MIPR Lecture 7
Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004
1
Medical Imaging and Pattern
Recognition
Lecture 7
Computed Tomography
Oleh Tretiak
MIPR Lecture 7
Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004
2
Computer Tomography:
How It Works
Only one plane is illuminated. Source-subject motion provides
added information.
MIPR Lecture 7
Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004
3
How it Works
Original CT Scanner
Head only
One minute scanning time
Two sections
Ten minutes to compute images
Extremely successful!
MIPR Lecture 7
Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004
4
First CT Scanner
MIPR Lecture 7
Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004
5
Before and After CT
MIPR Lecture 7
Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004
6
Contemporary CT
MIPR Lecture 7
Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004
7
Fan-Beam Computer
Tomography
MIPR Lecture 7
Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004
8
Contemporary Spiral Scanner
Configuration:
40 slices per rotation maximum
Other options are 32 slices or 16 slices
40 mm axial distance scanned in one
rotation
0.4 sec per rotation
60 kW generator
MIPR Lecture 7
Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004
9
Example: Head
Bleeding due to injury
Can cause brain injury
if not treated
Blood between brain
and dura, easy to
treat
MIPR Lecture 7
Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004
10
Example: Head
FRONTAL CONTUSION
WITH SUBARACHNOID
HEMORRHAGE
MIPR Lecture 7
Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004
11
Chest Study
Pneumothorax (air
between lung and chest)
Also note the bilateral
lower lobe consolidation
of lungs, right being
greater than left. There
is a chest tube within the
right hemithorax.
MIPR Lecture 7
Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004
12
Abdomen
Appendicitis
(arrow)
Contrast agents in
stomach and in
blood
MIPR Lecture 7
Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004
13
Mathematics of Computed
Tomography
Model for measurements
Direct problem
Inverse problem
Algorithm for computed tomography
MIPR Lecture 7
Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004
14
Direct Problem
Beam with
intensity I
0
enters
body with varying
attenuation
Each layer has
thickness t
I I
I I I I I
I
a
= e
1
t
I
0
, I
b
= e
2
t
I
a
,
I
c
= e
3
t
I
b
, I
1
= e
4
t
I
c
I
1
= e
4
t
e
3
t
e
2
t
e
1
t
I
0
= e
(
1
+
2
+
3
+
4
)t
I
0
ln(I
0
/ I
1
) = (
1
+
2
+
3
+
4
)t
MIPR Lecture 7
Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004
15
Integral Equation
x
I (y) I
I
1
(y) = exp( (x, y)dx
}
)I
0
ln(I
0
/ I
1
(y)) = (x, y)dx
}
x
I (t, u)
I
y
q
t
ln(I
0
/I
1
(t,u)) = (t cosu lsinu,t sinu + lcosu)dl
}
MIPR Lecture 7
Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004
16
Radon Transform
x
I (t, u)
I
y
q
t
f(x,y)
g(t, u)
g(t,u) = f (t cosu lsinu,t sinu + lcosu)dl
}
MIPR Lecture 7
Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004
17
Inverse Radon Transform
Given: X-ray transmission
measurements I
1
(t, u ). Find (x, y)
Given: g(t, u ). Find f(x, y)
Method:
(a) convolution
(b) backprojection
f (x, y) = g
1
(x cosu + y sinu,u)du
0
t
}
g
1
(t,u) = h(t t)g(t,u)dt
}
MIPR Lecture 7
Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004
18
Example
-1
0
1
-1
0
1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
f(x, y)
Lines: g(t, u), same for all u
Dots: g
1
(t, u), after convolution
MIPR Lecture 7
Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004
19
Backprojection
-1
0
1
-1
0
1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
One, two, and four angles of backprojection
-1
0
1
-1
0
1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
-1
0
1
-1
0
1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
MIPR Lecture 7
Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004
20
More Backprojection
-1
0
1
-1
0
1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
-1
0
1
-1
0
1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
-1
0
1
-1
0
1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
8, 15, and 30 angle backprojection
MIPR Lecture 7
Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004
21
Pictures
f(x, y)
g(t, u)
Theta horizontal
MIPR Lecture 7
Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004
22
Backprojection at 4, 16, and
100 angles
MIPR Lecture 7
Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004
23
History
1917, Joachim Radon
Solved formal inverse problem. Interest in
theory of integration and geometry
1958, Simeon Tetelbaum of KPI
publishes a paper about X-ray
tomography.
Publishes valid inverse problem solution.
MIPR Lecture 7
Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004
24
More History
1963 John Cormack publishes
theoretical and experimental results.
Experiment with cylindrical objects
1972 Godfrey Hounsfield develops CT
scanner
1979 Hounsfield and Cormack receive
Nobel prize in Medicine
MIPR Lecture 7
Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004
25
Example of Contrast
QuickTime and a
TI FF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed t o see t his picture.
12 bit image, full
contrast range.
Window for low
densities
MIPR Lecture 7
Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004
26
More Contrast Operations
QuickTime and a
TI FF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed t o see t his picture.
Window for high
densities
MIPR Lecture 7
Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004
27
3-D Images
Spiral scan procedures produce sets of
sectional images suitable for 3-D imaging
Resectioning: Compute new section plane
Projection: Compute sums along rays
Rendering: Segment image and show
surface.
MIPR Lecture 7
Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004
28
Bronchoscopy
Path View
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29
Colonoscopy
Path View
MIPR Lecture 7
Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004
30
Medical Practice
In the fall of 2003 Siemens became the first
CT supplier ever to receive clearance from
the FDA for a computer-aided technique of
identifying nodules, that is, possible tumors,
in the lung. CT is also used for the diagnosis
of colon cancer: A virtual flight through the
human colon can detect even the smallest
polyps. If these are removed in time, an
outbreak of colon cancer can very probably
be prevented.
MIPR Lecture 7
Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004
31
Comparison
Left: A polyp seen with optical endoscopy. Right: View in virtual endoscopy.
MIPR Lecture 7
Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004
32
Summary
Computer tomography became successful
because it showed soft tissue differences that
could not be seen on X-rays.
Evolution of high-speed (spiral scan)
machines came about through improvements
in X-ray detectors
This has led to 3-D imaging methods
Surgery planning
Virtual endoscopy
