CHAPTER 11 BIODIVERSITY

Power point@lecture Slides Are Prepared By Biology Lecturer, KMPk

PREVIOUS LESSON

11.6.6 PHYLUM ARTHROPODA

OBJECTIVES

At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

Describe the unique characteristics of Arthropoda. State the classification of phylum Arthropoda:
Class Crustacea (Macrobrachium) Class Chilopoda (Scolopendra) Class Diplopoda (Iulus) Class Insecta (Valanga) Class Arachnida (Nephila) Class Merostomata (Tachypleus)

Unique Characteristics of Phylum Arthropoda

Bilateral symmetry Triploblastic Organ level of organisation Paired segmented appendages/jointed legs in pair

 Segmented bodies
Segments are fused to form specialised body regions ---TAGMATA

 Cephalization
Head, thorax & abdomen Thorax is fused with the head to form cephalothorax (crustaceans & arachnids Exoskeleton with chitin

 Hemocoel instead of a coelom Body cavity filled with blood-like fluid

Role in blood circulation system Open blood circulation system with true heart Have artery but no vein
Blood flow via hemocoel before return to

heart

 Reproduction
Generally reproduces sexually Separate sexes

 Nervous system consisting of: a double cerebral ganglion a double ventral nerve cord network of nerves Complete digestive system Modified mouthparts & anus

 Respiration
Gills Trachea Book lungs Diffusion via skin

Gills

Contribution of the unique characteristics to the success of arthropoda as compared to other animals
Exoskeleton
Supports and protects the body Barrier against desiccation Movement -- Muscle attachment Disadvantages Prevent continuous growth

 Segmentation & appendages

Segments of the body become specialized to perform specialized functions

 Antagonistic striated muscles Pairs of muscles that stretch each other Give ability to walk, run, jump, swim & fly Provide brisk movement help to find food, to breed & run out from predator

 Air directly to cells & tissues (tracheae), maintenance of high metabolism Highly developed sensory organs Eg: compound eyes, receptors for smell. Allow them to be "in touch" with surroundings.

 Reduced competition through metamorphosis Adult eats differently than juvenile Less interspecies competition

Classification
Divided into 6 classes:

Class Crustacea
Eg: Prawn (Macrobrachium)

Class Chilopoda
Eg: Centipede (Scolopendra)

Class Diplopoda
Eg: Milipede (Iulus)

Class Insecta
Eg: Grasshopper (Valanga)

Class Arachnida
Eg: Spider (Nephila)

Class Merostomata
Eg: Horseshoe crab (Tachypleus)

11.6.7 PHYLUM MOLLUSCA

OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lecture, students should be able to:
Describe unique characteristics of Mollusca State the classification of Mollusca into three classes:
Class Gastropoda (Achatina sp.) Class Chephalopoda (Sepia sp.) Class Bivalvia (Anadara sp.)

Unique Characteristics of Phylum Mollusca

Asymmetry Unsegmented / head Coelomate Triploblastic

 Body composed of three parts : Visceral mass Contain most of the internal organs e.g.digestive system, excretory system, heart

 Mantle formed from fold of tissue/soft skin that covers visceral organs have gland that secretes the shell Muscular foot located at the ventral site of the body for locomotion

 Circulatory system open / close blood circulation consists of dorsal heart Respiratory system gills or lung in the mantle cavity

Mouth has radula tongue-like organ with rows of teeth drill, scrape & cut food

 Excretory organs Nephridia remove metabolic waste from the hemolymph (body fluid) Complete digestive system anus open into mantle cavity

Classification
Classified into 3 classes:
Class Gastropoda (Achatina sp.) Class Chephalopoda (Sepia sp.)

Class Bivalvia (Anadara sp.)

11.6.8 PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA

OBJECTIVES
Describe the unique characteristic of Echinodermata.

State classification of Echinodermata into 5 calsses : Class Asteroidea (Starfisg - Asterias sp.) Class Holothuroidea (Sea cucumber Holothuria sp.) Class Crinoidea (Featherstar) Class Echinoidea (Sea urchin) Class Ophiuroidea (Brittlestar -Ophiura sp.)

Unique Characteristics of Phylum Echinoderm

echin spiny, derma - skin Body symmetry
Larvae
Bilateral symmetry

Adult
Radial symmetry

No body segmentation Triploblastic

 Slow moving or sessile Endoskeleton Hard calcium carbonate plates and spines Covered by thin epidermis Internal and external parts radiate from centre - five spokes.

 Tube feet Functions Locomotion Feeding Gas exchange

Water vascular system A network of hydraulic canals branching into extensions called tube feet

 Simple nervous system without brain No head Mouth generally on lower (oral) surface of body Anus on upper (aboral) surface.

 Sexual reproduction
Separate male and female individuals
Release gametes into water.

Classification
Class Asteroidea
Eg: Starfish - Asterias sp.

Class Holothuroidea
Eg: Sea cucumber - Holothuria sp.

Class Crinoidea
Eg: Featherstar

 Class Echinoidea
Eg: Sea urchin

Class Ophiuroidea
Eg: Brittlestar -Ophiura sp.

Roles of Echinoderms
Star fish
Feeds on corals
Secreting an enzyme that breaks down the coral tissue.
Eg: Crown of thorns starfish

Sea cucumber medical use

Excellent healing properties Effective for tissues repair