Green sand Dry sand Loam sand Synthetic sand Core sand Parting sand Facing sand Backing

sand Sharp sand System sand Heap sand Oil and molasses sand

Green sand is an aggregate of sand, bentonite clay, pulverized coal and water. The largest portion of the aggregate is always sand, which can be either silica or olivine. It contains about 5% water and 15 to 30% clay. Moulds and cores can be both made of green sand. Since this sand contains moisture, it is necessary to prevent defects like voids by controlling the permeability and moisture content. Green sand moulds are poured in green condition. Green sand is preferred for producing simple, small and medium size casting.

Green sand mould(cavity) when dried results in dry sand mould. Depending upon the dried mould wall thickness, it can be called skin dry mould or dry mould. Since dry sand contains less water content, the amount of venting is even less than that provided in the green sand mould, but it will let the mould gases escape.

Moulds may be a) Dried by heating the same at about 3500F. b) Skin dried by a torch. Unlike full drying, it is a localized drying process

Dry sands moulds possess a)greater strength and rigidity b)Thermal stability Dry sand moulds do not cause defects which occur due to the moisture content of the sands(i.e pinholes,etc) Large and heavy castings are produced in dry sand moulds

Loam sand contains much more clay when compared to normal sand. The clay content is in the order of 50% or so. The ingredients of loam sand may be fine sands, finely ground refractories, clays, graphite and fibrous reinforcement. A typical loam sad mixture consists of:a)silica sand 20 volumes b)clay 5 volumes c)manure 1 volume d)moisture 20%

PREPERARTION The material is mixed (with water) to a consistency resembling mortor. Loam dries hard Moulds for casting large bells are made up of brick frame work and lined with loam sand and dried. Sweep or skeleton pattern may be used for loam moulding.

Synthetic sand consists of:Natural sand(base) with or without clay. Binder(bentonite). Moisture. Thus a synthetic sand is a formulated sand. Sand formulation is done to acquire certain desired properties not pocessed by natural sands. Synthetic sands are used for casting steel, ferrous and non ferrous alloys.

Parting sand consists of dried silica sand, sea sand and burnt sand. Parting sand when sprinkled a)over the rammed drag avoids the sticking of drag with cope. b)over the pattern avoids its sticking with the green sand and makes the pattern withdrawal easier.

Dry parting substances Fine dried sand Charcoal, ground bone and lime stone. Lycopodium -a yellow vegetable matter Tripolite- a silicate rock Ground nutshells(walnut) Talc(magnesium silicate) Calcium phosphate Liquid parting substances Petroleum jelly mixed with oil, paraffin and stearic acid. Dry parting compounds are used on wood and wet on metal patterns

Facing sand is fresh and specially prepared molding sand which covers the pattern from allround and then the ordinary floor sand is used to fill the remainder molding box.

Facing sand comes in direct contact with the molten metal being poured and therefore it should possess much improved properties as compared to ordinary molding sand.

A sharp sand need not necessarily have sharp grains. A sharp sand is one which is substancially free of bond.

System sand is one which is used in mechanical sand preparation and handling system. In mechanical sand preparation and handling units(i.e mechanical foundries) no facing sand is used; rather the completely otherwise used sand is cleaned and reactivated by the adition of water, binders and special additives. this is known as system sand.

It is a sand put on the floor as a heap when it is prepared for use.

Sands using oil binders or molasses binders are known as oil sands or molasses sands. Molasses sand is used for producing intricate, small thin sectioned and accurate castings. Small non ferrous gears may be cast in molasses sands.

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