* fled ridden rung risen run said seen SIMPLE FORM fling fly forbid forecast forget forgive forsake freeze get give go grind grow hang have hear hide hit hold hurt keep know lay lead leave lend let lie light lose make mean meet mislay mistake pay put quit read rid stand steal stick sung stink strive flung flew forbade/forbid forecast forgot forgave forsook froze got gave went ground grew hung had heard hid hit held hurt kept knew laid led left lent let lay lit/lighted lost made meant met mislaid mistook paid put quit read rid stood stole stuck stung stank/stunk strove SIMPLE PAST PAST PARTICIPLE flung flown forbidden forecast forgotten forgiven forsaken frozen gotten * given gone ground grown hung had heard hidden hit held hurt kept known laid led left lent let lain lit/lighted lost made meant met mislaid mistaken paid put quit * read rid stood stolen stuck stung stunk striven
SIMPLE FORM arise be bear beat become begin bend bet bid bind bite bleed blow break breed bring broadcast build burst buy cast catch choose cling come cost creep cut deal dig do draw eat fall feed feel fight find fit flee ride ring rise run say see
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seek sell send set shake shed shine shoot show shrink shut sing sit sleep slide slit speak speed spend spin spit split spread spring sought sold sent set shook shed shone /shined shot showed shut sang sat slept slid slit spoke sped /speeded spent spun/span spit/ spat split spread sought sold sent set shaken shed shone/shined shot shown/showed shut sung sat slept slid slit spoken sped/speeded spent spun spit/ spat split spread strike string swear sweep swim swing take teach tear tell think throw struck strung swore swept swam swung took taught tore told thought threw struck/ stricken strung sworn swept swum swung taken taught torn told thought thrown thrust understood undertaken upset worn woven wept won wound withdrawn wrung written
shrank/shrunk shrunk
thrust thrust understand understood undertake upset wear weave weep win wind withdraw wring write undertook upset wore wove wept won wound withdrew wrung wrote
sprang/sprung sprung
* Bu fiiller iin American English ve American bet - bet - bet fit - fit - fit get - got - gotten quit - quit - quit
British English arasndaki farkllklara dikkat ediniz. British bet - bet - bet or bet- betted - betted fit - fitted - fitted get - got - got quit - quitted - quitted
American'English'de dzenli olan baz fiiller British English'de dzensizdir. American: burn-burned, dream-dreamed, kneel-kneeled, lean-leaned, smell-smelled, spillspilled, etc. British: bum-burnt, dream-dreamt, kneel-knelt, lean-leant, smell-smell, spillspilt 1-11 CONFUSING VERBS a) raise, raised, raised (transitive) The supermarket raised its prices twice last week. c) arouse, aroused, aroused (transitive) The man's peculiar behaviour aroused the police's suspicion. e) set, set, set (transitive) We set the chair at the head of the table. g) lay, laid, laid (transitive) We laid the carpet after we'd painted the walls. i) bind, bound, bound (tie up) He bound the dog to the fence with a long rope. b) rise, rose, risen (intransitive) Prices rose three times last week. d) arise, arose, arisen (intransitive) Their suspicion arose because of the man's peculiar behaviour. f) sit, sat, sat (intransitive) My father sat at the head of the table. h) lie,* lay, lain (intransitive) I lay on the sofa after dinner and went to sleep. j) bound, bounded, bounded (1. border 2. jump) Luxembourg is bounded by Belgium, Germany
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and France. k) find, found, found I found your pen on top of the fridge. m) grind, ground, ground (crush into powder) In the past people ground wheat into flour using large stones. o) wind, wound, wound (twist, turn) He wound the string into a tight ball. q) fall, fell, fallen She fell as she was getting off the bus. s) see, saw, seen They saw an accident while driving to work. The dog was bounding across the field. l) found, founded, founded (establish) Mao Tse-Tung founded the People's Republic of China. n) ground, grounded, grounded (compli to stay on the ground) The authorities grounded the plane for safety checks. p) wound, wounded, wounded (injure) The gun shots wounded several people. r) fell, felled, felled (cut down) They felled the tree because it was getting too big. t) saw, sawed, sawed/sawn (cut with a saw) He sawed the wood into equal lengths. u) hang, hung, hung (suspend something) They hung a flag from the window for Republic Day. v) hang, banged, hanged (kill someone by hanging) The leader of the Pakistani military coup, General Zia ul-Huq, hanged President Bhutto in 1979.
' Lie "yalan sylemek' anlamndaysa, dzenli bir fiildir: She lied to us about her coming late.
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EXERCISE 2; Choose the correct word in parentheses. 1. He (bound/bounded) the package with string so that it wouldn't come undone in the post. 2. Fewer difficulties than expected (arose/aroused) during the meeting. 3. Siddhartha Gautama, who came to be known as Buddha, (found/founded) 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Buddhism, one of the major religions of Asia. Obviously not many of the students understood the teacher's question, because only a few (raised/rose) their hands to answer. The nurses (laid/lay) the patient gently on the bed so the doctor could examine him. After the ship (ground/grounded] itself on the rocks, the crew had to abandon it. Because of her conscientious attitude, she has (raised/risen) rapidly to a senior managerial position. You've (seen/sawn) more off one leg than the others, so now the table won't stand up properly. The silly girl (wound/wounded] her scarf round her neck so tightly that she nearly strangled herself. The townspeople were so outraged that they (hung/hanged) the accused man before he had even had a proper trial. Look, your daughter's crying! I think she's just (fallen/felled) off her bicycle. After cutting and polishing the sapphire, the jeweller (set/sat) it in a gold necklace. He accidentally (wound/wounded) his leg while chopping wood. The doorman took Robert's coat and (hanged/hung) it on the coat stand by the reception desk. At yesterday's race, one rider was thrown from his horse when it bolted at the second jump, and the animal (bound/bounded) around the rest of the track without a jockey. Marie (grounded/ground) some almonds, then added sugar and eggs to prepare the marzipan paste for the wedding cake.
16. 17.
In February 1998, they ceremoniously (laid/lay) the foundations of the new airport in Istanbul. 18. On our last summer holiday, we (laid/lay) in the sun most of the time and only (saw/sawed) a few of the tourist attractions. 19. The butcher (rose/raised) his eyebrows in surprise when he heard the news. 20. Sir Isaac Newton came up with his ideas about gravity after an apple (fell/felled] from a tree onto his head. 21. As he had not written the directions clearly, Mark only (found/founded) the craft shop after almost an hour of walking around. 22. The genuine 16th-century Ottoman tiles (arose/aroused) the interest of several buyers in the auction room. 23. As the chairman (rose/raised) to speak, the room immediately became silent. 24. 25. The drummer (sat/set) at the back of the stage behind the rest of the group. Doubts (aroused/arose) about the man's real identity because of his strange accent and his nervous behaviour.
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EXERCISE 3: Complete the sentences with the Simple Past forms of the Irregular verbs In the list. Use each verb only once. arise fall slide creep feel forgive dig spring keep hold forbid lay feed hide lie 1. As a child, I ........................................ caged birds, but now I don't, as I no longer like seeing them in captivity. 2. The meeting should have been quite short, but the question of finance .................................... , so it took longer than expected. 3. I......................................into the house really quietly last night in the hope that my parents wouldn't notice how late I was. 4. I......................................him for borrowing the car without my permission, but not for lying about it when I first asked. 5. I'm sorry I didn't turn up last night, but I............................................ down on my bed for a few minutes' rest and accidentally went to sleep! 6. They ...................................... the party at a friend's house because theirs wasn't big enough. 7. His father........................................him from listening to rock music in the house as he insisted on playing it so loudly. 8. She ...................................... the table for ten people, but in fact, only six of the invited guests came. 9. I was late for work this morning because my daughter .................................................my car keys from me and then couldn't remember where they were. 10. He.......................................badly when he was playing football and fractured his ankle. 11. My neighbour was furious when our dog ............................................. a big hole in his flowerbed. 12. It's not surprising that he.......................................... so ill this morning. He drank far too much wine last night. 13. She must have been waiting for an important call, because the minute she heard the phone ringing, she.......................................... to her feet and rushed to answer it. 14. My wife was so angry with me for being late that she .................................................. my dinner to the dog! 15. As he .......................................slowly off his chair and collapsed into a heap on the floor, I realized he was drunk.
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EXERCISE 4: Complete the sentences with the Simple Past forms of the irregular verbs in the list Use each verb only once. bear fight seek bet freeze shed bind grow tear deal leave throw eat ride wind 1. My brother and I ........................................ like cat and dog when we were children, but now we get on quite well. 2. The children are upset because they accidentally................................................their ball over the neighbour's wall and they won't be able to get it back until he comes home. 3. I can't believe that the first time you ............................................ a bike was when you were twenty! 4. The kidnappers ........................................his arms and legs to a chair so that he couldn't move. 5. It was so cold last night that the locks on my car literally..................................................... 6. I've only ever been to the horse races once; I............................................... on three horses and they all won! 7. Unfortunately, I .........................................my shirt on a nail when I was trying to put up some shelves. 8. My grandmother used to live in a little cottage with a beautiful, flowering, climbing plant which ........................................ up the walls and round the windows. 9. Unable to find sufficient investors, the company ............................................... the cost of the expansion itself. 10. During the first month of her diet, she ............................................ over three kilos. 11. When he........................................school, he chose to start working immediately rather than continue his studies. 12. You....................................... all the bread at breakfast, so if you want a sandwich now, you'll have to buy some more. 13. You....................................... the cards without shuffling the pack, so you'll have to start again. 14. As a child, whenever she was unhappy, she ............................................... comfort from her grandmother. 15. I'm certain I ........................................the clock last night, so I have no idea why the alarm didn't go off. EXERCISE 5: Complete the sentences with the Simple Past forms of the Irregular verbs In the list Use each verb only once. bend forecast lead burst draw light choose flee mistake cost fly mislay broadcast grind shake 1. The weathermen ........................................ a sunny day this morning, but so far it's done nothing but rain. 2. He...................................... his key, so he had to break a window to get in. 3. We....................................... to Antalya because it was faster, but came back by bus because of the price. 4. The little girl had only had her balloon for five minutes when it.................................................... so her mother had to buy her a new one. 5. It ..................................... more than expected to redecorate the house, but fortunately, we had some money saved. 6. In order that we'd have no problems finding the house, he ................................................ a map for us. 7. Even though I.........................................him several times, he wouldn't wake up. 8. The rebels........................................over the border as the government's troops approached. 9. Television companies from all around the world................................................the unique event. 10. I walked up to a complete stranger yesterday, and said, "Hello," because I .................................... him for a friend of mine. 11. We ...................................... the blue fabric, as the brown wouldn't go with anything in our house. 12. In the village we visited, the people............................................. wheat to make flour using
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the traditional method. 13. Because he didn't have any matches, he ............................................. his cigarette using the electric stove. 14. The plumber ....................................... the pipe to fit into the space under the sink. 15. Five minutes before the end of the match, our team ................................................by 3 goals to 2 and looked certain to win, but the other side equalized just before the final whistle. EXERCISE 6: Complete the sentences with the Simple Past forms of the Irregular verbs In the list. Use each verb only once. shrink lose spin bite ring undertake forget rise wear hang sell weave hurt shine withdraw 1. The telephone ........................................about fifteen times before it was answered. 2. Can you remember where you were when you ................................................your purse? 3. For the interview, she.......................................... a grey suit and matching shoes. 4. He ......................................his leg badly and had to take a few days off work. 5. The minute I ........................................the washing out, it started to rain. 6. The company ........................................its support when they heard the news of the scandal. 7. I was really upset when my new jumper..............................................after only the first wash. 8. Because the sun .........................................in my eyes so strongly, I found it impossible to see anything. 9. In the past, people ........................................ wool by hand. 10. As he ....................................... to his feet, we could clearly see his look of anger. 11. It's not my fault that we ..........................................the camera - you didn't think about it either. 12. When the dog.........................................her, you should have taken her straight to the doctor. 13. They .......................................the car because they needed the money for their business. 14. The skill with which the women .............................................the carpets was incredible. 15. Because of the unreliability of the post, he...............................................to deliver the package himself. EXERCISE 7: Complete the sentences with the Simple Past forms of the verbs In the list. Some of the verbs are regular and some are irregular. Use each verb only once. bleed fall sweep play swear saw buy fell slip climb see miss strike attend split 1. After we....................................... to the top, we were able to appreciate just how spectacular the view was. 2. I ..................................... Mary in town yesterday, but it was so crowded that I don't think she noticed me. 3. When he...................................... for the second time, I warned him not to use such bad language. 4. I only ...................................... the dress because I thought I could wear it to work. 5. He......................................football professionally when he was younger. 6. I enjoyed living and working overseas immensely, but the only problem was that I ....................................my family and friends so much that I always wanted to go home. 7. At least three people ......................................on the ice as they walked down the road. 8. The contractors ...................................... over half of the trees to make way for the new road. 9. The wound looked very serious but can't have been, as it hardly .....................................at all. 10. During the tennis match, he...................................... the ball so hard that it went right out of the court. 11. You should have measured the space before you ........................................the wood as,
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now, the shelves aren't big enough. 12. I only ...................................... the balcony ten minutes ago, but now it's covered in leaves again. 13. Fortunately, he wasn't injured when he .......................................off the ladder. 14. As my father's job involved a lot of travelling, I ......................................... several different schools. 15. He...................................... the seam of his trousers today, so he can't wear them for the moment. 1-12 EMPHATIC "DO" Simple Present ve Simple Past tense'lerle, normalde, olumlu cmlede "do/does, did' kullanlmaz. Ancak vurguyu artrmak iin bu yardmc fiilleri olumlu cmlede kullanabiliriz. Bu durumda, her iki tense ile de asl fiil yaln haliyle kullandr. - Your brother doesn't like fish, does he? - Yes, he does like fish. - You don't help your mother with the housework, do you? - Yes, I do help my mother whenever I have time. - You didn't go to school yesterday, did you? - Yes, I did go to school yesterday.
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1-13 THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE FORM Affirmative I was working. You were studying. He/She/It was eating lunch We were laughing. You were talking. They were arguing. Negative I wasn't working. You weren't studying. He/She/It wasn't eating lunch. We weren't laughing. You weren't talking. They weren't arguing. Interrogative Was I working? Were you studying? Was he/she/it eating lunch? Were we laughing? Were you talking? Were they arguing?
- Where were you living this time last year? -1 was living in zmir. - What were you doing at 9 p.m. last night? - I was watching television. 1-14 USE OF THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE Bu tense'i, gemite belli bir noktada yapmakta olduumuz eylemleri anlatrken kullanrz. This time last year, this time last winter, at this hour yesterday, yesterday at 3 o'clock etc. bu tense ile sk kullanlan zarflardr. This time last summer, I was lying on the beach in Gcek, but now I'm working hard to finish this book. What were you doing at around noon last Saturday? I was playing football with friends. b) Gemite bir eylemi, balang ve biti zamann belirterek anlatyorsak, Past Continuous Tense kullanrz. (Bu tr cmlelerde Simple Past Tense kullanmak da mmkndr.) I was watching a film on television from nine until eleven last night. He was working as an accountant from 1985 to 1989. c) Past Continuous (/ was doing) ile Past Tense (/ did) arasndaki kullanm farkna dikkat ediniz. Eer, gemite tamamladmz bir eylemden sz ediyorsak Simple Past Tense kullanrz. (nemli olan belli bir zamanda 'We yapyordum?" deil, "Ne yaptm?"dr.) - What did you do last night? - I watched television first, then I studied English. Eer, gemite tamamladmz bir eylemi deil de, sz edilen zamanda yapmakta olduumuz ii anlatyorsak, Past Continuous Tense kullandr. (nemli olan "Ne yaptm?" deil, "Ne yapyordum?" dur.) - What were your parents doing when you got home last night? - They were waiting for me to eat dinner with them. d) Srerlik bildiren tense'lerle kullanlmayan fiiller (non-progressive verbs), Past Continuous Tense ile de kullanlmaz. I already knew the news about him. (Ben onunla ilgili haberi zaten biliyordum.) She thought that I would go to the party as well. (Partiye benim de gideceimi zannediyordu.) The flowers looked nice yesterday, but now they are fading. (iekler dn gzel grnyordu, ama imdi soluyorlar.) e) Gemiteki alkanlklarmz ya da sk sk yaptmz eylemleri Simple Past Tense ile anlatrz. I went to the cinema very often when I was at university. Yukardaki cmleyi Trke'ye iki ekilde evirebiliriz. " niversitedeyken sinemaya ok sk giderdim." ya da "niversitedeyken sinemaya ok sk gidiyordum." Bu cmledeki "gidiyordum" Sadesi ilk anda Past Continuous Tense gibi grnse de, gemite belli bir noktada devam etmekte olan bir eylemi deil de, genelde olan bir eylemi anlatt iin Simple Past Tense kullanmamz gerekir. When he was young, he played football in the school team, (general in the past) When I saw him yesterday, he was playing football, (a specific point in the past) f) WHEN and WHILE SENTENCES Past Continuous Tense "when" ve "while" cmlelerinde ok sk kullanlan bir tense'dir. Gemite devam etmekte olan bir eylem srasnda bir baka eylem olmusa, bu durumu u cmlelerle ifade ederiz. I was eating dinner when the guests arrived. (Konuklar geldiinde yemek yiyordum.) I hurt my leg while I was playing football. (Futbol oynarken bacam incittim.) WHEN I. "When" ile kurulmu bir zarf cmlecii (adverbial clause), genellikle temel cmledeki (main clause) eylemin devam etmekte olduu zaman aklar. "Bir eylem olduunda bir baka eylem oluyordu" biiminde bir anlam tar. Bu nedenle "when" in bal bulunduu cmlede Simple Past, temel cmlede ise Past Continuous kullanlr. a)
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I was studying. He came in. When he came in. I was studying. (O ieri girdiinde, ben ders alyordum.) adverbial main clause clause I was reading1 when he came in. (O geldiinde, ben kitap okuyordum.) When I went out, it was raining. (Dar ktmda yamur yayordu.) They were arguing when I entered the room. (Odaya girdiimde, tartyorlard.) When + Simple Past, Past Continuous "When" arka arkaya yaplm eylemleri anlatmak iin de kullandr. Bu durumda her iki cmlenin de tense'i Simple Past'dr. When he arrived, we went into the cinema. (First he came. Then we entered the cinema.) (O gelince, sinemaya girdik.) When he left work, he got on a bus and went home. When the teacher asked a question, I raised my hand to answer it.
II.
'When + Simple Past, Simple Past WHILE I. "While" cmlecii genellikle, temel cmledeki eylem srasnda devam etmekte olan bir baka eylemi anlatmak iin kullanlr. Bu nedenle, "while" in bal bulunduu cmle Past Continuous, temel cmle ise Simple Past'dr. II. "While" cmlecii, temel cmledeki eylemle ayn anda olan bir eylemi anlatmak iin de kullanlr. Bu durumda her iki cmle de Simple Past Tense ile kurulur. I sang while I washed the dishes. (Bulaklar ykarken ark syledim.) She watched me while I made the cake. (Ben kek yaparken o beni izledi.) I watted outside while she had an interview. (O grme yaparken ben darda bekledim.) While + Simple Past, Simple Past III. "While" birbirine paralel devam eden iki eylemi anlatmak iin de kullanlr. Bu durumda her iki cmlede de Past Continuous Tense kullanlr. "While"n bu biimde kullanmyla genellikle yaknma, ierleme gibi duygular ifade edilir. While the teacher was lecturing, the students were talking among themselves. (retmen ders anlatrken renciler kendi aralarnda konuuyorlard.} I was studying while everybody at home was sleeping. (Evde herkes uyurken ben ders alyordum.) While + Past continuous, Past IV. "While" ile ayn anlam veren bir dier bala "as" dir. While/As I was coming here, I ran into an old friend. I had a look at the old magazines while/as I waited at the doctor's. "Just as", daha vurgulu bir anlatmdr. The postman came Just as I was leaving home. (Tam ben evden karken, postac geldi.) Just as I sat down at the table, the phone rang. (Tam masaya oturdum ki telefon ald.) g) Past Continuous Tense, "always, continually, forever, etc." gibi zarflarla, (Present Continuous Tense'de olduu gibi) srekli tekrarlanan eylemleri ya da yaknma ifade etmek iin de kullanlr. You were forever reading books when you were a child. I was always making mistakes when I was in primary school. h) Resmi ortamlarda nazik bir biimde soru sorarken ya da ricada bulunurken, zellikle "hope" ve "wonder" ile Past Continuous Tense ok sk kullanlr. Bu tr cmlelerde past bir yap kullanlmasna ramen, anlam present 1 tr. - I was wondering if you could help me fill in this form. - Certainly, Madam. Which section do you have difficulty understanding? - I was hoping you could give me a lift to the airport. - Of course. One of our representatives will drive you there after the meeting.
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EXERCISE 8: Use either the Simple Past or the Past Continuous of the verbs In parentheses. 1. When 1 (leave) ...................................... work yesterday, it (rain) ........................................ heavily. 2. It (continue) ......................................to rain while 1 (drive) ........................................home. 3. When I (arrive) ......................................home, it (still, rain) .......................................... 4. When I (go) ...................................... round the bend, I (see) ....................................... a van in my lane. It (overtake) ..................................... another van and (come) ........................... right at my car. I (step) ..................................... on the brakes heavily and (swerve) ................................... to the right. 1 (barely, avoid) ........................................ the accident. 5. 1 (have) ....................................... breakfast when she (phone) ....................................... me. 6. While I (have) .......................................breakfast, she (phone) ....................................... me. 7. When my sister (be) ...................................... a child, she (have) ...................................... poor eyesight, so she (wear) ......................................glasses. 8. While I (try) ...................................... to concentrate on my studies, my friend (play) ................................... her music very loudly in the next room. 9. He (jog) .......................................regularly every day until he (get) ......................................... too old. 10. He (jog) .......................................vigorously when I (meet) ........................................him the other day. 11. When she (see) ...................................... me, she (stop) .......................................the car and (get out) .....................................of it to talk to me. 12. When I (see) ...................................... her, she (drive) ....................................... down the road. 13. You (drive) ....................................... too fast at the time, so it's not surprising that you (hit) ..................................... that other car. 14. A: Why...................... you (turn) .................................. the television off? B: Because it (distract) ..................................... me from my work. 15. Just as the plane (take) .................................... off, one of the engines (burst) ....................................into flames, so the pilot (have to) ........................................make an emergency landing. 16. When 1 (hear) ......................................them, they (come) ....................................... down the driveway, so I (know) ...................................... I (have) ...................................... less than a minute to hide their birthday presents, which I had been wrapping. 17. I (still, hide) .....................................their presents when they (ring) ....................................the door bell, so it (take) ....................................... me some time to finish my job and then answer the door. 18. When the robber (shoot) .....................................the man, he (shake) .................................... convulsively for a while before he (fall) ..........................................to the ground. 19. Just as we (sit) ..................................... down for a snack in the airport restaurant, they (announce) .....................................our flight. 20. Margaret (seem) ......................................really happy at the party last night, but Peter (tell) ..................................... her something just as they (leave) ......................................... and then she (sulk) ........................................I wonder what the problem was! 21. As she (pour) ......................................the tea out, she (spill) ........................................some on the table. 22. Only this time on Saturday, we (look) ....................................... in the window of the travel agent's. Now we are looking right at the Pyramids.
THE RHINO'S ADMIRER A guy elephant took his girlfriend - an avid movie fan - to a film (opening. While she waited in the lobby, he went off to buy a couple of bags of popcorn. An aggressive rhinoceros approached the pretty elephant and introduced himself. "Hi," he said smoothly. "My name is Neal." The elephant trumpeted loudly and fainted. In the confusion, the rhino fled. The guy elephant rushed up to his girlfriend. "What happened?" he asked. She batted her eyelids and answered, "I just met Rhino Neal!" (by Mike Savage, from Reader's Digest)
GRAMMAR FOR UDS / KPDS/TOEIC & TOEFL EXAMS (REF:ELS GRAMMAR INSIDE OU T )
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1-15 THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE FORM Affirmative I have watched that film. You have seen him twice. He/She/It has eaten lunch. We have invited her. You have worked hard. They have visited us. Negative I have not watched that film. You have not seen him twice. He/She/It has not eaten lunch. We have not invited her. You have not worked hard. They have not visited us. Interrogative Have I watched that film? Have you seen him twice? Has he/she/it eaten lunch? Have we invited her? Have you worked hard? Have they visited us?
Bu tense'i oluturmak iin have/has + past participle (fiillerin nc hali kullanlr. Have/has ve have not/has not genellikle ksaltlm olarak kullanlr. I've seen that film before./You haven't seen that film. He's seen that film twice before./She hasn't seen that film yet. Olumsuz soruyu iki ekilde sorabiliriz. I. Ksaltma yapmadan: Have you not seen that film yet?/Has she not seen that film before? II. Ksaltma yaparak: Haven't you seen that film yet?Hasn't she seen that film before? 1-16 USE OF THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE a) Gemite yaptmz eylemleri zaman vermeden anlatyorsak, bu tense'i kullanrz. She has removed all the furniture in the house. They have painted their house. Ancak, ayn eylemleri zaman belirterek ifade edersek, Simple Past kullanmamz gerekir. She removed all the furniture in the house last weekend. They painted their house a few weeks ago. Gemite yaptmz eylem iin zaman zarf kullanmasak bile, eer zaman ima ediyorsak, yine Simple Past kullanrz. "/ saw that film when I was in Ankara." cmlesinde kesin olarak bir zaman vermesek de, "when I was in Ankara" gemite belli bir dnemi ifade etmektedir. I went shopping after work, ("after work' belli bir zaman belirtmektedir.) I met him in zmir. ("in zmir" ifadesi yer belirtmesine karn, "zmir'de bulunduum dnemde" anlamn ima etmektedir.) Present Perfect Tense ile sorulan sorulara yant verirken, yine bu kurallara dikkat etmeliyiz. - Have you met his girlfriend? -Yes, I have, (or No, I haven't) - Have you met his girlfriend? - Yes, I met her last week, (or I met her at Alice's party.) - Have you seen my glasses? - Yes, I have. ( or No, 1 haven't.) - Have you seen my glasses? - Yes, I saw them on the kitchen table a few minutes ago. b) Yakn gemite olup sonulan ya da etkileri iinde bulunduumuz anda devam eden eylemler iin bu tense'i kullanrz. I have burnt myself. (I'm in pain now. - u anda ac ekiyorum.) I've cleaned the house. (It's clean now. ) (meeting a friend in the street) - You've cut your hair! - Yes, I went to the barber's last week. c) Today, this morning, this week, this month, this year, this century vb., henz. tamamlanmam bir dnem ifade eden zarflarla bu tense kullanlr. I've been to the cinema twice this week. I havent been able to go on holiday this year. Technology has advanced greatly this century. "This morning', "this afternoon" ve "this evening' ifadelerini kullanrken, saat kavramna dikkat etmemiz gerekir. Genellikle saat 13:00'e kadar olan sre sabah (morning), 17:00'ye kadar leden sonra (afternoon), 17:00-20:00 aras ise akam (evening) saatlerini bildirir. Bu durumda: I haven't heard the alarm this morning.
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ifadesini, sabah diliminin henz bitmemi olduu bir saatte, rnein saat 11-12 gibi syleyebiliriz. Eer leden sonraki bir saatte, rnein saat 2'de bu sz sylyorsak, artk "sabah" dilimi tamamlanp yeni bir dneme geilmi olduu iin, o eylem gemite kalmtr ve Simple Past Tense kullanmay gerektirir. I haven't heard the alarm this morning. (It's 11 a.m. now.) I didn't hear the alarm this morning. (It's 2 p.m. now.) I've seen Tom this afternoon. (It's 3 p.m. now.) I saw Tom this afternoon. (It's 6 p.m. now.) This year, this month, this century gibi kullanmlarda, eer sz edilen zaman dilimi tamamlanmsa, "this" yerine "last" kullanlr. I have worked hard this week. (The week hasn't finished yet.) I worked hard last week. They have phoned me twice this month. They phoned me twice last month. d) Lately, recently ile kullanm: "Son zamanlarda, son gnlerde" anlamna gelen lately ve recently, Present Perfect ile kullanldnda, yine kesin bir zaman belirtmeden, yaptmz ileri anlatr. Bu zarflar zellikle, haber nitelii olan son gelimeleri ifade ederken ok sk kullanlr. There has been great progress in the science of medicine recently. There have been some changes in my house lately. Have you seen your parents recently? "Recently", zellikle only, quite, just ve very ile birlikte, Simple Past Tense ile de kullanlr ve "a short time ago" anlamn verir. They came quite recently. (They came quite a short time ago.) She passed her exam only recently. (She passed her exam only a short time ago.) e) Already, Just ve yet ile kullanm:
"Yet" soruda ve olumsuz cmlede kullanlr ve normal olarak cmlenin sonunda yer alr. - Have you finished your homework yet? - No, I haven't finished it yet. - Is your father at home? - No, he hasn't come yet "Just", olumlu cmlede kullanlr ve "only recently" (henz, imdi, yenice) anlamn verir. Eylemin yaplmasndan sonra geen srenin ksal ile ilgili vurguyu artrmak iin, "only Just" kullanlr. "Just" cmlede, yardmc fiille asl fiil arasnda yer alr. - Is the manager in? - No, he has Just gone out. - Have you finished your homework? - Yes, I've Just finished it. (I've only recently finished it.) I have only Just completed the translation. "Already", olumlu cmlede kullanlr ve "zaten, oktan" anlamna gelir. Bir eylemin umulandan daha nce bir zamanda yaplm olduunu vurgular. Cmle iindeki yeri normalde yardmc fiil ile asl fiil arasndadr, ancak cmle sonunda da kullanlr. - Shall we go to see the film "The Lord of the Rings"? - Not a good idea! I have already seen it. Manager: Don't forget to mail the invitations in time. Secretary: I've already posted them. Mother: Wash your hands before you sit at the table. Son: I've washed them already. f) Ever, never, all my life, in his life, always, occasionally, often, several times, once, twice, etc. gibi zarflarla kullanm: Daha nce, sklk bildiren zarflarn (ever, never, always, often, etc.) Simple Present ile kullanmn grmtk. Ayn zarflar, anlamda biraz bir deiiklikle, Present Perfect Tense ile de kullanlr. I always get up early. (Simple Present - Ben her zaman erken kalkarm. "Bugne kadar hep erken kalktm.Bundan sonra da byk bir olaslkla erken kalkacam. Bu benim alkanlm." anlamn verir.) I have always got up early. (Present Perfect - "Ben her zaman erken kalkmmdr." ifadesi, yaammn sadece u ana kadar olan blmn kapsar.) My father has always lived in his hometown. (He has lived in his hometown all his life.) I've never seen such a pretty dog in my life. Have you ever ridden on an elephant? No, I've ridden on a camel once, but I've never ridden on an elephant. Once, twice, three times, several times, many times (bir kez, iki kez, kez, bir ka kez, pek ok kez) gibi zarflarla, bir eylemi yaammz boyunca ka kez yaptmz ifade etmek iin Present Perfect Tense kullanrz.
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- Have you ever been abroad? - Yes, I've been to Germany several times. She has invited me to her house many times, but I've never had any spare time. I've seen her parents only once. NOT Bu zarflarn Simple Past Tense ile kullanmna dikkat ediniz. "She has invited me to her house many times, but I've never had any spare time." cmlesini, gemite zaman belirterek verirsek. Simple Past kullanmamz gerekir. She invited me to her house many times during my stay in Germany, but I never had any spare time. "My father has lived in his hometown all his life." cmlesinden, babamn hayatta olduu anlamn karyoruz. Artk hayatta olmayan birinin yapt ilerden sz ediyorsak, Simple Past Tense kullanmamz gerekir. My grandfather lived in his hometown all his life. (He is dead now.) I have never .flown in an aeroplane. My grandmother never flew in an aeroplane. (She isn't alive any more.) I have ridden on a camel twice. It is very exciting. When I was in Egypt, I rode on a camel twice. It was very exciting g) So far (up to now, until now] ile kullanm: "So far", "u ana kadar" anlamna gelir ve genellikle, so far today, so far this month, so far this semester, so far this summer, etc. gibi zarflarla birlikte kullanlr. It hasn't snowed so far this winter. I got many bad grades last semester, but I haven't had any low grades so far this term. We haven't eaten anything so far today. So far this summer, I have swum in the sea only once. h) For ve Since ile kullanm : "For", gemite belli bir noktadan iinde bulunduumuz ana kadar devam eden bir sre bildirir, (for two years, for a month, for five minutes, for a long time, etc.) "Since", eylemin gemite balang noktasn belirtir, (since yesterday, since 1987, since March, since the Middle Ages, etc.)
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EXAMPLES: She bought her house three years ago, so she has had it for three years. I last saw him in September. I haven't seen him since then. We first met at my cousin's 15th birthday party, so we have known each other for almost five years. She has been afraid of thunder since her childhood/since she was a child. . I haven't been to Germany since I got married. They haven't had the opportunity to have a long holiday for years. We haven't heard from him since he phoned us a month ago. He has read fifty pages of the book since I gave it to him. We have lived in four different houses since we moved to Istanbul seven years ago. There have been great price rises in the last six months, (son alt ay iinde) The housing problem has got worse in the past few years, (son birka yl iinde) It Is/It has been + a period of time + since + Simple Past/Present Perfect It is/has been three months since I last went to the cinema. It is/has been three months since I have been to the cinema. Her iki cmleyi de Trke'ye yle evirebiliriz: Sinemaya gitmeyeli ay oluyor, ya da En son sinemaya gittiimden beri ay geti. Bu cmlelerin e anlamls olarak, " aydr sinemaya gitmiyorum." ya da "Sinemaya en son ay nce gittim." gibi ifadeler de kullanabiliriz. I haven't been to the cinema for three months. I last went to the cinema three months ago. It is/It's been ten days since she has been off work because she is ill. (She has been ill in bed for ten days.) It is/It's been eight years since I graduated from university. (I graduated from university eight years ago.) It is/It's been just two weeks since they got married. (They got married just two weeks ago. or (They have been married for just two weeks.) j) This is the first/second, etc. time (that) + Present Perfect I'm very excited now, because this is the first time (that) I've driven a car. This is the second time (that) he has played tennis, so he isn't good at it. This is the third exam (that) we have taken so far this term. You shouldn't drink so much coffee. It's bad for you. This is the fifth cup of coffee (that) you have drunk in the last two hours. k) This is + Superlative (that) + Present"Perfect This is the most boring book (that) I have ever read. (Bu hayatmda okuduum en skc kitap.) This is the most difficult situation (that) I have ever been in. He is the most talkative person (that) I have met in my whole life. l) gone or been "go" fiilini Perfect Tense ile iki ekilde kullanabiliriz: Eer kii, sz edilen yerde ise, ya da sz edilen yere gitmek zere yola kmsa, gne kullanlr. - I'd like to talk to your mother. Is she at home? - No, she has gone shopping. - Can I speak to Mr. Jones, please? - Sorry. He has gone out of town and hasn't come back yet. Eer kii, sz edilen yerde daha nce bulunduunu ifade ediyorsa, yani konuma srasnda baka bir mekanda ise been kullanlr. - Have you ever been abroad? (The speakers are now not in Germany.) - Yes, I've been to Germany several times. - I want to do some shopping, but I'm afraid I haven't got enough money. - Don't worry. I've been to the bank today. I can lend you some. EXERCISE 9: Use the Present Perfect Simple or Simple Past 1. I don't know why he's offering to drive some of the way. He (not, pass) .....................................his driving test yet. 2. She (follow) ...................................... him to work this morning because she (not, believe) ......................................that was where he was actually going. 3. He (speak) ...................................... several times to the manager about moving to another branch, but he (not, have) ....................................... an answer yet. 4. Before she (start) .......................................university, I (worry)......................................... a lot about her living away from home, but she (make) ..........................................so many new friends that now my fears (subside) ........................................... 5. The weather (be) .......................................glorious so far this summer, unlike last year, when it (rain) ......................................every day.
i)
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6. He (not, get) .......................................used to living in Britain yet. He can never remember from which side of the road the cars will come and he (not, start) ....................................drinking tea with milk yet. I (read) ..................................... most of his novels when I (be) ...........................................at school; however, as they (be) ........................................ compulsory books, I (never, take) ....................................much interest in them and (not, really, appreciate) ....................................what a wonderful writer he is. Oh no! I (break) ...................................... a glass - can you pass me the broom please? I'm sorry, I know we (meet) ........................................ two days ago but I (forget) ....................................your name already! I (learn) ...................................... how to windsurf on holiday last year, but I (not, have) ....................................the opportunity to do it since. A: This is the third time you (be) ........................................ late this week, and you (bej ....................................late twice the previous week. Well, what reason will you give on this occasion? B: I'm really sorry. I (not, hear) ........................................ my alarm clock and I (Just, oversleep) ......................................... I (often, dream) ...................................... of running my own company, but I doubt that I ever will. The two companies (merge) ........................................ a couple of months ago, and since then, they (show) ...................................... a considerable increase in profits. I don't know my way around because I (not, be) ..........................................in this part of the city before. Because he (have) ....................................... an important exam the next day, James (not, come) ......................................to the practice session on Thursday night. I (see) ...................................... that film twice already, but still would enjoy seeing it again. He (do) ..................................... nothing but argue with the boss ever since he (get) ................................... here. I (never, meet) ....................................... anyone who argues as much as he does. Although I (have) ....................................... a car for just two weeks now, I (get) ................................... completely used to it. I wonder how I (endure) ................................... travelling by public transport before I (buy) : ................................... it. Ever since they (open) ....................................... a university in our town, we (observe) ................................... a number of changes. First of all, the population (almost, double) ....................... , which is both good and bad - good because the shopowners can now earn more, bad because having so many people (cause) .................................... crowded public transport and high rents. Except for the few spells of extreme temperatures, this summer (be) ................................... quite cool, unlike last summer, when the temperatures (be) ....................................above 40 degrees centigrade most of the time. I'm afraid I can't make a comparison between Turkish and Indian cuisine because I (never, try) .......................................the latter. They (sell) ........................................ an antique chest for one million pounds on Friday. That's the highest price that a piece of furniture (ever, raise) ........................................... at auction. Yesterday, disabled tennis players (take) ......................................... part in the Australian Open and they are continuing today. This is the first time disabled players (appear) ....................................in a major tournament. Although Martina Hingis (beat) ......................................... Capriati five times so far in tennis competitions, Capriati (beat) ........................................ Hingis in the French Open in 2000. Colin (believe) ....................................... Greg's lies on many occasions, but this time, he (know) ..................................... he was lying the moment Greg (finish) ....................................his story.
7.
8. 9. 10. 11.
12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
18.
19.
20.
21. 22.
23.
24.
25.
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1-17 THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE FORM Affirmative Negative I have been working. I haven't been working. You have been working. You haven't been working. He/She/It has been working. He/She/It hasn't been We have been working. working. You have been working. We haven't been working. They have been working. You haven't been working. They haven't been working.
Interrogative Have I been working? Have you been working? Has he/she/it been working? Have we been working? Have you been working? Have they been working?
They have been living in this country since last year. You've been studying for exactly three hours. She lias been learning English since she was in secondary school. 1-18 USE OF THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE a) Present Perfect Continuous Tense, gemite balayp, iinde bulunduumuz anda hala devam etmekte olan eylemleri anlatr ve for, since, all day, all week, all year gibi zaman zarflaryla ok sk kullanlr. I started to read this book two hours ago, and I'm still reading it. I have been reading this book for two hours. It started to rain yesterday morning, and it is still raining. It has been raining since yesterday morning. You have been working very hard all week. You should take some time to relax at the weekend. The discussion has been going on for two hours, but they haven't taken a decision yet. b) Present Perfect Continuous Tense, gemite balam, iinde bulunduumuz anda henz bitmi, ancak belirtileri devam eden eylemler iin, ya da zellikle, yaknma, honutsuzluk ve kuku gibi duygulan ifade ederken de kullanlr. - Is that child crying? - No, but his eyes are watery. He has been crying. - Your hands are covered in oil. What have you been doing? - I have been fixing the car. - You look very tired. - Yes, I have been working hard today. - Sorry, I'm late. Have you been waiting long? - No, I've only just arrived. You look guilty. You've been doing something bad, haven't you? c) 'Since" ve "for" ile belirtilen zamanlan "how long' soru szc ile sorabiliriz. Present Perfect Simple ve Continuous tense'ler, gemiten gnmze bir sre belirttii iin, kesin bir zaman isteyen "when" soru szcn bu tense'lerle kullanamayz. - When did you move to this city? - I moved here seven years ago. - How long have you been living in this city? - I have been living here for seven years. - When did you become a teacher? (Ne zaman retmen oldunuz?) - I became a teacher in 1986. - How long have you been a teacher? (Ne zamandan beri retmensiniz?) - I have been a teacher since 1986. 1-19 PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE or PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS a) Gemite balayp, iinde bulunduumuz anda hala devam etmekte olan, ya da henz bitmi olan bir eylemi anlatan baz fiiller, her iki tense ile de kullanlr ve ayn anlam verir. Bu ekilde yaygn olarak kullanlan fiiller unlardr: expect lie rain snow study want hope live sleep stand teach w ork learn look sit stay wait How long have you lived in this city? How long have you been living in this city? She has worked for that firm for the last two years. She has been working for that firm for the last two years. Bu iki tense, birbirinin yerine kullanlabilse de, (Present Continuous Tense'te olduu gibi) geici durundan ifade etmek iin Present Perfect Continuous tercih edilir. My niece lias been living with us for two years, but she is moving to her own flat next month. b) Continuous Tense'lerle (I am doing, I was doing) kullanlmayan dier fiiller (nonGRAMMAR FOR UDS / KPDS/TOEIC & TOEFL EXAMS (REF:ELS GRAMMAR INSIDE OUT)
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progressive verbs) Present Perfect Continuous ile de kullanlmazlar. Ancak, "want' ve "wish" bu kuraln dndadr. Look at that lovely shirt in the shop window! I've been wanting one like that for some time. I've been wishing to visit your mother since I heard that she was ill. Dier non-progressive fiiller ise Present Perfect Simple ile kullanlr. - What a lovely watch! How long have you bad it? - For over a year. - I see that you are very close friends. Have you known each other for long? - Since we were children. - What a nice old couple! They seem to be very fond of each other. How long have they been married? - For almost fifty years. They'll celebrate their golden wedding anniversary next year. - Hello, I have been looking everywhere for you. How long have you been in this remote part of the park? - Well, I have been thinking over my problems, and I lost track of time. En son diyalogda "been" sznn kullanmna dikkat ediniz. "How long have you been in this remote part..... " ifadesinde "been", "be" fiilinin past participle biimidir ve asl fiil olarak kullanlmtr. She Is still a student. She has been a student for over six years. They are married now. They have been married for three months. "I have been thinking over my problems." cmlesinde ise "been" yardmc fiil olarak kullanlmtr. She has been working on her graduation thesis recently. I have been helping her with her English assignments since the beginning of the term. c) Present Perfect Continuous Tense, always, never, sometimes gibi sklk bildiren zarflarla, once, twice, several times gibi eylemin ka kez yapldn bildiren yaplarla, ya da just, already, yet gibi eylemin bittiini, tamamlandn ifade eden yaplarla kullanlmaz. I have always lived here./ I have lived here all my life. I have been living here since I was born. I've been reading this book since this morning, and I've read a hundred pages so far. (Okuma eylemi devam ettii iin "have been reading', yz sayfalk blm tamamlanm olduu iin "have read') We've been trying to answer a number of questions since the beginning of the class, and we've answered half of them already. He's been writing letters since breakfast time. He's Just written the fourth one, and he has two more letters to write. The door bell has rung twice in the last half hour, and each time, it has been a visitor for my roommate. The door bell has been ringing for the last minute. Why doesn't someone open the door?
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EXERCISE 10: Use either the Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Continuous of the verbs In parentheses. 1. Jim: Look! It's snowing. How nice! Jack: Yes, I know. It (snow) .........................................for almost ten minutes .................... you (just, notice) ....................................it? Jim: It's very exciting, really. I (never, see) ............................ snow in my life. This is the first time I (see) ........................................it. 2. We (drive) ....................................... since 8 o'clock this morning, and I think we (drive) ..................half of the way so far. 3. I don't think he'll refuse this position. He (always, want) ..........................................to work independently, and this job suits his purpose exactly. 4. Hurry up! You (work) ........................................ on this job for two days, and you (only, paint) ..................................... two rooms so far. 5. This is the first prize she (receive) ......................................... in her career, so she is very excited about it. 6. The government (work) ........................................ on a new tax system recently. They (already, change) ...................................... it twice, and each time there (be) ....................................a public outcry. I wonder what will happen this time. 7. We have to send for a plumber. The faucet (leak) ............................................ since last week and we (not, be able to) .........................................have a bath since. 8. You can have a bath. The plumber (just, fix) ...........................................the leak. There isn't any problem now. 9. The people in Africa (suffer) .........................................from hunger for as long as I can remember, and I'm afraid they'll have the same problem forever if they aren't given the right kind of help. 10............................. you (work) .................................on the car? You're covered in oil. 11. I (repair) .......................................the car, so you won't have any more problems now. 12. Israelis and Palestinians (kill) ........................................ each other for decades, and so far, no peace treaty (last) ....................................... for long. 13. Oh no! you (shrink) ........................................ my jumper and I (only, have) ....................................it for a couple of weeks! 14. We must have enough wood now. You (chop) ............................................ logs all afternoon. 15. For the last four weeks, he (./earn) .........................................Japanese after work, so he (not, have) ..................................... much time for any social life recently. 16. We know that one of our competitors (offer) .......................................... you an excellent position, so we (expect) ........................................your resignation for some time. 17. I (think) .......................................about changing jobs several times, but I (work) ....................................here happily for so many years that I always decide to stay. 18. Dominic and Carl (revise) ......................................... hard all month for their final exams, and they (not, even, go) ........................................to any football matches. 19. A: What's the matter? ............................you (cry) ................................... ? B: Not exactly. I (peel) .........................................onions to make some soup. 20. We (run) ....................................... our business since September and (gain) .................................... lots of regular customers already. 21. I (want) ...................................... to buy that table in the antique shop for weeks, but up until now, I (resist) ....................................... the temptation. 22. We (receive) ........................................lots of applications for the job, and since this morning, we (consider) ....................................... which ones to put on the short list. So far we (choose) ....................................... five suitable ones. 23. I (consider) ........................................ ordering a new carpet since January and my husband (try) ..................................... to persuade me not to for just as long. 24. The Australian bush fires (burn) ........................................ for three days now and the authorities are worried as the flames (reach) ......................................... within a mile of a major urban area. 25. Jasmin: Let's get a taxi home, darling. Steve: Why? Jasmin: It's obvious. You (drink) ........................................... Steve: I'm fine. I (only, have) ........................................ two cans of beer.
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EXERCISE 11: Use the Present Perfect Simple or Continuous, the Simple Past or Past Continuous. 1. A: ...................you (ever, see] .................... a live tiger? B: No, never. How about you? A: I (see) ...................................... one when I (go) ....................................... to India on business. 2. I had hidden the money in a very secret place. I don't understand how he (find] .................................... it. Perhaps he (see) .......................................me while I (hide) .................................... it. 3. The council (promise) ..................................... to repair that road for months now. They (even, send) .....................................someone to inspect it a few months ago, but so far nothing (happen) ....................................... 4. There was too much noise at our next-door neighbours' last night. I think they (have) ..................................... a party with too many people. They (move) ................................... into that apartment just three weeks ago, but (hold) ....................................three parties since. 5. This factory (manufacture) ...................................... cars since the middle of the Republic period. Just last year, it (produce) ...................................... three thousand cars and (contribute) .....................................greatly to the country's economy by exporting half of them. 6. Five years ago, I (buy) ............................... a car, which I (now, drive) ................................. for over 40,000 kilometres and it (only, ever, break) ...................................... down once. 7. She (laugh) ...................................... non-stop since you (tell\ ......................................her that joke this morning. 8. We (only, put) ...................................... the advertisement in the newspaper yesterday and we (already, have) ..................................... over two hundred phone calls. 9. A: .................... you (read) .................... today's newspaper yet? B: No, but I (do) ......................................the crossword while I (travel} .................................... to work. 10. Over the last century many young people (7eave) ........................................ the Orkney Islands, which lie off the north coast of Scotland, to work on the mainland; therefore, the average age on the islands (increase) ...................................... ever since and the islanders' traditional way of life is in danger of dying out. 11. He (not, pay) ...................................... attention when he (give) ..................................... the pharmacist a 20 million lira note instead of a 10 million lira note and he (not, realize) ..................................... until he (get) ......................................home. Since then he (be) ...................................... more careful with his money. 12. Since Lucy (start) .......................................her new job in a busy centre of the city, she (always, prefer) .................................... to take the train instead of driving her car as she finds the traffic frustrating, but because she (have) ....................................... two large boxes to take to work yesterday, she (drive) ........................................instead. Unfortunately, while she (load) ...................................... the boxes into the boot of her car, she (pull} ...................................... a muscle in her back and (lie) .................................... on the sofa unable to move ever since. 13. In 1929 Thomas Mann, a German writer, (win) ....................................... the Nobel Prize for Literature, primarily for his novel Buddenbrooks, which, since this award, (become) ..................................... one of the recognized classic works of contemporary literature. 14. Billy Wilder (drink) ...................................... coffee with his girlfriend in a hillside cafe when a radio reporter (announce) .................................... that Adolf Hitler had become chancellor. Billy (tell} .......................................his girlfriend that it was time to leave, but she said she (still, have) ...................................... some coffee left, to which he replied, "I mean the country, not the cafe." Billy Wilder later (become) .................................... an Academy-Award-winning film director. 15. This is the only time I (see) .......................................... the beautiful autumn colours of Quebec, although I (visit) ..........................................the province many times before. 16. We (see) ....................................... four squirrels playing together in a tree while we (picnic) .......................................on Sunday. Ever since, my younger son (beg) ................................... me to take him there again. 17. Last year, Mary (have) .......................................... an idea for a new product. The
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designers (work) ........................................ on it for months now and (just, complete) ................................... the first prototype. 18. Not so long ago, most people (pay) ............................................ their bills in cash, but banking methods (change) .........................................recently; nowadays, most people use bank transfers. 19. Only Eric (catch) ......................................... a fish while we (fish) ............................................on Sunday and, ever since, he (boast) ........................................... about the size of it. 20. Maggie (talk) ........................................to Gerald on the phone when 1 (come) ................................... back from the shops. 1 don't know when they (start) .....................................but 1 know they (talk) .......................................... non-stop for an hour now. It's amazing that they still have anything to discuss as this is the third time she (phone) ....................................... him today.
EXERCISE 12: Add "for" or "since" to the sentences below. 1. We haven't seen her ...................... she left Istanbul. 2. There has been famine in Africa.........................as long as I can remember. 3. It has been raining steadily ........................the last two days. 4. They have been living in Ankara ......................... last year. 5. Their daughter has been attending university ...........................three years. 6. Their son has been looking for a job...........................he graduated last year. 7. They have had their house........................ Mr. Jones retired in 1985. 8. Mr. Brown has been the president......................... the foundation of the institution. 9. She has been talking on the phone..........................more than half an hour. 10. 1 have been expecting a letter from her ...........................ages. 11. He has been trying to pass the university exam.............................at least three years. 12. I've been waiting for him ........................two hours. 13. I've been waiting for him ........................two o'clock. 14. They've been married ....................... 1995. 15. I haven't eaten anything....................... yesterday morning. 16. This building has stood here ........................ the Middle Ages. 17. This building has stood here ........................ centuries. 18. She has avoided being with people .......................... she was a small child. 19. She has always liked being alone ......................... her childhood. 20. I haven't seen them ......................their wedding. EXERCISE 13: Use the Simple Present, Present Continuous, Simple Past, Past Continuous, Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Continuous of the verbs In parentheses. 1. A: How is your brother? B: He (seem) ............................................ to be making a good recovery. His condition (stabilize) ..................................................and the doctors (think) .......................................... he will soon be able to come home. A: Oh, that's good news. When you (see) ...................................................him, send him my regards. 2. The company (suffer) enormous losses recently and the managers (not, understand) .........................................why. One theory is that the previous accountant (falsify) ......................................... the accounts so that the com] (appear) ..................................... to be doing much better than it really was.
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3. 4. They (just, finish) ..................................... redecorating their house and it (look) ................................... really wonderful now. They (work) ........................................ on it for over six months, and (not, have) ..................................... any professional help. A: What (do) ...................she .................... for the past hour ? B: She (familiarize) ..................................... herself with the new computer system. If she (fully, master) .................................... it by the end of the week, the manager will put her in charge of the new project. The building (collapse) ...................................... while the contractors (work) ....................................on it. Someone (call) ........................................ the emergency services, but they (not, get) ...................................... there quickly enough to prevent some fatalities. This time last year, I (sail) ...................................... round the Caribbean, (drink) ................................... exotic drinks and generally (enjoy) .................................................... myself. I (not, think)........................................ that I have ever had such a marvellous holiday before, and I (not, be) ........................................ so relaxed since. Throughout her life she (always, resent) ..................................... her parents' interference in her life, but the situation (get) ...................................... progressively worse recently. As we (get) .......................................closer to the source of the sound, it (intensify) .................................... to the point where we could hardly bear it. Whenever her parents (try) ..................................... to put her to bed, she (cling) .................................... to them as if she can't bear to be parted from them for a second. A: Oh, I see that you (wear) ...................................... a new dress. When .................... you (buy) .................. it? B: Oh, I (only, have).......................................it since this morning. I (not, want) ..................................... to go outside because I (just, wash) ....................................my hair and it (foe) ....................................... still wet. Since I (buy) ...................................... my son a mobile phone, I (feel) ....................................less worried about his whereabouts because now I can contact him wherever he (be)......................................... While he (saw) ......................................wood for the new shelves, he (accidentally, cut) ....................................the end of his finger off, and it (bleed) ........................................ever since. I (just,write) ..................................... over twenty postcards because last year my friends (complain) .................................that I (not, send) .................................... them any. You (look) ...................................... different ..................... you (change) .................... your hairstyle? You (not, speak)....................................... a word since this morning. I (hope) ....................................you (not, worry) ...................................... about tomorrow's exam. A: I (not, know) ..................................... you took sugar in coffee. B: Usually I don't, but this coffee (taste) ...................................... a little bitter. Professor Watkins (give) ...................................... a lecture at the conference centre in the museum tomorrow .....................you (feel)......................like going? A: Could I speak to Mr. Smith please? B: I'm sorry, he (talk) ..................................... to some customers at the moment. A: Is it possible for you to interrupt them because it's rather urgent and I (try) ....................................to contact him all day. Just as the washing machine (begin) ...................................... the spin cycle, the power (go)......................................off and I (have to) ........................................wring it all out by hand. As they (not, arrive) ......................................yet, we'll have to leave without them. Even though we (still, have) ....................................... a week in which to finish this project, we (attempt) ..................................... to complete it today. A:..................... you (still, mow) .....................the lawn? It seems to be taking you a long time. B: I (not, mow) ..................................... the lawn the whole time since I (see) ....................................you this morning. I (take) ....................................... a lunch break at one o'clock and (not, start) ..................................... again until half past two. A: That (explain) ..................................... it then. Mechanic: When I (raise) ...................................................... my hand, put your foot on the brakes. Yes, the police officer is right. Your left brake light (not, work) Customer: Oh dear! I wonder how long I (drive) ............................................ around with only one brake light. Can you repair it? Stella (generally, play) ...................................... volleyball very well and her poor performance during today's match (be) ........................................ the exception rather than the rule. During last week's game she (sustain) ........................................... an ankle injury and it is obvious from today's match that this injury (still, trouble) ..................................her.
5.
6.
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
20. 21. 22. 23.
24. 25.
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1-20 THE PAST PERFECT TENSE FORM Affirmative I had finished my work. You had studied hard. He/She/It had eaten lunch. We had seen the film. You had helped her. They had heard the news. Negative I had not finished my work. You had not studied hard. He/She/It had not eaten lunch. We had not seen the film. You had not helped her. They had not heard the news. Interrogative Had I finished my work? Had you studied hard? Had he/she/it eaten lunch? Had we seen the film? Had you helped her? Had they heard the news?
Bu tense'i oluturmak iin had + past participle kullanlr. "/ had. We had, She had, etc.' yerine ksaltlm olarak "I'd, We'd, She'd, etc." yaplarn kullanabiliriz. She had just eaten lunch. I hadn't finished my test when the bell rang. I had already finished my work when the guests arrived. I didn't want to go to the cinema, because I'd seen the film before. 1-21 USE OF THE PAST PERFECT TENSE a) Past Perfect Tense, Present Perfect Tense'in past biimidir. Present: I am not hungry. I have Just eaten. Past: When I went home, I wasn't hungry, because I had just eaten. Present: I have never seen a kangaroo before. Past: When I went to Australia last year, I saw a kangaroo there. I had never seen a kangaroo before. Present: I don't want to see that film. I've already seen it. Past: I didn't want to go to the cinema with my friends. 1 had already seen the film. Present: I can't go out with you now. My daughter hasn't come back from
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school yet. I couldn't go out with them, because my daughter hadn't come back from school yet. b) Since, for, always, etc. gibi zarflarla kullanm: Since, for, always gibi zarflarn, Present Perfect Tense (/ have done) ile kullanldn ve gemite balayp iinde bulunduumuz ana kadar devam eden ya da iinde bulunduumuz anda da devam etmekte olan eylemleri ifade ettiini grmtk. Since, for, always gibi zarflar, Past Perfect Tense (I had done) ile de kullanlr. Ancak bu kez, gemite balayp yine gemite bir noktaya kadar devam etmi olan eylemleri anlatr. Past: 1-22 PRESENT PERFECT or PAST PERFECT
He has been our assistant manager for three months. Before that, he had worked for us as a clerk for a month. MORE EXAMPLES: We were going to meet in front of the cinema at 2 p.m. yesterday. I arrived there at 2p.m. sharp, but she hadn't come yet. When it was 2.30 and she still hadn't come, I gave up waiting and went into the cinema. Yesterday, the traffic was heavy, and it took me a long time to get home. When I arrived home, my parents bad already eaten their dinner. Last year, he made a very bad mistake at work, but his boss couldn't dismiss him just for that. He bad worked there for ten years and hadn't done anything wrong before then. Past Perfect Tense, gemite belli bir noktada olmu olaylardan sz ederken, daha gemite olmu eylemi vurgulamak iin de kullanlr. When I saw her again ten years later, I found her greatly changed, both physically and mentally. She had dyed her hair blond and had got thinner. She had left her parents and had started to earn her own living. When her marriage was breaking up, she remembered her father's words. He had warned her against the difficulties of taking on the responsibility of marriage, and he had told her that she was too young to face them. She hadn't listened to him then and had got married. She now realized how right he had been. Ancak, ama gemiteki olaylar sadece ak srasna gre vermekse, Past Perfect kullanmak gerekmez. She wanted to get married when she was only eighteen. Her father objected to it. He warned her against the difficulties of taking on the responsibility of marriage at such an early age, but she didn't listen to him and got married. Baz durumlarda ise Simple Past ya da Past Perfect kullanlmas anlam deiikliine yol aar. 1. When we arrived at the farm house, I warned her to beware of the dog. (iftlik evine varnca, kpee dikkat etmesi iin onu uyardm.) 2. When we arrived at the farm house, she was cautious. I had warned her to beware of the dog. (iftlik evine vardmzda, tedbirliydi. Kpee dikkat etmesi iin onu uyarmtm.) Yukardaki cmlelerden birincisinde "uyarma' eylemi iftlik evine gelince, ikincisinde ise gelmeden nce yaplmtr. When I arrived at the party, Chris left. (First, I arrived. Then Chris left, so I saw him.) When I arrived at the party, Chris had left. (First, he left. Then I arrived, so I didn't see him.)
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While I was coming here, I saw an accident. A car had run into a cyclist. (/ didn't see the accident happen.) While I was coming here, I saw an accident. A car ran into a cyclist. (/ saw the accident happen.) 1-23 SIMPLE PAST and PAST PERFECT TENSES in TIME CLAUSES Bu tense'leri zaman balalanyla kullanrken, eylemlerin gemiteki olu sralarn dikkate almamz gerekir. ki eylemden daha nce olann Past Perfect ile, daha sonra olann ise Simple Past ile ifade edebiliriz.
First: She cleaned the house. Second: The guests arrived. After she had cleaned the house, the guests arrived. Before the guests arrived, she had cleaned the house. She had cleaned the house when the guests arrived. a) With after After + Past Perfect, Simple Past Simple Past After she had graduated from university, she went to England. After we had travelled on a coach for ten straight hours, we continued our journey by horse to get to the mountain village. "After" in bal bulunduu cmle, cmlenin sonunda da yer alabilir. She felt better after she had taken an aspirin. After she had taken an aspirin, she felt better. "After", gemiteki iki eylemden daha nce olann ifade ettii iin, bal bulunduu cmlede normalde Past Perfect kullanlr. Ancak "after", eylemlerin srasn zaten belirttii iin, Past Perfect yerine Simple Past da kullanabiliriz. Bu durumda anlam deimez. After she graduated from university, she went to England. After we travelled on a coach for ten straight hours, we continued our journey by horse to get to the mountain village. b) With before: Before + Simple Past, Past Perfect Simple Past "Before" un bal olduu cmle, gemite yaplan iki eylemden, daha sonra yaplan ifade ettii iin, "before'lu cmlede Simple Past, temel cmlede ise Past Perfect kullanlr. Ancak "before" da "after" gibi eylemlerin srasn belirttii iin, temel cmlede Past Perfect yerine Simple Past da kullanlr. Before she came to live in this city, she had lived in zmir. Before she came to live in this city, she lived in zmir. I had finished my exam paper before the bell rang. I finished my exam paper before the bell rang. "Before" un bal bulunduu cmledeki eylemin tamamlanm olduunu vurgulamak iin, zellikle finish, complete gibi fiillerle, Past Perfect kullanmak mmkndr. The teacher didn't let anyone out before all the students had finished the test. The other students finished/had finished the test before I had even completed half of it. C) With till /until: Till/Until + Simple Past, Past Perfect I didn't interrupt him until/till he finished his speech. had finished I didn't speak to him until/till he spoke to me. had spoken "Until/till" ile Past Perfect kullanm ok yaygn deildir. Ancak, yan cmledeki eylemin temel cmledeki eylemden nce tamamlanm olduunu vurgulamak istersek, Past Perfect kullanabiliriz. Aksi takdirde, Simple Past kullanmamz yeterlidir. They didn't leave the office until I had completed my report. (They left after I had completed my report.) She didn't give up studying prepositions until she had learnt them by heart. "Till/Until" ile kurulmu bir cmlede, Past Perfect Tense'in never, always, once, in his life gibi zarflarla kullanmn gz nne alarak, temel cmlede Past Perfect kullanmak
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mmkndr. Until I saw one in Australia last year, I had never seen a kangaroo. The teacher had always been patient with us until we made her furious yesterday. The students hadn't ever heard of that author until I mentioned him. Till/Untill +Simple Past, Past Perfect As soon as + Past Perfect, Simple Past Once + Simple Past, Simple Past "As soon as", temel cmleyle yan cmlenin eylemleri arasnda geen zamann ok ksa d) With as soon as/once:
olduunu vurgular. Eylemleri olu srasna gre dizdii iin, Past Perfect kullanmak zorunlu deildir. Ancak birinci eylemin tamamlandn vurgulamak amacyla, Simple Past yerine Past Perfect kullanabiliriz. As soon as the guests left/had left, I went straight to bed. I went to see her as soon as I heard/had heard the news. The students burst into laughter as soon as the teacher left/had left the classroom. As soon as they found/had found a better house, they sold their old one. We decided to go shopping as soon as the rain stopped/had stopped. (Yamur diner dinmez alverie kmaya karar verdik.) "Once", as soon as ve after anlam veren bir balatr ve ounlukla, bal bulunduu cmlede Perfect Tense'ler kullanlr. Once I'd found out where he lived, I went to see him. She made herself a cup of coffee once she had put away the groceries. Once school was over, the students rushed to holiday resorts. (Okul kapannca/Okul kapanr kapanmaz, renciler tatil beldelerine akn etti.) "No sooner ... than" ve "hardly/barely/scarcely ... when", as soon as ile ayn anlam veren daha vurgulu kalplardr. Bu kalplar cmlenin banda yer alrsa devrik cmle yaps kullanlr. The young couple had no sooner left the party than people began to gossip about them. No sooner had the young couple left the party than people began to gossip about them. The executive had hardfy begun his speech when his assistant interrupted him. Hardly had the executive begun his speech when his assistant interrupted him. I had barely stepped into the bath when the telephone rang. Barely had I stepped into the bath when the telephone rang. (Henz banyoya girmitim ki, telefon ald./Ben banyoya girer girmez telefon ald.) e) With when: "When", kullanrken dikkat edilmesi gereken balalardan biridir. nk, kullandmz tense'e gre, eylemlerin birbirleriyle olan ilikisi farkllk gsterir, anlam deiir. When he left home, I was washing the dishes. (O evden ktnda ben bulak ykyordum.) (I started to wash the dishes before he left, and hadn't yet finished when he was leaving.) When he left home, I washed the dishes. (O evden knca, bulaklar ykadm.) (I waited for him to leave home and then I started to wash the dishes.) When I Simple past, Past Continous When he left home, +had washed the dishes. (O evden ktnda, ben bulaklar ykamtm.) When + Simple past, Simple Past (I started to wash the dishes and finished them before he left home.) When + Simple past, Past Perfect
She was preparing dinner when I got home. She prepared dinner when I got home. She had prepared dinner when I got home.
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"Already, just, yet, hardly/scarcely gibi zarflan "when" li bir cmlede kullandmzda, temel cmle Past Perfect Tense gerektirir. I hadn't yet replied to their letter when they came to visit me. She had hardly entered the classroom when the exam started. (Snav baladnda, o snfa henz/yenice girmiti.) When we arrived there, the film had already started. Eer "when" in bal bulunduu cmledeki eylem, temel cmledeki eylemden daha nce gereklemise, "when" li cmlede de Past Perfect kullanabiliriz. When I had explained the subject to the class, I gave them a quiz. (First, I explained the subject. Then I gave them a quiz.) When the workers had finished some of their work, they sat down to eat lunch. f) With by the time: By the time + Simple Past, Past Perfect By the time she came back, I had finished my work. The film had already begun by the time we got to the cinema. We had already started to discuss the case by the time the manager came. By the time the guests arrived, my mother had finished all the cooking. (Konuklargelinceye kadar annem yemek piirme iini bitirmiti.) Konuklar geldiinde "By the time" in Trke'ye evirisine dikkat ediniz. Yukardaki rnei "........... gelinceye tadar" ya da ".... geldiinde" biiminde evirdik. Bu nedenle "by the time", "when" ile yakn bir anlama sahiptir. "Gemite bir eylem olduunda/oluncaya kadar, dier bir eylem olmutu." anlamn verir.
By the time they came, I had finished cleaning. By the time I arrived at the station, the train had left. Many people had died of tuberculosis by the time scientists found a cure. Eer, "gemite bir eylem olduunda, baka bir eylem zaten oluyordu" anlamn vermek istiyorsak, temel. cmlede (already) + was/were doing kullanabiliriz. past I left the office now future It was raining .
By the time I left the office, it was already raining. (By the time I left the office, it had already started raining.) By the time we prepared her milk, the baby was already crying. (By the time we prepared her milk, the baby had already started crying.) By the time I arrived at my date, my friends were already waiting f or me.
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Temel cmlede Simple Past kullanlmaz. Ancak, "be" fiilinin past biimi olan "was/were" kullanlr. By the time I noticed the leak, the kitchen floor was already full of water. By the time the journey was over, it was already midnight. By the time he retired from his work, he was sixty years old. "By the time" ile "until/till", Trke'ye ".... oluncaya kadar" biiminde evrildii halde, gemiteki iki eylem arasnda farkl bir ilikiyi ifade ederler. She came back <------------------------------------------- x ------------------------- x---------------- > past X X X X now future Her plants died By the time she came back from holiday, all her plants at home had died. (When she came back, she found all her plants dead.) Yukandaki rnekte ve dier rneklerde grdmz gibi, "by the time", "ikinci eylem olduunda, dier eylem olup bitmiti' anlamn vurguluyor. She came back ------------------------------------------------------ x ------------------------- i ----------------->past x __________________ x now future I watered her plants ' I watered her plants until she came back from holiday. Bu rnekte de grdmz gibi, "until/till", "birinci eylemin, ikinci eylemin olduu noktaya kadar devam ettiini, tam o noktada bittiini" vurguluyor. By the time I got to the airport, my plane had taken off. (The plane departed some time before my arrival, so I missed it.) I went to the airport yesterday to see a friend of mine off. I stayed in the waiting lounge until the plane took off. (I saw the plane take off and then I left the airport.) Bir noktadan dierine sz edilen eylemin devam ettiini vurgulad iin "until/till", stay, wait, talk, etc. gibi sre bildiren fiillerle kullanlr. Finish, leave, arrive, etc. gibi, bir anda olup biten eylemler, "until/till" ile sadece olumsuz cmlede kullanlr. He stayed at my house until/till I came back from holiday. The teacher waited until/till the last student left the classroom. He didn't leave me until/till I promised to meet him after work. "By the time", zaman asndan bir noktay vurgulad iin, sadece finish, leave, arrive, etc. gibi, bir anda olup biten eylemlerle, ounlukla da Perfect tense'lerle kullanlr. He arrived at the station at 11 o'clock. He watted at the station (from 11 o'clock) until/till 12 o'clock, then he left. I didn't arrive at the station until/till 1 o'clock. By the time I arrived at one o'clock, he had left.
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EXERCISE 14: Use the Simple Past or Past Perfect to complete the following sentences. 1. By the time the authorities (warn) ........................................... the people against the dangers of drinking the water without boiling it, many children (already, get infected] ......................................... 2. He (take) ......................................his family abroad last year. The children (be) ................................... really excited, because they (never, be) ............................................... abroad before. 3. There was a bad smell when I (get) ............................................home, so I (open) ................................... the windows at once to let it out. 4. When a tourist (ask) ........................................ the way to the nearest post office in good English, we (give) .........................................her the directions rather excitedly, because we (never, have) ........................................ the opportunity to use our English so freely before. 5. When they (offer) ........................................ her a minor role in a play, she (accept) ................................... it without thinking much, because she (consider] ................................... it to be a stepping stone toward much better ones. 6. Two years ago, I (have) ..........................................a student in my philology group. She (not, know] ...................................... any English at all when she (start) .................................... our course, because she (study) ........................................... German in high school. Anyway, she wasn't discouraged by the hard patterns and vocabulary of English. Slowly but patiently, she (improve) ................................................. her English throughout the year. By the time our course (end) ................................................ in June, she (learn) .......................................more vocabulary than the others. This (help) ....................................her during the exam, and she (pass) ............................................. it. Her attitude (once again, confirm) .......................................... the idea that a person can succeed if he/she wants. 7. As soon as we (see) ..........................................how busy the motorway (be) ...................................., we (decide) ......................................... to take the country road. 8. The supermarket (close) ......................................... by the time I (get) .......................................... there, so I (go) ....................................... to the local shop instead. 9. Even though I (already, explain) ........................................... the problem to her in great detail, she (still, want) ........................................ me to go through it with her again. 10. As the worker (never, behave) ...........................................like that previously, the manager (decide) ...................................... to overlook the incident. 11. He (scarceTy, finish) .......................................... typing the report when the manager (appear) ......................................with two pages of amendments. 12. He (recognize) .........................................me straightaway even though he (not, see) .................................... me since I (be) ..........................................a child. 13. As he (nor, arrive) ........................................ by the arranged time, we (have to) .................................... leave without him. 14. When I (speak) ........................................to them last, they (still, not, make) .................................... their decision. 15. It was not until she (get) .......................................... on the train that she (realize) .................................... that somewhere between home and the station she (lose) ...... , ............................ her train pass. 16. Joe (surprise) ........................................his uncle when he (re/use) ........................................... the offer of a cigarette from him. His uncle (not, know) ................................................. that he (give up) ......................................smoking three months before. EXERCISE 15: Use the Present Perfect Simple or Past Perfect to complete the sentences. 1. She (only, know) ........................................ him for two months, yet she (already, agree) .................................... to marry him and next week they are going to buy the rings. 2. Shortly after they (announce) ........................................... the results of the election, it was discovered that there (be) ..........................................a number of irregularities during the voting, so it was declared invalid. 3. I can't stand that girl. She (only, be) ................................................... scuba-diving three times, but to hear her talk, you would think she was an expert. 4. They (never, walk) ................................................ such a long distance in one day, so they were completely exhausted when they reached their destination. 5. His manager tried to persuade him to stay, but he (already, make up) his mind to leave and nothing anybody said could change that. 6. As she (read) ..............................................the book twice, she was well prepared for the discussion. 7. The ship's crew (all. drown) .................................................. before the helicopter crew spotted them in the Atlantic Ocean. 8. I doubt she will be chosen for the part. She (not, act) ....................................................... in a serious play so far. 9. I was surprised that they chose her for the part even though she (not, act) in a serious play until then. 10. Oh no! We (give)............................................... him the incorrect price. We had better contact him immediately and correct the situation.
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1 -24 THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE FORM Affirmative I had been working. You had been sleeping. He/She/It had been eating. We had been waiting. You had been dancing. They had been talking. Negative I had not been working. You had not been sleeping. He/She/It had not been eating. We had not been waiting. You had not been dancing. They had not been talking. Interrogative Had I been working? Had you been sleeping? Had he/she/it been eating? Had we been waiting? Had you been dancing? Had they been talking?
He had been sleeping for two hours when suddenly a noise woke him up in the middle of the night. The two countries had been fighting for almost seven years when a peace treaty was signed between them. The party had been going on for two hours when the lights suddenly went out. When she decided to retire, she had been working as a teacher for fifteen years. rneklerde de grld gibi, Past Perfect Continuous Tense, tam olarak Present Perfect Continuous Tense'in past biimidir. Hatrlayacanz gibi. Present Perfect Continuous, gemite balayp iinde bulunduumuz anda da devam eden, ya da iinde bulunduumuz anda henz bitmi ama belirtileri devam eden eylemleri ifade ediyordu. Past Perfect Continuous ise, gemite balayp yine gemite bir noktaya kadar devam eden eylemleri ifade eder. They started to fight in 1990. They had been fighting for four years since 1990 The war ended in 1994. when the war ended in 1994.
We had been waiting for him for exactly three hours when he finally came. His hands were covered in oil, because he had been repairing the car. The child's eyes were watery, because he had been crying. They were all exhausted, because they had been working hard since the morning. (Hepsi ok yorgundu, nk sabahtan beri ok youn alyorlard.) He had been studying English for two hours when I went to see him. (Onu grmeye gittiimde, iki saattir ngilizce alyordu.) l -25 PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS or PAST CONTINUOUS 1. When I went home, he was studying. (Past Cont.) (Ben eve gittiimde o ders alyordu.) 2. When I went home, he had been studying for two hours. (Past Perfect Cont.) (Ben eve gittiimde o iki saattir ders alyordu.) Birinci cmledeki "was studying', sadece "Ben gittiim anda ne yapyordu?" sorusuna yant olabilir. kinci cmledeki "had been studying' ise, "Ben gittiimde yapmakta olduu ii ne zamandan beri yapyordu?" sorusunu yantlar. The other members were discussing the agenda when I got to the meeting. The other
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members had been discussing the agenda for the last half hour when I got to the meeting. They were staying at a hotel near the sea when I met them in Bodrum. They had been staying at a hotel for five days when I met them in Bodrum. NOT "Since", Perfect Tense'lere zg bir zarftr. Ancak, "for", dier tense'lerle de kullanlr. I'm going to Ankara for two weeks. (imdiki z. Gelecek z. anlamyla kullanm) (ki haftalna Ankara'ya gidiyorum.) l have worked for this company for seven years. (Present Perfect) (Yedi yldr bu irkette alyorum.) I have been living here for eight years. (Present Perfect Continuous) (Sekiz yldr burada yayorum.) When I resigned from my work, I had worked there for ten years. (Past Perfect) (imden istifa ettiimde, on yldr orada alyordum.) When the guests arrived, I had been working in the kitchen for three hours. (Past Perfect C.) (Konuklar geldiinde, saattir mutfakta alyordum.) Last year, I stayed in zmir for a month. (Simple Past) (Geen yl bir ay zmir'de kaldm.) zellikle balal cmlelerde "for" un bu kullanmlarna dikkat ediniz. imdi u iki cmle arasndaki fark inceleyelim: 1. When I graduated, I lived in zmir for five years. (Mezun olunca be yl zmir'de oturdum.) 2. When I graduated, I had been living in zmir for five years. (Mezun olduumda be yldr zmir'de oturuyordum.) When I graduated in 1986, I lived in zmir for five years. (First, I graduated. Then I lived in zmir.) (Mezun olduktan sonraki be yl ifade ediyor.) When I graduated in 1986, I had been living in zmir for five years. (First I lived in zmir. Then I graduated.) (Mezuniyetten nceki be yl ifade ediyor.) EXERCISE 16: Use the Past Continuous or Past Perfect Continuous of the verbs In parentheses. 1. They (drive) ....................................... for over five hours when they reached the hotel. 2. While they (travel) ........................................ they passed through several historic towns. 3. I (hangi ......................................some pictures on the wall when I hit my thumb with the hammer. 4. While we (chat) ......................................... we realized that she (work) ....................................for the same company as me last year, but at a different branch. 5. Rumours of a large pay-rise (go) ......................................... round the office for weeks, so, when it was announced to be only three percent, everyone was very disappointed. 6. They (already, take) ....................................... photographs for an hour by the time they noticed the sign forbidding the use of cameras. 7. Apparently he (stroll] ........................................aimlessly on the beach since about noon when we spotted him. 8. While I (sew) ........................................a button onto my shirt, I pricked myself with the needle. 9. She knew that she had better stop and fill up with petrol soon because the red petrol warning light (Hash) ........................................on the dashboard of her car for the last ten minutes. 10. The manager warned the staff about using the phone because, from the size of the telephone bill, it was obvious that someone (make) ...................................... long-distance calls. EXERCISE 17: Use the Present Perfect Simple or the Present Perfect Continuous, the Past Perfect Simple or the Past Perfect Continuous. 1. You really deserve to have a promotion, Mr. Johnson. You (work) .................................... successfully for us for ten years, and you (produce) .................................... lots of remarkable projects, especially in the past five years. 2. They gave him a promotion last year, because he (work) ........................................ for them successfully for ten years, and he (produce) ......................................lots of remarkable projects, especially in the past five years. 3. A: Hello, Pam. We (just, arrange) .......................................to have a picnic next
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Saturday. Would you like to come with us? B: Sorry, Sally. I (already, make) ...................................... some other arrangements with my folks. They'll be sorry if I change my mind. He (be) ..................................... out of work for the last two years. He (try) .................................... to find a new job ever since he was dismissed from his job, but without success so far. I (look) ...................................... for a job for a very long time when I finally found this one two months ago. I (be) ..................................... better off financially since then, but I still have some debts to pay off. If you (really, paint) ......................................all day as you claim, why is this room not even half-finished? I (count) ..................................... on their support for weeks, so when I discovered yesterday that they (back) ...................................... someone else, I was really dismayed. Once they (confirm) ......................................the offer in writing, I'll let you know. He could tell someone (smoke) ...................................... in the shed because it was full of smoke. Their supervisor was not satisfied until they (remove) ....................................... every speck of dirt from the dormitory. Oh! I'm sorry, we (just, sell) ........................................the last one, but we are expecting another shipment soon. So far I (check) .......................................the files from A to M and (update) ................................... them, so I'm about halfway through the job. Last week they installed an internal e-mail system at work. Since then our manager (work) ...................................... mainly from home. Scientists (monitor) ...................................... the activity of Mount Etna carefully for the past few weeks and (announce) ......................................that tourists will no longer be allowed onto its slopes. The prison governor was certain that the prisoners (plan) ...................................... an escape for some time because they (make) ...................................... a rope ladder and some makeshift knives.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
EXERCISE 18: Use the Simple Present, Present Continuous, Simple Past, Past Continuous, Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect or Past Perfect Continuous of the verbs In parentheses. 1. She (split) ......................................up with her boyfriend two days ago and (cry) ....................................virtually non-stop ever since. 2. While I (hurry) .....................................to catch the bus, I (trip) ........................................ and (twist) .....................................my ankle. 3. The woman (rush) ...................................... into the doctor's surgery screaming that a snake (Just, bite) ..................................... her son. 4. I (apply) ..................................... for the job over three weeks ago, but I (still, not, hear) .................................... anything. 5. Generally he (wear) ......................................... a suit to work, but today he (wear) ....................................jeans because they (move) ........................................ some furniture into a new office. 6. The first time I (meet) ......................................him, he (work) ....................................... on his car all afternoon and was covered in oil. So the second time I (see) ....................................him, I (hardly, recognize) ....................................... him! 7. The problem of pollution in the world (get) ............................................. worse day by day, but a lot of those people who (regularly, complain) .............................................. about it (not, seem) .......................................willing to do anything personally to alleviate the situation. 8. While the doctors (operate) ......................................... on their son last week, the parents (pace) .......................................anxiously up and down in the waiting-room. 9. You (frown) ....................................... all afternoon. What's on your mind? 10. That driver (go) ........................................far too fast! He'll crash if he doesn't slow down soon. 11. As he (not, inform) ........................................ me in advance of the arrangement, I wasn't able to go. 12. He (only, just, arrive) .........................................! Give him a chance to take his coat off before you (start) ........................................ questioning him. 13. The company (look) .........................................into ways to market the product overseas in recent weeks, but, so far, no one (come) ..............................................up with a workable suggestion. 14. A: When......................you (last, hear) .......................from him? B: I (not, hear) ........................................from him for more than two months now. 15. Jerry, a six-year-old boy, is very fond of animals, so his parents (take) ....................................him to the zoo very often. The last time they (be) ....................................there, they (see) .......................................... the sea lions at feeding time. Jerry was fascinated. All the time while the keepers (feed) .................................................. them, they (Jump) ....................................... up out of the water. Jerry's mother (take) ....................................him to the zoo next Saturday again, and this time he (want) .................................... to spend more time at the reptile enclosure and examine the
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animals there in more detail. We (just, finish)......................................... our dinner and (watch) .......................................... a documentary on TV when we (hear) ............................................. a scream from the flat above. I (rush) ........................................upstairs immediately and (find) .................................... Mrs. Green, our neighbour, in tears. Everything in her flat (be) .................................... in a mess. Obviously, someone (break) .............................................. into her house. 17. Just as we (enter) ........................................ the church, the groom's brother (whisper} .................................... to me how nervous the groom (feel} .............................................. since breakfast time about making a speech in front of so many guests. He must have, indeed, been nervous, because when he (rise) ............................................. to make his speech, he (just, mutter) ......................................... a quick thank you to everyone and then (sit) ......................................back down again. 18. In her white wedding gown, Judy (look) ............................................. more beautiful than I (ever, see) ....................................... her before, or (ever, see) ........................................... her since the wedding. 19. Three days after they (drop)........................................... an atom bomb on Hiroshima, the Americans (drop) ........................................another one on Nagasaki. These two bombs (cause) ...................................... one of the biggest massacres the world (witness) .................................... up to that time. 20. I don't think they (find) ......................................... the cause of the problem yet. The last time I (check) ....................................... , they (still, test) ......................................... the system. 16.
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1-26 FUTURE TIME (will/shall or be going to) FORM Affirmative Negative I will help you. I will not help you. I am going to help you. I am not going to help you. You will come early. You will not come early. You are going to come early. You are not going to come early. He/She/It will not eat lunch. He/She/It will eat lunch. He/She/It is not going to eat He/She/It is going to eat lunch. lunch. We will not work. We will work. We are not going to work. We are going to work. You will not leave early. You will leave early. You are not going to leave early. You are going to leave early. They will not visit us. They will visit us. They are not going to visit us. They are going to visit us.
Interrogative Will I help you? Am I going to help you? Will you come early? Are you going to come early? Will he/she/it eat lunch? Is he/she/it going to eat lunch? Will we work? Are we going to work? Will you leave early? Are you going to leave early? Will they visit us? Are they going to visit us?
Btn znelerle "will" yardmc fiili kullanlr. Birinci tekil ahs "we" ve birinci oul ahs "ive" iin, "will" yerine "shall" de kullanlr. Ancak "shall" in bu kullanm artk ok eski olarak kabul edilmektedir. We will (shall) Invite them to the party. She will help me with my homework. "will not" ve "shall not" ksaltlarak "won't" ve "shan't" biiminde kullanlr. They will not/won't come tomorrow. We shall not/shan't go to the party. "will" ve "shall" ksaltlarak " ll" biiminde kullanlr. They'll visit us next week./I'II eat dinner out tonight. 1-27 USE OF THE FUTURE TENSES a) Eer gelecee ynelik bir tahminde bulunuyorsak (prediction), "will" ya da "be going to" kullanabiliriz. There will/is going to be a rise in prices after the elections. According to the weather report, it will/is going to snow tomorrow. He will/is going to have an accident if he doesn't drive more carefully. b) nceden tasarlanm, planlanm bir durumdan sz ediyorsak (prior plan), "be going to" kullanmamz gerekir. Bu anlamyla "be going to", cansz varlklar iin genellikle kullanlmaz. - Why have you bought this material? - I'm going to make a skirt for myself. - Why is your dog digging in that corner? - Oh, he is going to bury his bone there. c) Henz rendiimiz bir konuda yapmaya istekli olduumuz bir durumu (willingness), "will" ile ifade ederiz. - I don't have any money. - Don't worry. I'II lend you some. (zlme. Ben sana veririm.) - Some guests are coming in two hours, and nothing is ready yet. - Don't worry, l'II wash the dishes and you can do the cooking. (Ben bulaklar ykarm, sen yemei piirirsin.) - I have a headache. - Wait here. I'll bring an aspirin for you. (Bekle sana bir aspirin getireyim.) "will" in bu kullanmnn Trke'ye evirisine dikkat ediniz. rneklerde de grdnz gibi, "will wash, will lend, will bring' ifadelerini "ykayacam, dn vereceim, getireceim" biiminde deil, "ykarm, dn veririm, getireyim" biiminde evirdik. Eer bir olayn olacana ilikin belirtiler varsa, "going to" kullanlr. The sky is black. It is going to rain. There's a lot of blossom on the trees this spring. We're going to have a good crop. e) Bu tense'lerle yaygn olarak kullanlan zaman zarflan, tomorrow, next week, next month, next summer, in two days (iki gn sonra), in ten minutes (on dakika sonra), two days from now (iki gn sonra), five years from now (be yl sonra), soon (az sonra, yaknda) gibi zarflardr. We'll take an exam next week. Tomorrow is a public holiday, so she wont go to work. She will graduate in three years. Two months from now, they'll move into a new flat. Ancak, iinde bulunduumuz ana gre gelecek zaman ifade eden pek ok zarf, bu tense'lerle kullanlabilir. (In the morning) I'm going to do some shopping today. Do you need anything special? I'm not going to have breakfast this morning. f ) "am, is, are going to" nun past biimi olarak "was, were going to" kullanlr. Bu tense
d)
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ile, gemite niyet ettiimiz, planladmz, ama eitli nedenlerle yapamadmz eylemleri anlatrz. I was going to visit my parents last night, but just as I was leaving home, some guests arrived, so I couldn't. (Dn akam ailemi ziyaret edecektim ama ............. ) We were going to have an exam yesterday, but we couldn't finish the unit, so the teacher postponed the exam until next week. (Dn snav olacaktk ama ........... ) EXERCISE 19: Complete the sentences using the Simple Future (wiII) or "going to" future. 1. A: Oh, I've just read in the paper that there's a train strike today. How ....................................you (get) .........................................to work? B: It's O.K. We heard about it yesterday and Jake (drive) ................................................me. 2. A: Have you typed that letter for me? B: Oh no. I forgot all about it. I (do) ............................................ it now. 3. A: I'm just popping out because I (buy) .............................................some sugar. B: We need coffee as well, you know. A: O.K. I (get) .........................................that too. 4. She's very pale. She looks as if she (faint) .......................................... 5. A: Can you type this letter for me, please? B: Sure. I (do) ..................................... it as soon as I've finished this report. 6. A: Dad, the kitchen tap doesn't work properly. B: Yes, I noticed that this morning, and I brought a few tools with me from work. I (repair) ..................................... it after dinner. 7. Watch out! Those books are leaning against your vase. It (fall} ........................................ off the shelf. 8. A: We have a lot of bookings tonight! We (get) ......................................... home very late again. B: Don't worry. I've just phoned Greg and Tony. They (come) .............................................to help us with clearing out the mess. 9. A: Do you like chili and rice? B: I'm not too keen on very spicy food. A: I (make) .....................................some with just a pinch of chili powder for you then. ................................................................................. B: Thank you...................................................................... 10. A: I don't think I (have) .....................................time to fetch Sally's birthday cake this afternoon. B: Don't worry. I (do) ...................................... it on my way back from work. 1-28 FUTURE TENSE in TIME CLAUSES "When, after, before, as soon as, etc." gibi zaman balalarnn Past Tense ile kullanmn daha nce grmtk. imdi bu balalarn Future Tense ile kullanmlarn inceleyelim. First: I will do some shopping tomorrow. Then: I will go to the cinema. After I do some shopping tomorrow, I will go to the cinema. First: She will talk to the teacher. .............. , Then: She will leave school. Before she leaves school tomorrow, she will talk to the teacher. Yukardaki rneklerde grdnz gibi, her iki eylem de gelecekte gerekleecek olmasna ramen, yan cmlede "will" ya da "going to" kullanlmaz. Yan cmlede Simple Present Tense, temel cmlede ise "'will" ya da "going to" kullanlr. When she comes home, we will study together. I will wait at home until my mother comes back from shopping. We'II leave home as soon as we finish our work. I'll decide what to do after I receive their letter. She is going to phone us before she comes here. Once you know the details of this software,you'llfind it easy to use.
After Once
Before Until
As soon as When
After I finish/have finished my work, I will go out. She will leave stanbul when she graduates/has graduated from school .
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Will you wait for me until I complete/have completed my work? Once I have handed in my term paper, I will hold a big party. While da gelecek zaman yaplaryla kullanlabilen bir balatr. I will take my son to the park tomorrow, and I will read my book while he plays/is playing with his friends. Will you take care of my flowers while I am on holiday. I am going to wait for you outside the Office while you have/are having your job interview. EXERCISE 20: Combine the two sentences using the words in parentheses. For the subordinate clause, use Simple Present and/or Present Perfect or Present Continuous. For the Main clause, use a form of will, and/or be going to. Everybody will be here. We will serve the starters. (as soon as) As soon as everybody is here. We will serve/are going to serve the starters. 1. I wont be able to use the cold tap in the kitchen. The plumber will replace the leaky pipe. (Until) . 2. He will get written confirmation of the job offer in Germany. Immediately afterwards, he is going to book his flight. (once) . 3. The Board will announce the results. But first of all, they will interview all the candidates. (after) . 4. She is going to leave shool. She is going to take a year off to go travelling. (when) . 5. You will have to wash your hands. You will eat dinner. (Before) . 6. I will quickly go to the supermarket. You will be getting some more petrol. (while) . 7. All the passengers will get on board. The bus wont leave. (until) . 8. He is going to complete his apprenticeship. He is going to set up his own business. (after) . 9.You will wash up. During that time, I will telephone the cinema to see what time the film starts. (while) . 10. I will come back from holiday, immediately, I will start a diet. (as soon as) . EXERCISE 21: Complete the sentences with the Simple Present and/or Present Perfect and Simple Future (will) of the verbs in parentheses. 1. The conference (not, commence) .....................................until all the delegates (arrive) While the delegates are arriving, the authorities (close) .......................................... the area 2. to the public. We (not, reserve) .......................................the tickets until we (be) .......................................... 3. certain how many people are coming. While you're fetching her from the station, I (check) ...........................................that her 4. room is prepared. 5. After she (settle) .......................................in, we (take) .........................................her on a tour of the city. 6. They (not, be) ....................................... very happy when they (see) .......................................... what a mess we've made. 7. As in all matches, the police (contain) ..........................................the crowds tomorrow while the match (be) ........................................in progress. 8. The doormen (not, let) .......................................us in until some people (come) ....................................out because, as a rule, they (only, allow) ...........................................a 9. certain number of people in the tower at one time. After the young lawyer (familiarize) ..........................................himself with similar court 10. cases, I'm sure he (be) ........................................able to handle the case. We (not be able) ........................................ to use our new kitchen before the workmen (check) ...................................... all the appliances.
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1-29 THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE FORM Affirmative Negative I will be studying. You will I won't be studying. You won't be working. He/She/It will be working. He/She/It won't be eating. be eating. We will be talking. You will We won't be talking. You won't be sleeping. They will be be sleeping. They won't be shopping. shopping. Interrogative Will I be studying? Will you be working? Will he/she/it be eating? Will we be talking? Will you be sleeping? Will they be shopping?
1-30 USE OF THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE a) Bu tensi, gelecekte bir noktada yapyor olacamz eylemleri ifade etmek iin kullanrz. Don't call me tomorrow between ten and eleven. I'll be having an interview then. At this time next year, you'll probably be attending university. My plane departs at nine, so I'll be Qying to New York at this hour tomorrow. b) Bu tense'i birinden bir ey rica ederken de kullanabiliriz. Will you be going past the post office when you go out? Yes. Why? If so, can you post this letter for me? Will you be using your bike tomorrow? No, I don't think so. If not, can you lend it to me for the afternoon? c) Future Continuous, zellikle tatil ve seyahatlerle ilgili dzenlemeler hakknda konuurken, plan ve niyet ifade ederken ska kullanlr. Bu anlamda Present Continuous da kullanlabilir. We'lI be staying at the Mediterromaneo Hotel. (=We are staying at the Mediterromaneo Hotel.) EXERCISE 22: Complete the sentences with the Simple Future (will do), Future Continuous (will be doing) or Simple Present (do/does) and/or Present Perfect Simple (have/has done) of the verbs In parentheses. 1. At the rate he's improving, he (play) .............................. football for the national team by the time he's sixteen! 2. At the end of next week, you (drive) .............................. round Europe, Jane (sail) .............................. across the Mediterranean and I (fee]} .............................. very jealous of you both! 3. Until your grades (improve) ............................... you (have to) .............................. stay at home every evening. 4. At the moment, you think you (never, learn) .............................. to ski, but this time next week you (whiz) .............................. down the slopes like a professional! 5. Do you think you (see) .............................. Mike at any time over the weekend? If so, can you give him a message? 6. I (drop) .............................. you off at the end of your road, but I (not, have) .............................. time to accept your offer of tea, I'm afraid. 7. Contact our agency at the resort as soon as you (get) .............................. there and they (provide) .............................. all the camping equipment you (need) .............................. there immediately. 8. It's more than a little inconvenient, I'm afraid. I (perform) .............................. an operation on a patient at that time, so later in the day would be better. 9. I (work) .............................. night shifts all this week, so it's quite frustrating to think that I (work) .............................. while everybody else is sleeping. 10. After you (undergo) .............................. our expert parachute training, jumping out of an aeroplane (not, bother) .............................. you at all. 11. The police (not, open) .............................. the road until they (clean) .............................. all the debris from the accident away. 12. The mayor (not be able) .............................. to present the prize in person next week because at that time, he (welcome) .............................. the German trade minister. His wife (present) .............................. the prize on his behalf.
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1-31 THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE FORM Affirmative Negative Interrogative I will have finished. I won't have finished. Will I have finished? You will have left home. You won't have left home. Will you have left home? He/She/It will have eaten. He/She/It won't have eaten. Will he/she/it have eaten? We will have left work. We won't have left work. Will we have left work? You will have bought it. You won't have bought it. Will you have bought it? They will have gone out. They won't have gone out. Will they have gone out? 1-32 USE OF THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE a) Gelecekte bir noktada yapm, tamamlam olacamz eylemleri bu tense ile ifade ederiz. By, before, in a week (or in a week's time), in ten days (or in ten days' time), in three years (or in three years' time) gibi zarflar, bu tense ile ok sk kullanlan zarflardr. She will have graduated from university in two years. She promises that she will have finished her report by tomorrow. They will have completed the new school building by next year. b) "By the time", "when" ve "before", bu tense ile sk kullanlan zaman balalardr. I will have finished my homework by the time mother comes back. Before this term is finished, we will have studied half of the units. The children will have gone to bed when the guests arrive.
We will already have eaten dinner when he comes. 0 geldiinde biz yemeimizi yemi olacaz. c) "By" ile "by the time" arasndaki farka dikkat ediniz. "By" bir preposition olduu iin kendinden sonra bir isim gelir, (by two o'clock, by next month, by tomorrow, by then, etc.) "By the time" ise bir balatr. Kendinden sonra bir cmle gelir. "By the time" dan sonra "that" kullanlabilir. I will have finished my work by 5 o'clock. I will have finished my work by the time (that) you come back. I'll call you at 2:00. I hope you'll have finished your work by then. I'll call you at 2:00. I hope you'll have finished your work by the time (that) I call you.. EXERCISE 23: Complete the sentences with the Simple Future (will do), Future Perfect (will have done) or Simple Present (do/does) of the verbs In parentheses. 1. Don't spend too much at the Grand Bazaar, or you (regret) .......................................... it when you (run out) .......................................of money before the end of your holiday. 2. By the time the credit card statement with this purchase on it (arrive) ......................................I (receive) ........................................my wages. So don't worry. 3 We (find) ....................................Jenny either happy or very sad when we (return) . ................................... because she (receive) ........................................... her exam results by then. 4. The police anticipate that the thieves (somehow, manage) .................................. to send a message to their accomplices and, by the time they (reach) ................................... their hideout, their accomplices (remove) .................................... all traces of their criminal activity. 5. About fifty years from now, the Pacific Ocean (rise) ....................................to a level dangerous to the very existence of some inhabited islands. 6. At last I've found two tickets for the concert, but I (pretend) ................................................. that I couldn't, when my sister (ask) ...........................................me. 7. If I (put) .......................................a quarter of my salary aside every month, by next June, I (save) ...................................... enough money to afford a proper holiday abroad. 8. By the time the government (bring) ........................................... down inflation, a lot of companies (a/ready, go) ......................................... bankrupt. 9. We (adapt) ...................................... the computer program, if necessary, once we've seen how suitable it is in its present form. 10. In about a year's time, this system (become) .............................................. obsolete, so we ought to start thinking about changing it before too long. 11. We have decided that when the management (announce) ............................................... the new pay scales, we (say) ..................................... that we are not satisfied, no matter what percentage they are. 12. Fortunately, when we (arrive) ............................................. she (already, break) ....................................the news to him. .
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1-33 THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE FORM Affirmative: Negative: Interrogative: Subject Subject Will + will have been doing, + will not have been doing, + subject + have been doing?
1 -34 USE OF THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE a) Gelecekte bir eylemi ne kadar zamandr yapyor olacamz bu tense ile ifade ederiz. Yani gelecekte sre bildiririz. By next year, I will have been teaching English for nine years. Tomorrow, I will start work at 9 and finish at 12, so I will have been working for three hours by the time my last lesson is over.
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will have been studying She will start studying at 2:00. Her mother will come home at 5:00. By the time her mother comes home at 5 o'clock, she will have been studying for three hours. She started to work for us last year. Now, she has been working for us for a year. By this time next year, she will have been working for us for two years. The meeting will start at ten, and I will arrive there at eleven. By the time I arrive there, the meeting will have been going on for an hour. By the next elections, this government will have been running the country for four years. b) Bu tense ile kullanacamz fiilleri seerken dikkatli olmamz gerekir. Ancak work, write, travel, watch, listen, go on, study gibi srerlik bildiren fiilleri bu tense ile kullanabiliriz. Finish, complete, arrive gibi bir anda olup biten eylemleri ifade eden fiilleri kullanamayz. "By 9 o'clock tomorrow, I'll have been arriving in Ankara for six hours." ifadesi yanl bir ifade olur. nk insan, alt saattir bir yere varyor olamaz. Bu cmleyi ancak yle doru olarak ifade edebiliriz: By 9 o'clock tomorrow, I'll have arrived in Ankara. (.... varm olacam.) By the time I arrive in Ankara, Til have been travelling for six hours. ( .... alt saattir yolculuk yapyor olacam.) c) "By the time" yapsyla "be" fiilinin kullanmna dikkat ediniz. Normalde "by the time", temel cmlede Future Perfect gerektirir. By the time they arrive, I will have eaten my dinner. Ancak "be" fiili, eer sre bildirmiyorsa. Simple Future (will be) ile kullanlr. By the time they arrive, dinner will be over. By the time he retires from his job, he will be sixty. By the time we come back from holiday, they will be married. Eer "be" fiilini, sre bildiren bir ifadeyle birlikte kullanrsak. Future Perfect gerektirir. By the time he retires from his job, he win have been in this city for twenty years. By the time we come back from holiday, they will have been married for a month. EXERCISE 24: Complete the sentences using an appropriate Future tense: will do, will be doing, will have done or will have been doing. 1. You can almost guarantee that by the time we get to the box-office, they (se/7) .....................................out of tickets. 2. I (drive)' .....................................past your house at about 8 o'clock tomorrow morning, as that's the way I always go, so if you're ready, wait outside and I [give) ....................................you a lift. 3. Agent A: How .....................I (recognize) ....................him? Agent B: Well, he (wear) ...................................... grey trousers, a green jacket and a yellow tie! 4. If you arrive at 6 o'clock, we (wait) ....................................... outside the cinema, but by quarter past, we (probably, go) ......................................inside. 5. Probably, for the first few days in your new job, you (experience) ...................................... one or two problems, but by the end of the week you (settle) ....................................... in. 6. We (be) ......................................exhausted when we arrive as, by then, we (travel) ....................................for about two days in total. 7. At this time tomorrow evening, we (congratulate) ....................................... ourselves on having completed an excellent piece of work! 8. Next February, you (work) ......................................for us for ten years, Mr. Wilson, and you (qualify) .................................... for our employee pension scheme. 9. I (take) ..................................... the fabric out of the dye at four o'clock because, by then, it (soak) .................................... in the solution for two hours, and I think that
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(be) ..................................... enough. 10. Fire fighters are confident and believe that, by midnight tomorrow, they (extinguish) .................................... the forest fire. 11. The leader of the rescue operation (inspect) ......................................the area again at 7 p.m. this evening. By then, the task force (dig)........................................for survivors for three full days. After his inspection, he (make) ......................................a decision about the likelihood of finding anyone else alive in the rubble. 12. I'm sure that by the time my daughter reaches adulthood, the world (look) .....................................very different than it does today. EXERCISE 25: Complete the sentences using "until1 or "by the time". 1. He waited at the arranged place ...................................... he realized that she wasn't going to turn up. 2. We'll all have died of hunger ...................................... you finish cooking dinner! 3. He's working late this evening, so we won't have dinner .........................................he gets home. 4 .......................................... she was sixteen, she was already an accomplished musician. 5 ..........................................he was fourteen, he never went anywhere, apart from to school, without his parents. 6. Jane: I'm not going to eat any cakes........................................I've lost enough weight to fit into these jeans. Mary: But then, they'll have gone out of fashion .........................................you are thin enough to wear them. 7. I'm sure she'll be sleeping ...................................... we get home, because she normally goes to bed around this time. 8. He stayed at the party ..................................... the last guest had gone. 9 ..........................................the last person left, it was after three o'clock in the morning. 10. You won't make any progress ........................................you start taking your studies more seriously. 11 .........................................we get an answer from them, it'll be too late. 12 ........................................ I tried it myself, I'd never thought that jogging could be enjoyable. 13. The fire was already under control ....................................... the fire brigade arrived. 14. The plane won't take off .......................................the captain has completed all the safety checks. 15. I didn't know Janice could speak fluent Japanese ...................................... she told me about her new job in Tokyo. 1-35 TENSE AGREEMENT in TIME CLAUSES Zaman balalar temel cmle ile yan cmle arasnda "tense" uyumas gerektirir. PAST TIME: "When I got home ...................... " cmlesini tamamlarken getireceimiz yaplar mutlaka Past Time' a ait bir tense olmaldr. When I got home, I had a bath and then ate my dinner. I slept for three hours and then studied until midnight. my son was sleeping. my parents had eaten their dinner. my son had been sleeping for two hours. PRESENT TIME: "When I get home after work, ....................." ifadesini, eer genelde yaptmz bir ii anlatmak zere kullanyorsak, Present Time'a ait bir yap ile tamamlayabiliriz. When I get home after work, I usually take a rest for a while. first of all, I play with my son for a while. FUTURE TIME: "When I get home after work tomorrow, ................... " ifadesi ise temel cmlede mutlaka Future bir yap gerektirmektedir. (Yan cmlede Future tense kullanlmadna dikkat ediniz.) When I get home after work tomorrow, I will take a rest for a while. my son will be sleeping. my son will have been sleeping for two hours. our guests will have arrived. I am going to sleep for two hours. EXERCISE 26: Use any appropriate tense for the verbs in parentheses. 1. The government (just, take) ..................................... a number of measures to bring inflation down and to improve the economic situation. There (be) ........................................................ a public outcry when they (announce) ....................................... the
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new tax system and other economic decisions two weeks ago. There (be) ........................................................ several protest demonstrations in many parts of the country since then, and I think they (increase) ......................................................... in the future if the economy doesn't improve soon. 2. Two weeks ago, we (intend] ....................................... to spend a quiet weekend at home, without hurrying to have breakfast or without worrying about the heavy traffic on the roads, but nothing (go) ......................................................... as we (arrange) ........................................................ it before. First, I (cut) ....................................... myself badly while I (do) ......................................................... the dishes after breakfast. We (try) ...................................... hard to stop the bleeding and then we (put) ......................................................... a bandage on the cut. In the meantime, our son (play) .........................................................with his friend in his room. Because they (both, be) ...........................................................very naughty children, they (usually, hurt) ......................................................... each other while they (play) ....................................... together, and it happened so that day. Just as we (sit) .......................................................... down to watch a good movie on television, after my unfortunate accident, we (hear) ........................................................ our son crying. We (hurry) ........................................ to his room to see what (happen) ............................................................What we saw was terrible. The other boy (throw} ......................................................... a metal toy car at our son's face, and it (hit) ........................................................ him just above his right eye. It was badly bruised, and a line of blood (trickle) ...........................................................down his cheek. I (nearly, faint) ........................................................ when I (see) ....................................... this scene. Anyway, we (take) ........................................................ him to the nearest hospital without delay, and our quiet weekend was spent at the hospital. 3. There (be) .....................................great changes in the climates of the world in recent years. One (not, know) ......................................................... what to expect from one day to another. In the past, people (know) ......................................................... when spring would start, or when summer would come, but now, all the seasons (seem) ........................................................... to be mixed together. Just two days ago, we (wear) ........................................................... thick pullovers because of the unexpected cold, but today, we (wear) ........................................................... our short-sleeved T-shirts again. Scientists say that the hole in the ozone layer (cause) ........................................................ these changes. I'm afraid future generations (face) .................................... terrible conditions on earth. 4. I (a/ways, be afraid) .................................... of the idea of an earthquake since I (be) .................................... a child. When I (hear) ....................................... that somewhere in the world has been hit, I (immediately, put) .....................................myself in the position of the people there, and then, (not, know] ..................................... what to think. 5. Turkey (experience) ..................................... several great earthquakes in recent years, and because it (be) ..................................... on major earthquake fault lines, it (experience) ..................................... more earthquakes in the years to come. 6. As he (not, sleep) ...................................... well for weeks, he (go) ........................................ to see the doctor, who assured him it was nothing serious. 7. He says that he (exchange) ..................................... his car for a cheaper model in a week or so, but I think he (regret) ...................................... it after a few months. 8. The fire (blaze) ..................................... so fiercely when the fire brigade (come) ................................... that it (take) ...................................... them over two hours to put it out, so the building was almost totally destroyed. 9. By the end of this year they (expand) ...................................... the company into seven countries. 10. It (turn)...................................... really cold today, and look how grey the sky is. I'm certain that it (snow)........................................ 11. She (lose) ...................................... weight very quickly now, so at this rate, in about a month's time, she (Jose) .................................... over 10 kilos. 12. There are five speakers on the list, each of whom (make) ....................................... an hour-long speech, so by the end of today's session, we (sit) ........................................in our seats for five straight hours, listening to the same topic. 13. When I (last, look) ..................................... into the room, the meeting (not, yet, commence) ....................................... 14. On close inspection it was obvious that the twenty dollar bill was a forgery, so the cashier (immediately, ring)......................................the police. By the time the man (reach) ..................................... the shopping centre entrance, three policemen (already, wait) .....................................there for him. 15. My best friend, Lucy, (expect) ....................................... a baby around the middle of August, so by the time I (be) ...................................... able to visit her in September, she (have) ..................................... the baby. 16. We (hike) ......................................for two hours now, and we (still, have)
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.................................... around five kilometres to go, so by the time we (join) ....................................the other group at the camp, we (walk) ....................................... for about four hours. In a wine factory, normally they (store) .......................................the wine in the cellar and, they (bottle) ..................................... it after it (ferment) ....................................... for two weeks. I (not ignore) ......................................his behaviour any longer. I (say) ....................................something to him tomorrow if he (treat) ........................................ us in the same way. I (only, drive) ..................................... for ten minutes when suddenly the brakes (fail) ...................................... Worst of all, perhaps, was that I (come) ........................................ down a slope at the time. You can't imagine the difficulty I (have) .................................... until I (stop) ...................................... the car! Who was the man you (talk) ...................................... to just now? I (not, think) ....................................I (see) ....................................... him around here before. Everybody in John's family (have) ...................................... a cold or flu lately. First Kate (go) ......................................down with the flu, then John (catch)......................................... a cold and now Richard (suffer) ...................................... from a cough and cold. He (cough) ..................................... continually for a week. His cough (sound) .................................... so ghastly that John and Kate doubt he (get) ................. , ....................................better without visiting the doctor. It says in today's newspaper that a man (recently, design) ...................................... a car which (run) .................................... on water and petrol. He (think) ..................................... that in ten years' time, thousands of people (drive) .......................................around in cars using this environmentally-friendly fuel.
17. 18. 19.
20. 21.
22.
EXERCISE 27: Complete the following passage using the appropriate forms of the verbs in parentheses. (Mrs. Hopkins in England is writing to her friend in France.) It (l.be) ..................................... the worst heat wave in the South of England for the last twenty years, and it (2.not, rain)..................................... here for six months now. Everybody (3.suffer) ........................................from the heat, and our supply of water (4.only, last)...................................... for two or three more weeks. Water (5. be) ............................................. so scarce that we (6.keep) ........................................ it turned off for seventeen hours a day. We (7.store) .......................................boiled water in bottles in case the situation gets worse. We (8.use)....................................... the hall as storage space, because it (9.be) ....................................the coolest place in our flat. As our flat (lO.face) ....................................south, it (11.develop) .........................................temperatures like a greenhouse. The other day, John (12.call) .......................................... me from the living room. "Look," he (I3.say) .........................................pointing out of the window, "those children (14.have).......................................their own method of keeping cool." In the garden our neighbour's children (I5.lie) ........................................ under a tree, covered with thick layers of wet sand and earth. Yesterday on the radio, they (16.announce) ............................................. a heavy thunderstorm for today. But(17.not, see) ............................................ a sign of it yet. You simply cannot rely on the weather forecast in spite of all the research being done with satellites and other modern equipment. EXERCISE 28: Complete the following passage using the appropriate forms of the verbs in parentheses. (Professor Smith, who was kidnapped, and has now been freed by the police, is talking to the reporters.) I (1.arrive)....................................... home from the airport late in the evening, at about 11 o'clock. Just as I (2.open) ......................................... the garden gate, a man wearing sunglasses (S.approach) .......................................me. He (4,ask) .........................................for a light. As I (5.light) ....................................... his cigarette, the man (6.suddenly, hold) .................................... his hand over my mouth so that I couldn't call out. At the same time, two other men from behind (7. overpower) ......................................... me. I (8. try) .................................... to get away, but they (9.push) ............................................me into the car, which (lO.drive off.......................................... at once. Then they (11.give) .......................................... me an injection and I (12.1ose) ........................................ consciousness. When I (I3.wake up) ..................................... I (14.1ie)......................................... on a bed in a room with no windows. They (I5.tell) ...................................... me over a loudspeaker to get up and go over to the table. On the table I (16. find) ........................................ a copy of some top secret plans I (17.work) .......................................on for quite a long time, but a very important part of them
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was missing. They (18.offer) .........................................me $ 3 million if I agreed to complete the plans for them. They (19.promise) ......................................... that nothing would happen to me if I did as they said. They (20.threaten) ......................................... me, saying that if I put in any mistakes, my wife and my children would be killed. They (21.give) .................................... me three hours to think it over. I (22. feel) ........................................... too tired and sick from the injection to answer or even to think, so I (23.just, lie) .................................... down on the bed and (24.fall) ..........................................asleep again. I can't tell you what (25.happen) ........................................after that or how long I (26.sleep) .......................................When some loud noises (27. wake) ........................................... me up, I (28.see) ..................................... Inspector Johnson standing by the bed. He can tell you more, I think ........................................you (29. excuse) ......................................... me now, please? I (30.not, feel) .......................................very well.
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EXERCISE 29: I) Complete the following passage using the appropriate forms of the verbs In parentheses. UHU In 1932, a German named August Fischer (1.invent) ...........................................the world's first synthetic resin adhesive, UHU. Before then, they (2.make) ....................................glues mainly of natural materials and, unlike UHU, they (3.not, be) ..................................... waterproof. Fischer (4.name) ......................................... his sticky substance UHU, after the German name for the eagle owl, the magnificent bird which (S.inhabit) ........................................the Black Forest near his factory in Buhl, by Germany's border with France. He (6.design) .................................... his glue to stick to any surface, although today UHU (7.come) .............................................. in a staggering 184 types. By the Second World War the glue (8.gain) ....................................such popularity that the firm (9. cease) ...............................the production of other office accessories to devote more resources to UHU. UHU glue for public use was originally mixed and filled into tubes and jars by hand, which must have been a messy business, but the German plant is now fully automated. It (lO.produce) ................................................... five million kilos of glue a year, which (11.be) ...................................... the equivalent weight of 30 Concorde airplanes, or 1,000 elephants. UHU is the leader of the glue market not only in Britain but in eighteen other countries. One in five tubes or jars of glue bought in Britain (12.bear) .......................................... the UHU brand. The shelf-life is between two and three years, providing the tube (13.not, burst) .............................................Collectively, Britain (14. spend) .......................................... 102 million a year on adhesives of all kinds. II) Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as the following definitions. COLUMN A COLUMN B a) a sticky substance that usually comes from plants b) glue; substance for sticking things c) able to stop water from passing through it d) live in (a place) e) shocking; unbelievable f) stop; come or bring to an end for a purpose h) factory i) being equal to J) carry; have k) length of time for which a product remains usable 1) on condition that; only if m) break open suddenly; explode n) considered as a group or a whole .................................................................... .................................................................... .................................................................... ................................................................... g) give something so it is specially available .................................................................... .................................................................... .................................................................... .................................................................... .................................................................... .................................................................... .................................................................... .................................................................... ................................................................... ....................................................................
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III) Choose the correct answer according to the passage. 1. It's obvious from the passage that Fischer ..................... A) invented the world's first glue B) owned a factory which was partly in Germany and partly in France C) originally mixed the glue and filled the tubes himself D) used to produce office equipment other than UHU E) used to keep an eagle owl, whose name was UHU 2. The passage tells us that UHU ................... A) was used extensively during the Second World War B) was originally made from natural materials " '
C) is able to withstand the weight of thirty Concorde aeroplanes D) is only available in nineteen countries E) is able to resist water 3. Over the years A) 102 million have been spent on UHU B) the number of different varieties of UHU has increased C) the shelf-life of UHU has risen to three years D) UHU has been developed from natural materials into a synthetic adhesive E) UHU has been used in offices, wars and aeroplane construction IV) Complete the sentences selecting words from Column B In PART ll. ' .
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1. That footballer's daily income is ...................................... to my monthly salary. 2. The child was very upset when his new balloon suddenly .......................................... 3. You can't wear that jacket in this rain. It isn't ......................................... 4. Until she died, she ...................................... her life to helping orphaned children. 5. You can watch that film on TV ....................................... you finish your homework first.
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EXERCISE 30: I) Complete the following passage using the appropriate forms of the verbs In parentheses. DIABETES At the beginning of the 20th century, diabetes (1. be) .......................................... a rare, virtually untreatable disease; its companion disorder, hypoglycemia, had not yet even been identified. Over the past one hundred years, these two metabolic problems (2.burst) .......................... upon the populations of modernized societies with all the force of an epidemic. In the thirty-seven years from 1936 to 1973, for example, diabetes (3.rise) .......................................from the twelfth leading cause of death to rank seventh, where it (4.still, stand) ............................today. Together with cancer, cardiovascular illness and other problems, diabetes (5.be) .................................... part of a widespread degenerative trend pervading modern life. Like diabetes, most such chronic illnesses (6.escalate) ............................................. from relative obscurity to a frightening prominence within the 20th century. In the past several years, this alarming trend (7.prompt) ....................... a mood of sober, broad-ranging self-reflection throughout society at large, in the public media, and particularly within the medical and research communities. The dramatic increase of diabetes, in particular, (8.result) .................................... in the most extensive research campaigns in medical history. Since the development of insulin injection therapy in the 1920s, they (9.make) ....................................great strides in describing what (10.actually, happen) ....................................in the course of the disease. Yet there is scarcely any better understanding now of why diabetes (11. develop) .................................... than there was a hundred years ago. And despite the widely heralded new era brought about by insulin therapy and other developments, the incidence and mortality rates from this illness (12.continue) ................................to climb. At the rate of one death every two minutes, diabetes (13.claim) ....................................... over 340,000 lives annually -just over half the death rate of cancer. H) Find words or phrases In the passage which mean the same as the following definitions. COLUMN A a) almost completely b) unable to be helped with medical care c) something which goes, or is found, with something else d) become much greater; increase in extent e) in comparison with something else f) condition of being unknown or not understood g) condition of being well-known or important h) bring about; cause to happen i) reaching a wide area j) very great; sudden; as if in a theatrical production k) celebrated; spoken about 1) rate of occurrence; range or extent of something's effect COLUMNS
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m) Choose the correct answer according to the passage. 1. It is stated In the passage that cancer A) causes two deaths every minute B) claims half as many lives yearly as diabetes C) kills nearly twice as many people each year as diabetes D) results in fifty percent fewer deaths than diabetes E) is responsible for the death of 340,000 people annually 2. It Is clear from the passage that diabetes A) is linked to cancer and cardiovascular illnesses B) has become the leading cause of death in modernized societies C) develops just because of modern eating habits D) was known at the start of the twentieth century, but hypoglycemia was not E) took thirty-seven years to be properly identified 3. According to the passage, insulin therapy A) has not stopped the increase in the occurrence of and deaths from diabetes B) has brought about a greater understanding of why diabetes develops C) has only been available for the last two decades D) has reduced the death rate from diabetes by half E) came about because of an extensive medical research campaign IV) Complete the sentences selecting words from Column B in PART ll. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. After his wife died, his only.......................................... until his own death was his pet dog. As your answers to this test are ......................................... the same, I can only assume that one of you copied the other. The police are worried about the ......................................... rise in burglaries recently. The recent rise in the crime rate has .......................................... the police to take stricter measures. For you or me, that computer seems very expensive, but when you consider how high his salary is, for him, the .........................................cost is very low.
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EXERCISE 31: I) Complete the following passage using the appropriate forms of the verbs In
parentheses. DEVOTED TO REPTILES Nicole Viloteau, a 50-year-old conservationist, (l.feel) .............................. an intense attraction to nature and its magic spell ever since she (2. be) .................................. a child, and time (3.create) ............................................. in her an unshakeable and determined personality, and this (4.further, strengthen) ....................................her taste for the solitary discovery of wild nature. During her adolescence, she (5.also, develop) ...................................... a passion for the world of reptiles and amphibians, and since then, she (6.devote) .............................. the better part of her apparently inexhaustible energy and enthusiasm to the study and conservation of these animals worldwide. As soon as she (7.finish) ....................................her studies, she (8.organize) ....................................... a trip across France for five years, stirring up public interest wherever she (9.go) ...................................... After she (10. become) ....................................... an expert on snakes, she (11. finally, take) ...................................... a major step towards achieving her dream - and (12.begin) ..................................... to travel and explore reptiles in their natural surroundings. Since then, she (13.visit) ..................................... a number of countries in Africa, Australia and Latin America, and (14.cross) ....................................deserts and jungles in search of nature's rarest reptiles, braving dangers and discomfort all for the satisfaction of finding an unknown species. ) Find words or phrases In the passage which mean the same as the following definitions. COLUMN A COLUMN B a) very strong; high in degree b) charm; power; fascination c) firm; not able to be altered d) more than before; to a greater extent e) alone; without company f) period of life between childhood and adulthood; teenage years g) strong feeling or interest h) cold-blooded, egg-laying animals, e.g. snakes and lizards 1) animals able to live on land and in water, e.g. frogs and toads J) seemingly; according to how it appears k) unable to be used up or finished 1) great eagerness to be involved in something m) excite; encourage or provoke interest
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III) Choose the correct answer according to the passage. 1. When she was In her teens, Nicole Viloteau ............. A) started her five-year-trip across France B) began to study reptiles in their natural surroundings C) became particularly keen on reptiles and amphibians D) tried to get people interested in wild nature E) achieved what she'd been dreaming of for years 2. Nicole Viloteau's Interest In nature began , A) during a trip in France B) in her childhood C) after she became an expert on snakes D) when she travelled worldwide E) during her adolescence 3. In her Job, Nicole Viloteau mainly deals with A) cross-breeding new species of reptiles B) increasing people's awareness of wildlife C) exploring the natural habitats of wild animals D) travelling across Africa, Australia and Latin America E) examining and conserving reptiles IV) Complete the sentences selecting words from Column B In PART II. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The situation was already bad, but he aggravated it ....................................... by refusing to discuss his decision with anybody. She lives a very ....................................... life, but she seems happy with her own company. Collecting vintage motor cars is his ........................................and he spends every spare minute searching them out. The new manager ...................................... looks about forty, but actually she's over sixty. The heat of the sun was so ..................................... that none of us dared to venture out in it. ,
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EXERCISE 31: I) Complete the following passage using the appropriate forms of
the verbs in parentheses. DEVOTED TO REPTILES Nicole Viloteau, a 50-year-old conservationist, (l.feel) .............................. an intense attraction to nature and its magic spell ever since she (2. be) .................................. a child, and time (3.create) ............................................. in her an unshakeable and determined personality, and this (4.further, strengthen) ....................................her taste for the solitary discovery of wild nature. During her adolescence, she (5.also, develop]....................................... a passion for the world of reptiles and amphibians, and since then, she (6.devote) .............................. the better part of her apparently inexhaustible energy and enthusiasm to the study and conservation of these animals worldwide. As soon as she (7.finish) ....................................her studies, she (8.organize) ...................................... a trip across France for five years, stirring up public interest wherever she (9.go) ...................................... After she (10. become) ....................................... an expert on snakes, she (11.finally, take) ...................................... a major step towards achieving her dream - and (12.begin) ..................................... to travel and explore reptiles in their natural surroundings. Since then, she (13.visit) ..................................... a number of countries in Africa, Australia and Latin America, and (14. cross) ....................................deserts and jungles in search of nature's rarest reptiles, braving dangers and discomfort all for the satisfaction of finding an unknown species. II) Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as the following definitions. COLUMN A COLUMNS a) very strong; high in degree b) charm; power; fascination c) firm; not able to be altered d) more than before; to a greater extent e) alone; without company f) period of life between childhood and adulthood; teenage years g) strong feeling or interest h) cold-blooded, egg-laying animals, e.g. snakes and lizards i) animals able to live on land and in water, e.g. frogs and toads j) seemingly; according to how it appears k) unable to be used up or finished 1) great eagerness to be involved in something m) excite; encourage or provoke interest
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III) Choose the correct answer according to the passage. 1. When she was In her teens, Nicole Viloteau A) started her five-year-trip across France B) began to study reptiles in their natural surroundings C) became particularly keen on reptiles and amphibians D) tried to get people interested in wild nature E) achieved what she'd been dreaming of for years 2. Nicole Viloteau's interest in nature began A) during a trip in France B) in her childhood C) after she became an expert on snakes D) when she travelled worldwide E) during her adolescence 3. In her Job, Nicole Viloteau mainly deals with A) cross-breeding new species of reptiles B) increasing people's awareness of wildlife C) exploring the natural habitats of wild animals D) travelling across Africa, Australia and Latin America E) examining and conserving reptiles IV) Complete the sentences selecting words from Column B in PART H. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The situation was already bad, but he aggravated it ....................................... by refusing to discuss his decision with anybody. She lives a very .......................................life, but she seems happy with her own company. Collecting vintage motor cars is his ........................................and he spends every spare minute searching them out. The new manager ...................................... looks about forty, but actually she's over sixty. The heat of the sun was so ...................................... that none of us dared to venture out in it.
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EXERCISE 32: I) Complete the following passage using the appropriate forms of the verbs In parentheses. ABORIGINES From prehistoric times to the present, there (l.be) ............................................ many mass migrations of people throughout the world. In a few isolated locations, however, certain tribal or ethnic groups (2.live) ......................... without migrating for many thousands of years. Such people are called aborigines, from the Latin phrase ab origine, which (3.mean) ............. "from the beginning." Because the aboriginal peoples (4.live) .........................................in areas away from other cultures, their existence (5.become) ........................................ known to the rest of the world only when outsiders (6.intrude) ........................................upon their territories. Some anthropologists in the 20th century (7.doubt) ......................................whether aborigines (8. always, live) ..................................... in the locations where modern explorers (9.find) .....................................them. It is possible that some aborigines did migrate, but in a period so remote in time that, today, there (J0.be) ..................................... no record of their migration. In the case of the American Indians, for instance, it is generally accepted that their ancestors (11. come) ...................................... to the Western Hemisphere by way of the Bering Strait between Siberia and Alaska many thousands of years ago. Apparently, the American Indians (12.live) ...................................... on the continent for millenia when the first white men (13.set) ...................................... foot on their land. In the 20th century there (J4.be) .................................... few regions of the world where outsiders (15.not, encroach).......................................upon aboriginal cultures. Yet, Stone Age cultures (16.still, exist) ......................................in the jungles of South America and on the island of New Guinea. The Negritos, a pygmy-like people of Malaysia and the Philippines, (17.live) ..................................... in the mountainous interiors of those lands, and up to this day, they (18. succeed) ...................................... in preserving their primitive ways of life without much interference. On Hokkaido, the large northern island of Japan, (19.live) ........................................a people called the Ainu, who (20. be) ....................................... originally distinct physically from the surrounding Mongoloid population. Over the centuries the processes of cultural assimilation and intermarriage (21.almost, eliminate) ......................................their distinctive characteristics. They (22.now, resemble) ..................................... the Japanese in appearance and (23.use) ..................................... the Japanese language. II) Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as the following definitions. COLUMN A a) involving a very large number of people or things b) separated from other people or places c) the condition of being real, alive or actual d) disturb people in their private places e) an area which a group of people regard as belonging to themselves f) far away in distance or time g) people in history from whom a person is descended h) one half of the earth 1) clearly seems to be true although it is not certain that it is true J) thousands of years K) central area farthest from the sea 1) protect something from changing or stopping m) of an early stage of social development, belonging to a society who live in a very simple way n) the act of trying to influence something , without invitation o) recognizably different or separate p) the process of people becoming an accepted part of a community and losing their own identity and individuality q) a marriage between people from different social, racial or religious groups r) to remove completely s) be similar to COLUMN B ...................................................................... ...................................................................... ...................................................................... ...................................................................... ..................................................................... ..................................................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... . ..................................... .................................... ..................................... .................................... ..................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................
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III) Choose the correct answer according to the passage. 1. Modern people were not aware that aboriginal peoples still existed until A) aborigines assimilated and intermarried B) groups from these primitive peoples migrated to civilized parts of the Western Hemisphere C) aborigines began to resemble the Japanese in appearance D) modern men met with several attacks from natives 2. E) members of the civilized world went into the native habitats of aborigines The general belief Is that the ancestors of the American Indians ......... A) crossed the Bering Strait from time to time to get to Siberia B) came to the continent across the Bering Strait C) were already known to Westerners D) had assimilated and intermarried with European Americans E) arrived at the continent around the same time as the first white men to set foot on America 3. It Is implied In the passage that A) outside influence has affected almost every aboriginal group B) the Ainu people themselves wanted to become similar to other Japanese people C) aboriginal peoples have benefited from the interference of outsiders D) most aboriginal peoples migrated from Siberia thousands of years ago E) aboriginal peoples are all pygmy-like, and therefore, much shorter than outsiders IV) Complete the sentences selecting words from Column B in PART . 1. 2. 3. The panda bear is indeed a member of the bear family, but it has several .................................... features, such as its two-tone black and white fur. A nectarine .......................................a peach, to which it is related, but unlike a peach, it has a smooth skin. Winnie is ethnically Chinese, but because she was so young when her family moved to Canada, she has ........................................into Canadian life and excels in English and French while she cannot write very well using Chinese symbols. 4. 5. David Livingstone was one of the first explorers to venture into Africa's ......................................which many people at the time referred to as "darkest Africa". The authorities are struggling to ...........................................the population of wolves in Mongolia, but angry shepherds continue to trap them. ,
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TEST YOURSELF ENGLISH VERB TENSES 1.-50. Sorularda, cmlede bo braklan yerlere uygun den szck yada ifadeyi bulunuz. 1. When the English ........... to settle In Australia in 1788, other countries already ......... about this big southern island. A) begin/know B) had begun/would know C) were beginning/had known D) would begin/have known E) b e gan/ kne w Ever since the collapse of the Soviet Union, rapidly changing political boundaries in Eastern Europe ........... mapmakers busy. A) kept B) were keeping C) will have kept D) have been keeping E) are keeping The entire audience ........... in applause the minute the final curtain .............. A) had risen/was falling B) has risen/falls C) was rising/had fallen D) rose/fell E) is rising/has fallen The tooth ............me for quite some time when, at last, I ............to see my dentist. A) bothered/had resolved B) was bothering/resolve C) had been bothering/resolved D) has been bothering/have resolved E) bothers/will resolve I hope you .............the accounts by midday, because the director general is to arrive then. A) have checked B) will have checked C) had checked D) will be checking E) have been checking 6. The temporary secretary ..................so poorly since she started that I .................. forward to the day when Miss Clark'll return. A) has been performing/am looking B) will have performed/looked C) performed/would look D) was performing/was looking E) had performed/have looked such a This is the first time I formal letter. A) have written C) will B) had written write D) write E) wrote She................... her job three times just in the 7. last three months. I think she ought to stick to Just one thing. A) was changing B) is changing C) had changed D) has been changing E) has changed 8. It was revealed at the trial that the ac cu se d man ........... out on the night of the murder. A) won't have gone B) hadn't gone C) doesn't go D) hasn't gone E) wouldn't have gone 10. I'm really sorry to have broken your crystal vase. It ................... out of my hand as I 9. .................it into the room. A) was slipping/was bringing B) had slipp ed/ brought C) slipped/was bringing D) would slip/brought E) has slipped/am bringing 11. He dropped back one semester, so by the time he ............from school in two months, his friends ........... law for about five months. A) will graduate/are practising B) has graduated/will be practising C) graduated/have been practising D) graduates/will have been practising E) had graduated/were practising
2.
3.
4.
5.
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12. Have you decided In which sector you ..........for a job when you ................. ? A) looked/graduated B) will look/have graduated C) have been looking/graduate D) look/are graduating E) had looked/would graduate 13. When the police arrived, the diver ............ already ............the body out of the river and it ........... on the ground. A) has/pulled/lay B) is/pulling/has been lying C) would/pull/were lying D) was/pulling/had lain E) had/pulled/was lying 14. "How long............ you ............ in Ankara?" "For a few days only. I expect to be back here before the weekend." A) did/stay B) were/staying C) have/been staying D) do/s tay ' : E) will/stay ' 15. "How long............. you .............for that company?" "For more than ten years now." A) will/be working B) have/been working C) had/worked D) are/working E) did/work 16. They.............three meetings on this subject in the last two months, but still ..........an agreement. A) held/don't reach B) had held/ didn't r each C) will have held/hadn't reached D) are holding/can't reach E) have held/haven't reached at the 17. Do you know how fast he time of the accident? A) has been driving B) drove C) was driving D) will have driven E) had driven 18. Until the disaster, no one huge that the oceanliner Titanic ... A) ha d th oug ht /w oul d sink B) t h o u g h t / s a n k C) wa s thin king /can sink D) has thought/will sink E) will think/has sunk ... 19. I didn't notice as I ........... the car in the garage that fuel ............ from underneath it. A) have left/dripped B) was leaving/will drip C) leave/is dripping D) left/was dripping E) would leave/had dripped 20. He still can't sleep properly because of the bad memories of the war, although it ..........nearly a year since he.................. home. A) is/would return B) h a s b e e n / r e t u rn e d C) will be/returns D) w a s / h a d r e t u r n e d E) ha d be en /wa s re tu rning 21. The population of the city ............. so rapidly in recent years that the municipality ..............difficulty supplying infrastructure services for all the people. A) has increased/is having B) increased/will have had C) is increasing/has had D) was increasing/had E) would have increased/had had 22. Can you hear what Alan and Jack . about so intimately in that corner? A) were talking B) had been talking C) have talked D) talked E) are talking 23. After the accident, the taxi driver ....... the bicyclist of not looking where he A) accused/was going B) will have accused/went C) had accused/would be going D) was accusing/has gone E) would accuse/has been going
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24. When the thieves ............Into our house, they ............ 5,000 and all my jewellery. A) were breaking/had stolen B) broke/stole C) are breaking/will steal D) have broken/have stolen E) had broken/would steal 25. I recognized the boy at once, because I ..........him In our neighbourhood several times before. At would meet C) had B) met met D) have met E) meet 26. They ........ something so Intently that they ........ me. A) are discussing/hadn't hear d B) were discussing/didn't hear C) discuss ed/haven't heard D) have discussed/wouldn't hear E) would be discussing/won't hear 27. Look at those children running barefoot! They ........ to mind that they......... shoes. A) didn't seem/were not wearing B) won't seem/don't wear C) don't seem/are not wearing D) wouldn't seem/didn't wear E) hadn't seemed/wouldn't be wearing 28. Never drive your car before you.......the tires. A} had checked B) checked C) are checking D) will check E) have checked 29. On the way to work yesterday, one of the tires of the minibus burst suddenly. Obviously, the driver.............them properly before he ............ off. A) didn't check/had set B) hasn't checked/has set C) wouldn't check/was setting D) doesn't check/has been setting E) hadn't checked/set 30. The children playing noisily in the garden .......... in a few seconds when the old man on the second floor ............at them angrily. A) v a ni s h e d / s h o u t e d B) will vanish/had shouted C) ha v e va ni sh e d/ s hou t s D) ar e vani s hing /ha s s hou t e d E) ha d van i sh ed /wa s sh ou ting 31. Despite the sluggishness of world trade, the volume of Latin American exports ......... by 9 % In each of the past two years. A) will have grown B) grows C) has grown D) used to grow E) would grow 32. The workmen ............a valuable old coin while they ............the foundation of the house. A) have found/are digging B) h a d f o u n d / d u g C) find/have been digging D) found/were digging E) could find/had dug 33. With the memory of a painful defeat In mind, the ex-champion ........... that he ..........his revenge. A) would swear/took B) will swear/has taken C) swore/is taking D) has sworn/will take E) had sworn/was taking 34. You should cut down on your smoking. This is the sixth cigarette you ............ In the last two hours. A) smoked B) have smoked C) had smoked D) are smoking E) will smoke in five 35. It was the first time they years of marriage. A) quarrelled B) have quarrelled C) are quarrelling D) were quarrelling E) had quarrelled
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36. It's only a fortnight since he ............here, so he ........... much sightseeing yet. A) has come/didn't do B) is coming/can't do C) ca m e/ has n' t d on e D) will come/doesn't do E) ha d c om e/ ha dn 't don e 37. We............almost half of the book so far, and I think the other half .......... us another two days. A) read/can take B) have read/will take C) will read/has taken D) had read/would take E) are reading/should take 38. The professor ....... monotonously and most of the students ........ A) talked/have slept B) used to talk/had been sleeping C) had been talking/had slept D) was talking/were sleeping E) has been talking/would be sleeping 39. While we ........ down the path, we unexpectedly....... a deer. A) were cycling/saw B) cycled/were seeing C) had been cycling/had seen D) had cycled/would see E) have been cycling/see 40. The abandoned ship ............ at sea for weeks when a passing ship ............ it by chance. A) drifted/had spotted B) was drifting/was spotting C) has been drifting/spots D) would have drifted/has spotted E) had been drifting/spotted 41. Make sure that everybody .............the building before you ........... the main door. A) leaves/locked B) has left/lock C) left/had locked D) was leaving/would lock E) is leaving/have locked 42. The president ...........for over an hour when we finally ............ on the television to watch. A) will be speaking/will turn B) will have been speaking/are turning C) ha s be en s p eakin g/ hav e turn e d D) ha d be en s p eakin g/ turn e d E) will have spoken/turned 43. When the teacher suddenly ............the topic of our term paper, we ............ material for it for days already. A) changes/have been compiling B) will change/will have compiled C) changed/had been compiling D) has changed/will be compiling E) had changed/would have compiled 44. It was the first time I ............ that dish, so it............as delicious as I thought it would. A) cooked/wasn't tasting B) was cooking/wouldn't taste C) had cooked/di dn't taste D) would cook/hadn't taste d E) have cooked/doesn't taste 45. We ............relatively few problems since we ........... over this job. A) ha d ha d /w er e takin g B) h a d / h a v e t a k e n C) are having/take D) will have/are taking E) ha v e ha d / to ok 46. So far In our discussion, I must confess, we ........... our attention on the trivial problems rather than on the major ones. A) have concentrated B) concentrated C) are concentrating D) concentrate E) had been concentrating 47. I ........... a day off tomorrow, but unfortunately, I ...........my chance by coming late today. A) am requesting/am going to miss B) requeste d/was mi ssing C) have been requesting/miss D) ha d r e que s t e d/ had be en mi s sin g E) was going to request/missed
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48. By the end of November, the television company........... this soap opera for twelve years. A) has been broadcasting B) is broadcasting C) will have been broadcasting D) was broadcasting E) will be broadcasting 49. Can't you do anything about that tap in the kitchen? It ......... constantly for over a week and the sound ......... me crazy. A) had been dripping/will be driving B) will be dripping/has driven C) was dripping/had driven D) has been dripping/is driving E) is dripping/will have driven 50. A friend of mine believes that they .......... a way to stop aging before she ..........too old. A) have found/got B) will have found/gets C) have been finding/was getting D) were finding/has got E) are finding/will get 51. He had always been quite fond of meat .......... he witnessed, in disgust, the slaughter of a sheep. A) as soon as C) during B) afterwards E) until D) when 52. He has been a vegetarian ................ he 54. She promised to fax me the document ..........she got to the office. A) at present C) no sooner B) currently E) the D) the more moment 55. Our new partner was unwilling to sign the agreement ..............he was completely satisfied with all the conditions. A) because B) by the time C) nevertheless D) until E) after 56. The director is glad he chose her for the position, for the profits have been rising steadily ...........she was put in charge. A) as soon as C) even B) since though D) E) by the during time 57. The police took strict preventive measures in order not to allow any incidents .......... the demonstration. B) besides D) during A) while E) when C) 58. In Europe and America, where young people often start to live on their own ......... they reach the age of 18. A) so that B) while . C) by the time D) as if E) once 59 .............I tried Indian food was on my last birthday. I've been to the same restaurant many times ............. A) W h e n / u p t o t h e n B) At last/afterwards C) The first time/since D) At first/so far '. . E) The last time/before 60. We had great difficulty sending magazines to our subscribers ..........the postal workers' strike. B) as A) for C) while D) despite E) during 61 ............. I go to that restaurant, I'll try a dish I've never tasted before. A) The last time B) Wherever C) Besides D) The next time E) The sooner
witnessed the slaughter of a sheep. B) since D) as A) after E) while C) for 53. Students usually find it really difficult to understand the grammar, but ............... they've grasped the principles, they begin to enjoy it. B) by the time D) hardly A) once E) no sooner C) until
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62. The burglars stole the old lady's most treasured possessions, and she became very distressed.............. she described them to the police. A) as B) since D) C) owing to E) by the time despite 63. He had already lost confidence in himself a long time ............. his wife abandoned him. B) before A) ago D) immediately C) after E) earlier 64..............civilization began, gold has been regarded as a symbol of power and wealth. A) Since B) After C) When D) As soon as E) The sooner 65. The student worked ............... four o'clock in the morning trying to finish the project, but he still had to hand it in incomplete. A) until B) before C) during D) since E) as long as 66. My father decided to take up jogging .......... his doctor warned him that he was terribly unfit. A) even if B) by the time C) owing to D) in contrast with E) after 67. It was .............less than 500 years ago that astronomers were able to show that our world, together with the other planets, revolves around the Sun. B) only when D) no sooner A) even then E) immediately after C) not until 68.............. the people of an area cut down trees and turn the land over to grazing or farming, they reduce the local animals' food supply and destroy their natural habitat. A) Although C) Thus B) When D) E) By the time Whereas 69 ............. he was told about the cancellation of the design, the architect was well advanced on it. A) Hardly B) After C) As soon as D) By the time E) As 70 ............. the beginning of history, hunger has never been far from people's lives. A) When B) For C) Since D) While E) Despite 71. As the plane flew across the Atlantic, A) the cabin crew will serve refreshments B) we are unable to see very much C) because of the air-turbulence
D) a hijacker threatened to blow it up E) the pilot has told us to fasten our seat-belts 72. When I was sitting by the stream all alone the other day ....... A) the dark shade of the trees had sheltered me from the glaring afternoon sun B) the sound of the flowing water will have taken me into the world of dreams C) I found the deep silence really soothing D) I'm really fascinated by the scenery there E) I've been trying to be able to do it again ever since 73. He's been strictly observing the principles of a healthy diet.............. A) so that he would be able to recover his good health to some extent B) when his doctor warned him about a probable heart attack C) after he received severe criticism from his doctor about his eating habits D) until he has lost as many kilos as his doctor advised E) since he went to see his doctor about the pains in his chest
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74 ..........for some time after the chairman closed the session. A) The members went on discussing among themselves B) The decision won't have been made public C) He has sat in his office, reflecting on the outcome D) We all agree that there should be another meeting E) They have been informing all the workers concerned 75 .......... when the police took action to break up the demonstration. A) More and more demonstrators are now crowding into the area B) The crowd began to disperse rapidly in all directions C) The rioters have formed a chain around the furious crowd D) The media is to blame for printing provocative headlines E) The uncontrollable crowd seems to be marching towards the city centre 76. You'll certainly lose your prejudices about Mr. Jamison ........... A) unless you liked him immediately B) despite your previously favourable opinion C) once you've got to know him better D) because he's always so inconsiderate E) after you realized that he wasn't as bad as you thought 77. He had been riding horseback for many hours ........... A) and had many more before him until he reached his destination B) otherwise, another mode of transportation would be available C) that has been his biggest dream ever since he was a boy D) without the horse it would have taken days to come so far E) where he could stop and have a good rest 78. Ever since the government banned smoking In public places, ....... A) there were protests every week for the next 5 years B) suppliers were furious and demanded a change C) nobody knew what the outcome for the tobacco industry would be D) the plan for which was drawn up by the Minister of Health E) smokers have felt that their freedom is restricted 79. In the explosion at the mine last week, A) the owner has decided to sack most of the old workers B) that might have been caused by a fault in the hydraulic lift system C) the trade union had already warned the authorities of the danger D) being similar to past underground disasters E) eight miners lost their lives and a lot of machinery was damaged 80 ......... , but now I realize that we couldn't cope without it. A) The new secretary seemed rather incompetent at first B) I can't decide whether we really need a burglar alarm C) For a long time I thought electrical appliances were unnecessary D) I was absolutely against our buying a second computer E) I don't know how I'd survive without my washing-machine < 81. It's more than a couple of years since I last went there. A) I have never stayed there for longer than two years.
B) C) D) E)
I have visited them twice over the last two years. It was only after two years that I went there again. I had never been there until the year before last. I haven't been there since my visit over two years ago.
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82. I get the impression that it will take some time for the family to overcome their grief. A) It appears to me that the family will take some time before they are able to cope with their sorrow. B) Nothing I could say at the time could have helped the family through their sorrow. C) As far as I can see, the family have been suffering now for quite some time. D) The only thing that will heal this family's suffering, as we can all see, is time. E) Apparently, the family have taken a very long time to deal with their sorrow. 83. In spite of the recent improvements in the political situation, Nigeria still has a long way to go before it returns to full democracy. A) Although the political situation in Nigeria has never appeared more hopeless, there are still some people who long for a return to full democracy. B) Nigeria's government has changed for the better recently, but they still have a lot to do before complete democracy is achieved. C) Following recent developments for the better, Nigeria now looks poised for a retu r n to de mo cr acy i n the ne ar future. D) The political situation in Nigeria has been so bad recently that a return to full democracy appears to be hopeless. E) If only there were an improvement in Nigeria's political situation, people there could look forward to a return to full democracy. 84. So far during their stay at this hotel, that couple have done nothing but complain. A) Throughout their time at this hotel, that couple have had no complaints. B) Up until now, that couple haven't had anything to complain about at this hotel. All that couple have done since they arrived at this hotel is complain. D) They've only made a couple of complaints about this hotel so far. E) Since they got to this hotel, nothing has ca used that couple to complain. 85. He never sings except when he's taking a shower in the morning. A) It is very rare to hear him singing out of the shower in the morning. B) He th i nks th at s i ngi ng whe n yo u t ake a shower is a very common occurrence. C) Whenever he goes into the bathroom for a shower, he starts to sing. D) Unless he is taking a showe r, in the morning, it is impossible to hear him singing. E) In or out of the shower, at any time of day, he hardly ever sings. 86. It was only after she had overcome her shyness that she started to make some friends. A) As her shynes s grad ually decreased, more people wanted to be friends with her. B) Before becoming less shy, nobody had wanted to be friends with her. C) She felt much more confident when she had a few friends. D) Her ability to make friends helped her to overcome her shyness. E) Until she overcame it, her shyness ha d pr eve nte d he r fr om m a king friends with anyone. 87. Since the 1960s, water pollution has increased, leading to a reduction in the number of fish species. A) Despite sea pollution dating back to the 1960s, the number of fish in the se a s h a s i n cre a se d . B) Sea water wa s cleaner an d there were more varieties of fish before the 1960s. C) It was at the beginning of the 1960s that fishing was limited. D) The re wa s a s ha rp dec re a se i n t he number of fish becau se of a sud den rise in se a pollution in the 1960s. E) The drop in the number of fish in the sea is directly connected with the increase in sea pollution. C)
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88. He allowed his garden to become overrun with weeds during the time that he was focusing on growing his business. A) While concentrating on expanding his company, he let his garden become overgrown with weeds. B) His garden got flooded because he wasn't watching what he was doing when he was working in it. C) When building a business up, it is easy to become tied down with work and neglect domestic chores such as weeding the garden. D) He shouldn't have left his garden unattended while he tried to expand his company. E) He didn't notice that his garden needed weeding because he was too busy concentrating on his business. 89. Throughout history, people have helped the needy, but social work didn't begin In an organized fashion until the 19th century. A) When people started helping the needy during the 19th century, social work began to be organized. B) Since history began, the needy have been helped by others, yet not until the 19th century was social work organized. C) The beginning of organized social work came in the 19th century, shortly after the rich started helping the poor. D) Social work organizations, which help look after the poor, were badly organized before the beginning of the 19th century. E) Historians believe that poor people began being helped by organized social workers during the 19th century. 90. At the same time as tile-making In znik was declining, the trade In Ktahya was growing. A) Demand for tiles has fallen in znik, but has at the same time increased in Ktahya. B) Once the trade of tile-making in znik had disappeared, some tile craftsmen moved to Ktahya. C) D) Tile-making as a craft grew in znik and Ktahya, but later it declined in both towns for unknown reasons. While fewer and fewer craftsmen were producing tiles in znik, more and more people were taking up the business in Ktahya. Both znik and Ktahya are famous as tile-making centres, but the craft became popular in Ktahya much later than in znik.
E)
91. The French artist Rodin had an influence on almost every sculptor who came after him. A) Fransz sanats Rodin'in ken di si n de n so nr a gele n he me n he r heykeltra zerinde etkisi olmutur. B) Kendisi nden sonr a gelen b tn Fransz heykeltralar zerinde Rodin'in etkileri vardr. C) Ke n di si n de n so nr a gele n b t n heykeltralan etkilemeyi baarm tek Fransz sanats Rodin'dir. D) Rodin'in en byk zellii ken di si n de n so nr a y eti e n tm Fransz heykeltralar etkilemi olmasdr. E) Fr an s z sa n at Ro di n , k en di nd e n sonra gelen tm heykeltralar iin bir esin kayna olmu tur. 92. In our rapidly-changing society, we see that our dependence o n our traditions is gradually decreasing. A) Toplumumu zda en hzl gerekleen deiimlerden biri de geleneklerimize olan ballmzn azalmasdr. B) Toplumumuz byk bir hzla deiir ken, geleneklerimizdeki deiimin daha yava seyrettiini gryoruz. C) Toplumumu zun hzl bir e kilde deimesiyle birlikte geleneklerimize verdiimiz nemin de azald grlmektedir. D) G rl en o ki , topl u mu m u zu n h zla deimesi giderek geleneklerimize olan ballmzn azalmasna neden olacak. E) Hzla deimekte olan toplumumuzda, geleneklerimize olan ballmzn giderek azaldn grmekteyiz.
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93. It's feared that the hard economic conditions In the country will increase the suicide rate. A) lkenin iinde bulunduu g ekonomik koullarn, intihar orann artrd grlmektedir. B) ntihar olaylarnn artmasna neden olarak lkede yaanan zor ekonomik koullar gsterilmektedir. C) lkedeki ar ekonomik koullarn intihar orann artrmasndan korkulmaktadr. D) lkede yaanan ar ekonomik koullar devam ederse, intihar olaylarnn artaca tahmin edilmektedir. E) ntihar orannn artmasnn lkedeki ar ekonomik koullarla yakndan ilgili olduu ileri srlmektedir. 94. Until the late 1940s, control of the entire film industry was in the hands of a few major Hollywood producers. A) 1940'larn sonlarndan itibaren, tm film endstrisini ynlendiren birka byk Hollywood yapmcs olmutur. B) 1940'larda, tm film endstrisinin kontrol hala birka byk Hollywood yapmcsnn elindeydi. C) 1940'larn sonlarna doru, birka byk Hollywood yapmcs tm film endstrisinin kontroln ele geirdi. D) 1940'larn sonlarna kadar, btn film endstrisinin kontrol birka byk Hollywood yapmcsnn elindeydi. E) 1940'lardan sonra, film endstrisinin kontroln ellerinde tutan birka Hollywood yapmcsnn yerini yenileri almaya balad. 95. Even with our current level of technology, we still do not have the power to respond to every human need. A) nsanlarn btn ihtiyalarna yant verebilmesi iin teknoloji u anda bulunduu dzeyden ok daha ileride olmaldr. B) Bugn gelinen noktada teknoloji henz insanolunun tm ihtiyalarn karlayacak kadar gl deildir. C) u anda sahip olduumuz teknoloji, ne kadar gelimi olsa da, insann her trl ihtiyacn karlayacak gte deildir. D) Bugn sahip olduu teknolojiyle insanolu, her trl ihtiyacn karlayacak gce sahip deildir. E) u anki teknoloji dzeyimizle bile, insann her trl ihtiyacna yant verecek gce sahip deiliz. 96. Curiosity has always been the driving force behind man's need to invent. A) nsanolunun icatlar yapmas hep merak sayesinde mmkn olmutur. B) nsanolunun icat etme ihtiyacnn arkasnda merak her zaman itici g olmutur. C) Yapsnda var olan merak, insanolunu hep icatlar yapmaya itmitir. D) nsanolunun yapt tm icatlarn temelinde, evresine kar duyduu merak yatmaktadr. E) nsanolunun icatlar yapmasnda sadece ihtiya deil merak da nemli bir itici g olmutur. 97. I was really glad that I'd seen and rectified my mistake before anyone noticed. A) Hi kimse farketmeden yanlm grp dzelttiim iin ok memnundum. B) Kimse farketmeden yanlm grp dzeltebilseydim ok memnun olurdum. C) Neyseki yanlm nce kendim farkettim ve hi kimse grmeden dzelttim. D) Hi kimsenin yanlm farketmemi olmas ok sevindiriciydi. E) Herkesten nce yanl benim farketmi olmama gerekten ok sevindim. 98. Very often, the products we purchase don't have all of the features claimed in the advertisements. A) Aldmz rnlerde reklamlarda belirtilen zelliklerin tmn bulabileceimizi ummamalyz. B) ounlukla reklamlar sata sunulan rnlerin zelliklerim abartrlar. C) Alveri yaparken ou zaman reklamlarda ileri srlen iddialarn etkisinde kalrz. D) oumuz, aldmz rnn reklamlarda iddia edilen zelliklerin hepsine sahip olmadn biliriz. E) ou zaman, aldmz rnler reklamlarda iddia edilen zelliklerin tmn ta mamaktadr.
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99. It's planned that the dam will be completed and will have started producing electricity by the end of July. A) Plana gre baraj, temmuz sonunda tamamlanp elektrik retmeye balayacak. B) Baraj en ge temmuz sonunda elektrik retmeye balayacak ekilde planland. C) Planlar tamamlanan barajn, temmuz sonunda elektrik retmeye balamas beklenmektedir. D) Barajn temmuz sonuna kadar tamamlanp elektrik retmeye balamas planlanmaktadr. E) Herey planland gibi giderse, baraj temmuz sonunda elektrik retmeye balayacak. 100. Interest In fuel conservation In recent years has stimulated the development of modern wind machines for generating electricity. A) Son yllarda yakt tasarrufuna olan ilgi, elektrik retimi iin modern rzgar makinalarnn gelitirilmesini tevik etmitir. B) Yakt skntsnn ba gstermesiyle birlikte tm ilgi, rzgarla alan modern elektrik retme makinalannn gelitirilmesine ynelmitir. C) Son yllarda yaanan yakt skntsndan sonra rzgarla alan modern elektrik retme makinalar daha ok ilgi grmeye balamtr. D) Yakt tasarrufuna gsterilen ilgi son yllarda o kadar artmtr ki elektrik retimi iin rzgarla alan makinalarn kullanlmas kanlmaz olmutur. E) Elektrik retiminde kullanlan makinalar, son yllarda artan yakt tasarrufu bilinci sayesinde daha da modernletirilmitir. If the scientists were on the right track, they would have found a solution to this problem by now. D) Scientists are sure to find a solution once they've clearly identified the problem. E) This problem hasn't caught the attention of the scientists yet, but it definitely calls for an immediate solution. 102. Kuzey Kutbu'nun zerinde uarken, hepimiz aada kilometrelerce uzanan buzullarn gzelliine hayran kaldk. A) The view of the North Pole from the plane was spectacular owing to the beauty of the glaciers spreading over many kilometres. B) While we were flying over the North Pole, we were all amazed at the beauty of the glaciers below, stretching for many kilometres. C) We were flying over the North Pole, admiring the beauty of the glaciers which covered an area of many kilometres. D) The sight from the plane of the North Pole, with many kilometres of stretching glaciers, impressed us all. E) During our flight over the North Pole, we all admired the beauty of the glaciers stretching as far as the eye could see. 103. Osmanl Padiahlar, I. Abdlmecid devrine kadar yaklak drt yzyl boyunca Topkap Saray'nda yaadlar. A) Except for Abdlmecid I, Topkap Palace was inhabited by the Ottoman Sult an s fo r more t h an four hu nd red years. B) Until the reign of Abdlmecid I, Topkap Palace had been the regular residence of the Ottoman Sultans for over four centuries. C) Until the reign of Abdlmecid I, the Ottoman Sultans lived in Topkap Palace for a period of nearly four centuries. D) For four hundred years, until the reign of Abdlmecid I, Topkap Palace had been the residence of all the Ottoman Sultans. E) Topkap Palace, which the Ottoman Sultans inhabited for almost four centuries, was not used during the reign of Abdlmecid I. C)
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101-110 sorularda verilen cmleye anlamca en yakn cmleyi bulunuz.

101. Bilim adamlar bu soruna henz tam bir zm bulamadlar, ama doru iz zerinde olduklarndan eminler. A) Although scientists have not found a solution to this problem yet, they will probably work it out in a short time. B) Scientists have not yet found an exact solution to this problem, but they are confident that they are on the right track.
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104. Turizm sektrnn gelimesiyle, blgenin lke ekonomisine katks her geen gn artmaktadr. A) The more the tourism sector grows in the region, the bigger its contribution to the economy of the country will be. B) The growth of the tourism sector in the region has contributed greatly to the improvement of the country's economy. C) After the growth of the tourism sector there, the region was able to contribute greatly to the country's economy. D) As the tourism sector grows, the contribution of the region to the economy of the country will increase considerably. E) With the growth of the tourism sector, the region's contribution to the economy of the country is rising with each day. 105. Araba ithaliyle ilgili yasadaki son deiikliklerden sonra, yeril reticiler kaliteyi ykseltmek zorunda kalacaklar. A) After the recent changes in the car importing laws, domestic manufacturers will have to improve quality. B) The recent changes in the law have made it easier to import cars, so domestic manufacturers are trying to produce better quality cars. C) Domestic car manufacturers could better cope with the recent changes in the laws on car imports if they were to produce better quality products. D) With the recent changes in the laws on car imports, domestic manufacturers have been left with no choice but to improve quality. E) The only way for domestic car manufacturers to compete with imported cars is to raise quality. 106. nsanolunun yaratt hibir makine henz insan vcudunun mkemmelliine ulaamamtr. A) No machine that man creates can be as perfect as the human body. None of the machines that man has created works as perfectly as the human body does. C) No machine that man has created has yet reached the perfection of the human body. D) Whatever man does, he cannot create a machine that will match the perfection of his own body. E) Of all the machines that man has created so far, none of them is as perfect as the human body. 107. iddetti tipi yznden blgedeki birka ky bir haftadr ulalamaz olmutur. A) Most of the villages couldn't be reached for a week due to the severe blizzards in the region. B) It was such a severe blizzard that some village roads were blocked for a week. C) Owing to the severe blizzards in the region, it took us a week to get to the village. D) The severe blizzards, which have cut off several villages for a week, are still continuing. E) Because of the severe blizzard, several villages in the region have not been reached for a week. 108. Maarann iine doru biraz daha ilerleyince suyun ak havaya deil ieriye doru akmakta olduunu fark ettik. A) It was only after we had advanced for a little while in the cave that we realized the water was not flowing towards the open air, but inwards. B) We were astonished, as we proceeded into the cave, to see that the water was moving in the direction of the open air. C) To our astonishment, the water was flowing from the open air into the cave, not vice versa as we had expected. D) As we moved a little farther into the cave, we noticed that the water was moving inwards and not towards the open air. E) We advanced a little further in the cave to see whether the water was flowing inwards or towards the open air. B)
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109. Eski alardan beri in bbnn nemli bir parasn oluturan akupunktur Bat'da, ancak 1970'lerden sonra ilgi grmeye balamtr. A) Acupuncture, which has formed a significant part of Chinese medicine since ancient times, began to receive interest in the West only after the 1970s. B) Although acupuncture has been very important in Chinese medicine since ancient times, it gained recognition in the West only in the 1970s. C) Physicians in the West became interested in acupuncture, an ancient Chinese medical treatment, in the 1970s. D) An ancient Chinese method of treatment, acupuncture has been receiving great interest in the West since the 1970s. E) In ancient times, acupuncture was of great significance in Chinese medicine, but since the 1970s, it has had an important part in the West as well. 110. Akcier kanserinin erken bir aamada tespit edilmesi ok zor nk genellikle belirtiler hastalk ok ilerleyene kadar grnmyor. A) The reason why lung cancer is difficult to notice at an early stage is that the symptoms are not detectable before the disease is well-advanced. B) Lung cancer is often detected at a well-advanced stage, when symptoms appear clearly; otherwise, the disease is difficult to notice at an early stage. C) When lung cancer is at an early stage, the symptoms are not apparent enough to detect the disease with ease. D) The symptoms of lung cancer are not apparent until the disease is welladvanced, so it's not easy to detect it at an early stage. E) Lung cancer is very difficult to detect at an early stage because the symptoms often do not appear until the disease is well-advanced.
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UNIT l KEY SHEET
EXERCISE l 1.are...doing/am tasting/has 2.do...know/is talking/don't recognize/suppose 3.are...whispering/is sleeping/am trying/is...sleeping/don't think/are 4.are...taking/isn't raining/always take/never rains/never know 5.works/relies/pays/provides/is building 6.look/takes/doesn't resemble 7.are rising/are even considering 8.is weighing/is trying 9.weighs/seems/always wears 10.look/don't smell 11.are arriving/is still wrapping 12.is listening/sitting 13.doesn't taste 14.is getting/is raising 15-feels 16look (are looking)/hope/am thinking 17.is feeling 18.are...sniffing/am trying/are wearing/smells 19.looks/doesn't feel 20.are enduring 21.is seeing 22.do...think/have/see EXERCISE 2 1.bound 2.arose 3.founded 4.raised 5.laid 6.grounded 7.risen 8.sawn 9.wound 10.hanged 11.fallen 12.set 13.wounded 14.hung 15.bounded 16.ground 17.laid 18.lay/saw 19-raised 20.fell 21.found 22.aroused 23.rose 24.sat 25.arose EXERCISE 3 l.kept 2.arose 3.crept 4.forgave 5.lay 6.held 7.forbade (forbid) 8.laid 9.hid 10.fell 11.dug 12.felt 13sprang 14.fed 15.slid EXERCISE 4 1.fought 2.threw 3.rode 4.bound 5.froze 6.bet 7.tore 8.grew 9.bore lO.shed ll.left 12.ate 13-dealt 14.sought 15.wound : EXERCISE 5 1.forecast 2.mislaid 3.flew 4.burst 5.cost 6.drew 7.shook 8.fled 9.broadcast 10.mistook 11.chose 12.ground 13.lit (lighted) 14.bent 15.led EXERCISE 6 1.rang 2.lost 3.wore 4.hurt 5.hung 6.withdrew 7.shrank 8.shone 9.spun 10.rose 11.forgot 12.bit 13.sold 14.wove 15.undertook EXERCISE 7 1.climbed 2.saw 3.swore 4.bought 5.played 6.missed 7.slipped 8.felled 9.bled 10.struck 11.sawed 12.swept 13.fell 14.attended 15.Fill EXERCISE 8 1.left/was raining 2. continued/was driving 3.arrived/was still raining 4.was going (went)/saw/was overtaking/(was) coming/stepped/swerved/barely avoided 5.was having/phoned 6.was having/phoned 7.was/had/wore 8.was trying/was playing 9.jogged/got 10.was jogging/met 11.saw/stopped/got out 12.saw/was driving 13.were driving/hit 14.did...turn/was distracting 15.was taking (took)/burst/had to 16.heard/were coming/knew/had 17.was still hiding/rang/took 18.shot/shook/fell 19.were sitting (sat)/announced 20.seemed/told/were leaving/sulked 21.was pouring/spilled 22.were looking EXERCISE 9 1.hasn't passed 2.followed/didn't believe 3.has spoken/hasn't had 4.started/worried/has made/have subsided 5.has been/rained 6.hasn't got/hasn't started 7. read/was/were/never took/didn't really appreciate 8.have broken 9.met/have forgotten 10.learnt/haven't had 11.have been/were/didn't hear/just overslept 12.have often dreamt 13.merged/have shown 14.haven't been 15.had/didn't come 16.have seen 17.has done/got/have never met 18.have had/have got/endured/bought 19.opened/have observed/has almost doubled/has caused 20.has been/were 21.have never tried 22.sold/has ever raised 23.took/have appeared 24.has beaten/beat 25.has believed/knew/finished EXERCISE 10 1.has been snowing/have...just noticed/have never seen/have seen 2.have been driving/have drive. 3.has always wanted 4.have been working/have only painted 5.has received 6.has been working/have already changed/has been 7.has been leaking/haven't been able to 8.has just fixed 9.have been suffering 10.Have...been working 11.have repaired 12.have been killing/has lasted 13.have shrunk/have only had 14.have been chopping 15.has been learning/hasn't had 16.has offered/have been expecting 17.have thought/have been working (have worked) 18.have been revising/haven't even gone 19.Have...been crying/have been peeling 20.have been running/have gained 21.have been wanting/have resisted 22.have received/have been considering/have chosen 23.have been considering/has been trying 24.have been burning/have reached 25.have been drinking/have only had EXERCISE 11 1.Have...ever seen/saw/went 2.found/saw/was hiding 3.has been promising/even sent/has happened 4.were having/moved /have held 5.has been manufacturing/produced/contributed 6.bought/have now driven/has only ever broken 7.has been laughing/told 8.only put/have already had 9.Have...read/did/was travelling 10.have left (have been leaving)/has been increasing (has increased) 11.wasn't paying/gave/didn't realize/got/has been 12. started/has always preferred/had/drove/was loading/pulled/has been lying 13.won/has become 14.was drinking/announced/told/still had/became 15.have seen/have visited 16.saw/were picnicking/has been begging 17.had/have been working/have just completed 18.paid/have changed 19.caught/were fishing/has been boasting 20.was talking/came/started/have been talking/has phoned
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EXERCISE 12 1.since 2.for 3.for 4.since 5.for 6-since 7.since 8.since 9.for 10.for 11.for 12.for 13.since 14.since 15.since 16.since 17.for 18.since 19.since 20.since EXERCISE 13 1.seems/has stabilized/think/see 2.has suffered(has been suffering)/don't understand/falsified (was falsifying)/appeared 3.have just finished/looks/have been working/haven't had 4.has...been doing/has been familiarizing/has fully mastered 5.collapsed/were working/called/didn't get 6.was sailing/(was) drinking/(was) enjoying/don't think/haven't been 7.has always resented/has been getting 8.got/intensified 9.try (are trying)/clings 10.are wearing/did...buy/have only had 11.don't want/have just washed/is 12.bought/have been feeling/is 13.was sawing/accidentally cut/has been bleeding 14.have just written/complained/didn't send 15.look/Have...changed 16.haven't spoken/hope/aren't worrying 17.didn't know/tastes 18.is giving/Do...feel 19.is talking/have been trying 20.began (was beginning)/went/had to 21.haven't arrived 22.still have/are attempting 23.Are...still mowing/haven't been mowing/saw/took/didn't start/explains 24.raise/isn't working/have been driving 25.generally plays/is/sustained/is still troubling EXERCISE 14 l.warned/had already got infected 2.took/were/had never been 3.got/opened 4. asked/gave/had never had 5.offered/accepted/considered 6.had/didn't know/started/had studied/improved/ended/had learnt/helped/passed/once again confirmed (had once again confirmed) 7.saw/was/decided 8.had closed/got/went 9.had already explained/still wanted 10.had never behaved/decided 11.had scarcely finished/appeared 12.recognized/hadn't seen/was 13.hadn't arrived/had to 14.spoke/still hadn't made 15.had got (got)/realized/had lost 16.surprised/refused/didn't know/had given up EXERCISE 15 1.has only known/has already agreed 2.had announced/had been 3.has only been 4.had never walked 5.had already made up 6.had read 7.had all drowned 8.hasn't acted 9.hadn't acted 10.have given EXERCISE 16 l.had been driving 2.were travelling 3.was hanging 4.were chatting/was working 5.had been going 6.had already been taking 7.had been strolling 8.was sewing 9.had been flashing 10.had been making EXERCISE 17 1.have been working/have produced 2.had been working/had produced 3.have just arranged/have already made 4.has been/has been trying 5.had been looking/have been 6.have really been painting 7.had been counting/had been backing 8.have confirmed 9.had been smoking 10.had removed 11.have just sold 12.have checked/(have) updated 13.has been working (has worked) 14.have been monitoring/have announced 15.had been planning/had made EXERCISE 18 1.split/has been crying 2.was hurrying/tripped/twisted 3.rushed/had just bitten 4.applied/still haven't heard 5.wears/is wearing/are moving (or wears/wore/moved (were moving)) 6.met/had been working/saw/hardly recognized 7.is getting/regularly complain/don't seem 8.were operating/were pacing (operated/paced) 9.have been frowning 10.1s going 11.hadn't informed (didn't inform) 12.has only just arrived/start 13.has been looking/has come 14.did...last hear/haven't heard 15.take/were/saw/were feeding/ were jumping/is taking/wants 16.had just finished/were watching/heard /rushed/found/ was/ had broken 17.were entering (entered)/whispered/had felt (had been feeling)/rose/just muttered /sat 18.1ooked/had ever seen/have ever seen 19.dropped (had dropped)/dropped/caused/had witnessed 20.have found/checked/were still testing EXERCISE 19 1.will...get (are...going to get)/is going to drive 2.will do 3.am going to buy/will get 4.is going to faint 5.will do 6. am going to repair 7.is going to fall (will fall) 8. are going to get/are going to come 9.will make 10.will have/will do EXERCISE 20 1.We won't be able to use the cold tap in the kitchen until the plumber replaces (has replaced) the leaky pipe. 2.Once he has got written confirmation of the job offer in Germany, he's going to book his flight. 3.After the board has interviewed (interviews) all the candidates, they will announce the results. 4.When she leaves school, she's going to take a year off to go travelling. 5.You'll have to wash your hands before you eat dinner. 6.While you're getting some more petrol, I'll quickly go to the supermarket. 7.The bus won't leave until all the passengers have got (get) on board. 8.After he has completed (completes) his apprenticeship, he's going to set up his own business. 9.While you're washing up (wash up), I'll telephone the cinema to see what time the film starts. 10.As soon as I come back from holiday, I'll start a diet. EXERCISE 21 1.will not commence/arrive (have arrived) 2.will close 3.won't reserve/are 4.will check 5.settles (has settled)/will take 6.won't be/see 7.will contain/is 8-won't let/come (have come)/only allow 9.familiarizes (has familiarized)/will be 10.won't be able/check (have checked) EXERCISE 22 1.will be playing 2.will be driving/will be sailing/will be feeling 3.have improved (improve)/will have to 4.will never learn/will be whizzing 5.will see (will be seeing) 6.will drop/don't have (won't have) 7.get (have got)/will provide/will need (need) 8.will be performing 9.will be working/will be working lO.have undergone (undergo)/won't bother ll.won't open/have cleaned (clean) 12.won't be able/will be welcoming/will present (will be presenting) EXERCISE 23 1.will regret/run out 2. arrives/will have received 3.will find/return/will have received 4. will somehow
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manage/reach/will have removed 5.will have risen 6.will pretend/asks 7.put/will have saved 8.brings/will have already gone 9.will adapt 10.will have become 11.announces/will say 12.arrive/will have already broken EXERCISE 24 1.will have sold 2. will be driving/will give 3. will... recognize/will be wearing 4. will be waiting/will probably have gone 5.will experience/will have settled 6.will be/will have been travelling 7.will be congratulating 8.will have been working/will have qualified 9.will take/will have been soaking/will have been 10.will have extinguished 11l.will be inspecting/will have been digging/will makefwill be making) 12.will look EXERCISE 25 1.until 2.by the time 3.until 4.By the time 5.Until 6.until/by the time 7.by the time 8.until 9.By the time 10.until 11.By the time 12.Until 13.by the time 14.until 15.until EXERCISE 26 l.has just taken/was/announced/have been/will increase (will be increasing) 2.were intending (had intended)/went/had arranged/cut/was doing/tried/put/was playing/are both/usually hurt/are playing/were sitting/heard/hurried/had happened/had thrown/had hit/was trickling/nearly fain ted/saw/took 3.have been/doesn't know/knew/seem/were wearing/are wearing/is causing(has caused) (has been causing)/will face(are going to face) 4.have always been afraid/was/hear/immediately put/don't know 5.has experienced/is/will experiencefwill be experiencing) 6.hadn't been sleeping/went 7.is going to exchange/will regret (will be regretting/is going to regret) 8.was blazing/came/took 9.will have expanded 10.has turned/will snow(is going to snow) 11.is losing/will have lost 12.will be makingfwill make)/will have been sitting (will have sat) 13.last looked/had not yet commenced 14.immediately rang/reached/were already waiting 15.is expecting/am/will have had 16.have been hiking/still have/join/will have been walking 17.store/bottle/has fermented (has been fermenting) 18.will not ignorefam not going to ignore)/will say/treats 19.had only been driving/failed/was coming/had/stopped 20.were talking/don't think/have seen 21.has had/went/caught/is suffering/has been coughing/sounds/will get(is going to get) 22.has recently designed/runs/thinks/will be driving EXERCISE 27 1.has been 2.hasn't rained 3.is suffering 4.will only last (is only going to last) 5.is 6.are keeping (keep) 7.are storing (have been storing/have stored) 8.are using 9.is 10.faces 11.has developed (develops) 12.called 13.said 14.have 15.were lying 16.announced 17.don't see (haven't seen) EXERCISE 28 1.arrived (had arrived) 2.was opening (opened) 3.approached 4.asked 5.was lighting (lit) 6.suddenly held 7.overpowered 8.tried 9.pushed 10.drove off 11.gave 12.1ost 13.woke up 14.was lying 15.told (were telling) 16.found 17.had been working 18.offered 19.promised 20.threatened 21.gave 22.was feeling (felt) 23.just lay 24.fell 25.happened 26.had been sleeping 27.woke 28.saw 29.Will...excuse 30.don't feel (am not feeling) EXERCISE 29 I) 1.invented 2.made (had been making) 3.weren't 4.named 5.inhabited 6.designed 7.comes 8.had gained 9.ceased (had ceased) 10.produces 11.is 12.bears 13.does not burst 14.spends II. a)resign b)adhesive c)waterproof d)inhabit e)staggering f)cease g)devote h)plant I)equivalent j)bear k)shelf-life l)providing m)burst n)collectively III) 1.D 2.E 3.B IV) 1.equivalent 2.burst 3-waterproof 4.devoted 5.providing EXERCISE 30 I)1.was 2.have burst 3.rose 4.still stands 5.is 6.escalated 7.has prompted (has been prompting) 8.has resulted 9.have made 10.actually happens 11.developed (has developed/develops) 12.continue (are continuing/have continued) 13-claims II a)virtually b)untreatable c)companion d)escalate e)relative f)obscurity g)prominence h)prompt i)broad-ranging j)dramatic k)heralded i)incidence III)1l.C 2.D 3.A IV) 1.companion 2.virtually 3.dramatic 4.prompted 5.relative EXERCISE 31 I)1l.has felt 2.was 3.has created 4.has further strengthened 5.also developed 6.has devoted 7.finished (had finished) 8.organized 9.went 10.became (had become) 11.finally took 12.began 13.has visited 14.has crossed II a)intense b)spell (attraction) c)unshakeable d)further e)solitary f)adolescence g)passion h)reptiles i)amphibians j)apparently k)inexhaustible l)enthusiasm m)stir up III)1.C 2.B 3.E IV) 1.further 2.solitary 3.passion 4.apparently 5.intense EXERCISE 32 I) 1.have been 2.have been living (have lived) 3.means 4.1ived 5.became 6.intruded (had intruded) 7.doubted 8.had always lived 9.had found 10.is 11.came 12.had been living (had lived) 13.set 14.were 15.had not encroached 16.still exist 17.1ive 18.have succeeded 19.live 20.were 21.have almost eliminated 22.now resemble 23.use II) a)mass b)isolated c)existence d)intrude e)territory f)remote g)ancestor h)hemisphere i)apparently j)millennia k)interior l)preserve m)primitive n)interference o)distinct p)assimilation q)intermarriage r) eliminate s)resemble III) 1.E 2.B 3.A IV) 1.distinct 2.resembles 3.assimilated 4.interior 5.preserve
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+ Üds-Kpds - G - Unit 1 Engli̇sh Verb Tenses

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UNIT - 1 ENGLISH VERB TENSES

WORD ORDER IN AN ENGLISH SENTENCE

UNIT - 1 ENGLISH VERB TENSES 1 -2 THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Sonu -e ile biten fuller

write admire hope hide

writing admiring hoping hiding

shave amaze dine ride

shaving amazing dining riding

Sonu -e ile bilen fiillere ing taks eklenirken e der. *

Sonu bir sesli harf +bir sessiz harfle biten fiiller

run rub set

running rubbing setting

open ripen begin control play buy enjoy

opening ripening beginning controlling playing buying enjoying

Vurgu l.hecedeyse sondaki sessiz harf tek yazlr;2.hecedeyse ift yazlr.

Sonu -y ile biten fiiller

study reply try

studying replying trying

-y ile biten fiillere -ing taks eklenirken yazmda deiiklik olmaz.

Sonu -ie ile biten fiiller

die lie tie stand hold spend

-ie -y' ye dnr ve -ing eklenir.

Sonu iki sessiz harfle biten fiiller

ki sessizle biten fiillere -ing eklenirken yazmda deiiklik olmaz.

UNIT - 1 ENGLISH VERB TENSES l -3

USE OF THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

UNIT - 1 ENGLISH VERB TENSES l -4 THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

USE OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

UNIT - 1 ENGLISH VERB TENSES

UNIT - 1 ENGLISH VERB TENSES

THE SIMPLE PRESENT or THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS

UNIT - 1 ENGLISH VERB TENSES

forget want prefer

mind care desire belong taste *

promise refuse contain

consist of include sound

UNIT - 1 ENGLISH VERB TENSES

UNIT - 1 ENGLISH VERB TENSES

19. 20. 21. 22.

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-y den nce bir sesli harf varsa yazmda deiiklik olmaz.

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12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

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