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Morphology of fruits A mature or ripened ovary formed after fertilization is called fruit.
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Parts of Fruits
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Types of Fruits
1. True fruits Ovary of the flowers grows
into the fruit. 1. Peudocarp (false fruits) It is often found that other floral parts such as thalamus, receptacle or calyx, may grow and form a part of fruit.
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Fruits
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fertilized, the seedless fruits are formed. Depending upon the number of carpels present in the flowers, the classification of fruits are as follows.
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Simple fruits
One fruit from single
ovary Depending upon mesocarp, they are dry or fleshy. Mesocarp we eat.
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Dry fruit
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LEGUME
The legume splits along two lines of
dehiscence following maturation and drying. The legume type fruit is derived from a simple ovary (one carpel) with two rows of ovules. This type of fruit structure is characteristic of peas, beans and peanuts. The peanut is one of the few legumes that does not split open when ripe. This is probably because the fruit of the peanut develops in the soil rather than in the air.
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Legume/pod
Legume/pod
Dry monocarpellary, burst from both
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CAPSULE
A dry dehiscent fruit developed from
several carpels. Unlike the legume, the capsule is composed of more than one carpel. Fruits like the lily split length-wise into sections corresponding to the number of carpels.
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Capsule
Capsule
Dry more chambered fruit e.g.
Ladys finger
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FOLLICLE
A dry dehiscent fruit developed from 1
carpel and at maturity splitting along only one suture. (larkspur, columbine) Columbine and milkweed plants produce fruit that is known as a follicle. Fruit of the Follicle type develop from a single ripened ovary and split once to release their seeds. The split is always lengthwise, along one edge of the carpel. Legumes you remember split along two edges of the carpel.
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Follicle
Follicle
Dry monocarpellary, burst from one suture
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Siliqua
Siliqua
Bicarpellary, burst by two margins. e.g.
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Siliqua
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when mature to shed theirseeds. Many of this group are one seeded fruits
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d. grain e. Schizocarp
Achene
Achene
monocarpellary, free from pericarp Cannabis (bhang), rose.
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similar to an achene but with the wall greatly thickened and hardened. (beech, chestnut, oak, hazel; walnut and hickory - note: because of extrafloral bracts, or "husk", the latter two fruits are sometimes called www.raeces.org "drupes").
Nut
Nut
Bi or polycarpellary Enclosed by pericarp (leathery in chestnut, woody in
walnut)
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Caryopsis
Caryopsis
Monocarpellary ovary. one seed which has the seed coat fused to the
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Cypsela
Cypsela
Bicarpellary, free pericarp and seed coat free Sunflower, cosmos.
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flattened wing like out growth Dioscorea.,chilbil. A one- or two-seeded dry, indehiscent fruit in which part of the fruit wall grows out into a wing. (elm, maple, ash). an achene with a wing for wind dispersal
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Samara
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Schizocarpic/splitting fruits
Intermediate between dehiscent and
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Lomentum
Lomentum
No. of One seeded compartments e.g. Ground
nut,Mimosa(chuimui),Babool
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Cremocarp
Cremocarp
Two chambered fruit e.g. Fennel,Coriander,Carrot
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Double Samara
Double Samara
Two samaras splits into wing and seed e.g.
Maple,Hiptage
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Fleshy fruits
superior ovary the innermost portion of the wall (endocarp) becomes hard and stony, the outermost part (exocarp) becomes a relatively thin skin, the middle portion between the skin and the stone (mesocarp) becomes either fleshy or fibrous. (cherry)
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pit containing a seed it is classified as a drupe. Drupes are covered by a thin skin derived from the outer tissue layer of the ovary. The soft fleshy tissue below the skin is derived from the middle layer of the ovary and the hard stony pit is derived from the inner tissue layer of the ovary. Cracking the pit open reveals a single seed formed from an ovule contained within the ovary of the flower. Coconuts have fibrous walls instead of the fleshy walls found in most drupes. www.raeces.org
Almond
Mesocarp dries and separates Endocarp is hard to soft Eat seed
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or at least its inner portions become enlarged and usually juicy. (grape, banana, gooseberry).Two special types of berry-like fruits may be singled out for special consideration.
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Two or more carpellary with inferior ovary a pome (after the French name for an apple : pomme) An accessory fleshy fruit formed by a group of carpels more or less firmly united with each other and surrounded by and united to the floral tube or receptacle. (apple, pear, mountain ash). consists of tissue derived from the ovary and from the perianth.For this reason it is often called an accessory fruit A pome is an accessory fruit composed of www.raeces.org
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form rind Berry with a relatively hard rind. Watermelon Cucumber Squash Pumpkin
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Many chambered, many seeded Tough pericarp with red or white seed Pomegranate
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which a leathery rind forms the interior of the fruit divided by septa, indicating the number of carpels. Orange, lemon
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Aggregate fruit
from a flower having no. of free carpels, ripen toghter, less maturity called aggregate fruit. Known as Etaerioor aggregate fruit.
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Etaerio of drupes
Etaerio of drupes e.g. raspberry
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Etaerio of achenes
Etaerio of achenes e.g. Strawberry
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Etaerio of follicle
Etaerio of follicle e.g. Calotropis (madar),Catharanthus (sadabhar)
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Etaerio of berries
Etaerio of berries e.g. custard-apple (saripha)
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Multiple/composite fruit
Composed
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Sorosis
Sorosis
Developing from spike in which flowers
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Syconus
Syconus
shaped which encloses number of minute male and female flowers. Banyan, peepul, fig.
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False fruits
Sometimes, a part from the ovary, the
other floral parts like thalamus, receptacle or calyx grow and form the part of the fruit and such as fruits is known as false fruit or pseudocarp. E.g. I. Strawberry-thalamus II. Cashew nut-peduncle and thalamus III.Apple-thalamus IV.Marking nut-peduncle V.Rose-thalamus
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Morphology of seeds
After fertilization a series of changes takes place in the ovule and as a result the seed is formed.
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Seeds
Structures
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A Dicotyledons seeds
Parts of exalbuminous seeds
E.g. Gram, Pea, Country bean, Gourd,
outlayer is testa The embryo lying within which are provided with hilum, micropyle and raphe. an axil and two consists of fleshy cotyledons laden with food materil. Hypocotyl gives rise to root. Epicotyl gives rise to shoot. www.raeces.org
A Monocotyledonous seed
Parts of albumious seeds
E.g. wheat, rice, maize, onion, palm etc.
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BY VIJAY SIR.
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