System Analysis and Design

Course Objectives
To provide you with new ways of looking at information

in the world in order to solve business problems

To introduce you to concepts and methods of SAD To describe the systems development life cycle (SDLC) To teach you effective methods for gathering essential

information during system analysis

To teach you approaches to documenting and modeling of

gathered information
To teach you effective methods for designing systems to

solve problems effectively using technology

Topics covered
Systems concept The system development environment Types of information systems Rapid application development Role of the systems analyst Managing an IT project Initiating and planning a systems development project Determining systems requirements Process modeling Logic modeling Project documentation Understanding the elements of systems design Designing the user interface Designing system interfaces, controls and security

Lecture Plan
Lecture 1 Lecture 2 Lecture 3 Lecture 4 Lecture 5 Lecture 6

Introduction to System Analysis and Design Roles & Need of System Analyst System Development Cycle

System Development Cycle

System documentation Consideration System documentation Consideration

Lecture 7
Lecture 8 Lecture 9

System Planning
System Planning System Planning

Contd..
Lecture 10 Lecture 11 Lecture 12 Lecture 13 Lecture 14 Lecture 15 Lecture 16 Lecture 17 Lecture 18

Modular and Structured Design Modular and Structured Design Modular and Structured Design System Design and Modeling System Design and Modeling System Design and Modeling

Input and Output

Input and Output Input and Output

Contd Lecture 19 Lecture 20 Lecture 21 Lecture 22

System Implementation & Maintenance System Implementation & Maintenance System Implementation & Maintenance OO Analysis / Design

Lecture 23
Lecture 24

OO Analysis / Design
OO Analysis / Design

Course Contents
Introduction (1 Lecture)
System

Definition and concepts, System Environments and Boundaries. Real-time and distributed systems, Basic principles of successful systems, Structured System Analysis and Design

Systems Analyst (1 Lecture)

Roles and Need of Systems Analyst. Qualifications and

responsibilities. System Analysis as a Profession

System Development Cycle

(2 Lecture)
Introduction to Systems Development Life Cycle

(SDlC). Various phases of SDlC: Study, Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Maintenance

Systems documentation consideration

(2 Lectures)
Principles of Systems Documentation, Types of

documentation and their importance, Enforcing documentation discipline in an organization

System Planning
(3 Lectures)
Data and fact gathering techniques : Interviews, Group

Communication Questionnaires, Presentations & Site Visits. Assessing Project Feasibility: Technical, Operational, Economic, Cost Benefits Analysis, Schedule, legal and contractual, Political.

Modular and Structured Design

(3 Lectures)
Module specifications. Top-down and bottom-up

design. Module coupling and cohesion. Structure Charts

System Design and Modeling

(3 lectures)
Process

Modeling, logical and physical design, Conceptual Data Modeling: Entity Relationship Analysis, Entity-Relationship Modeling, DFDs, Concepts of Normalization. ,Process specification tools, Decision Tree, Decision Tables. Documentation: Data Dictionary, Recording Data Descriptions

Input and Output

(3 Lectures)
Classification of forms, Input/output forms design.

User-interface design, Graphical interfaces. Standards and guidelines for GUI design.

System Implementation and Maintenance

(3 Lectures)
Planning

considerations. Conversion methods, procedures and controls. System acceptance criteria. System Evaluation and Performance. Testing and Validation. Preparing User Manual. Maintenance Activities and Issues

OO Analysis / Design
(3 Lectures)
Introduction to UML OO Development Life Cycle and

Modeling. Static and dynamic modeling. Comparison of OO and Module-oriented Approach. Modeling using UML.
(Object Oriented Analysis and Design is approach that models a
system as a group of interacting objects. Each objects represent some entity of interest in the system being modeled by its class, its state (data elements) and its behavior.)

System Analysis and Design (SAD)

System
A SYSTEM is a set of:

interrelated components

working together
for a common purpose

System Analysis
Understanding and specifying in

detail what an system should do

information

System Design
Specifying in detail how the

parts of an information system should be implemented

SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN: A Condensed (Informal) Perspective

An idea

Analysis

Design and Implementation Time

Completed Information System

21

Systems Analysis and Design is the process, people use to create (automated) information systems

Systems Analysis & Design

Information System
22

SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN: A Complete (Formal) Perspective

Systems Planning Systems Analysis Systems Design Systems Implementation Systems Evolution
Planning

Evolution
Implementation

Analysis
Design

23

System Planning
A methodical approach to the formulation of plans and

programs for safe, efficient, and balanced Information System.

The process includes the setting of goals and objectives; the collection of data of existing conditions; the simulation of future activities; the formulation of alternative planned changes; the evaluation of the changes against the desired goals and objectives and the decisions about recommendations that are feasible, desirable, and appropriate.

System Analysis
System development can generally be thought of having two major components: systems analysis and systems design. In System Analysis more emphasis is given to understanding the details of an existing system or a

proposed one and then deciding whether the proposed system is desirable or not and whether the existing system needs improvements.
Thus, system analysis is the process of investigating a system, identifying problems, and using the information

to recommend improvements to the system.

System Design
Systems design is the process of defining the architecture (structure+behavior), components, modules, interfaces, and data for a system to satisfy

specified requirements. Logical design: The logical design of a system pertains to an abstract representation of the data flows, inputs and outputs of the system. This is often conducted via modelling. Physical Design: The physical design relates to the actual input and output processes of the system. This is laid down in terms of how data is input into a system, how it is verified/authenticated, how it is processed, and how it is displayed as output.

Alternative Design Methodologies

Rapid application development (RAD): Rapid

application development (RAD) is a methodology in which a systems designer produces prototypes for an end-user. The enduser reviews the prototype, and offers feedback on its suitability. This process is repeated until the end-user is satisfied with the final system. Joint application design (JAD): Joint application design (JAD) is a methodology which evolved from RAD, in which a systems designer consults with a group consisting of the following parties: Executive sponsor Systems Designer

System Implementation
A collection of interdependent physical devices together with

their programming which provides the functionality and performance for which the system was designed. System Implementation is the phase in the Software Development lifecycle, during which: The hardware and software system components are installed; The selected software is configured and tested; The software may be customised to meet local functional requirements; data mapping, cleansing and migration take place; reporting requirements are specified and reports produced; the whole system is tested before being approved, signed off and becoming a fully operational production system.

System Evolution
System Evolution is concerned with the processes of

evolving an existing system to meet new requirements.

The Evolution Problem:
In order that systems remain useful, they must

evolve to reflect changing requirements and changes to the organization in which these systems are installed
System maintenance is increasingly expensive and

maintaining existing systems consumes an increasing proportion of an organisations budget

What is Information System

An Information System (IS) is a collection of interrelated components that collect, process, store, and provide as output the information needed to complete a business task.
A payroll system, for example, collects information on employees and their work, processes and stores that information, and than produces paychecks and payroll reports

for the organization. Then information is

Contd..

There are two approaches to ISs design:

Process-oriented:

The process-oriented approach is based on what the system is supposed to do. The focus is on output and processing logic.

Data-oriented: The data-oriented approach is

a strategy that focuses on the ideal organization of data, independent of where and how data are used within the system. This approach uses data model that describes the

Types of Information Systems

The information systems found in most businesses

include transaction processing management information systems, information systems, decision support expert systems, communication support and office support systems.

systems, executive systems, systems,

FIGURE : Types of Information systems

Transaction processing systems (TPS)

Transaction processing systems (TPS) capture and record information about the transactions that affect the organization. A transaction occurs each time a sale is made, supplies are ordered, an interest payment is made.

Systems capable of transaction processing must pass tests for atomicity, consistency, isolation and durability, otherwise known as the ACID test.
Transactions are known as atomic, meaning that the transaction will either happen or not. If one

account is debited, then another account has to

Contd
Isolating transactions means that other processes never see information during the

transaction. They may see information before or after the transaction, but not during the transaction. For example, if two people are booking the last theatre seat at the same time, they can both see the seat before the booking, but only one person will succeed in booking that seat. Transactions must be durable. This means that when that final seat in the theatre has been booked and you have received notification that the seat is yours, it is permanently recorded. No matter what problems occur to the system, there are back-ups in place in the transaction

Management information systems (MIS)

Management information systems (MIS)

are systems that take information captured by TPS and produce reports that management needs for planning and controlling the business. MIS are possible because the information has been captured by the TPS and placed in organizational databases.

Executive information systems (EIS)

Executive

information systems (EIS) provide information for executives to use in strategic planning. Some of the information comes from the organizational databases, but much of the information comes from external sources news about competitors, stock market reports, economic forecasts, and so on.
Cambridge Systematics has ESS to support

Decision support systems (DSS)

Decision support systems (DSS) allow a user to

explore the impact of available options or decisions. Whereas an MIS produce reports, DSS provide an interactive environment in which decision makers can quickly manipulate data and models of business operations. A DSS has three parts. The first part is composed of a database (which may be extracted from TPS or MIS). The second part consists of mathematical or graphical models of business processes. The third part is made up of a user interface (or dialogue module) that provides a way for the decision makers to communicate with the DSS. An EIS is a DSS that allows senior management to

 Expert systems (ES) replicate the decisionmaking process rather than manipulating

Expert systems (ES)

information. If-then-else rules or other knowledge representation forms describe the way a real expert would approach situations in a specific domain of problems. Typically, users communicate with an ES through an interactive dialogue. The ES asks questions (which an expert would ask) and the end user supplies the answers. Those answers are then used to determine which rules apply, and the ES provides a recommendation based on the rules.

Communication support systems (CSS)

Communication support systems (CSS)

allow employees to communicate with each other and with customers and suppliers. Communication support now includes email, fax, Internet access, and video conferencing.
Telme: A Personalized, Context-Aware Communication Support System Telesfor Telemedical Real-Time

Communication Support System

Office support systems (OSS)

Office

support systems (OSS) help employees create and share documents, including reports, proposals, and memos. OSS also help to maintain information about work schedule and meetings. Office-by-Example (OBE) is an integrated office information system MS Office

Systems Analyst
Systems

Analyst is a business professional who uses analysis and design techniques to solve business problems using information technology and who develops ISs.
are developed to solve problems for organizations, and systems analyst is often thought of as a problem solver rather than a programmer (see Figure on next slide ).

Developing ISs is not just about writing programs. ISs

FIGURE : The analysts approach to problem solving.

Roles of System Analyst

The system analyst is the person (or

persons) who guides through the development of an information system. In performing these tasks the analyst must always match the information system objectives with the goals of the organization. Role of System Analyst differs from organization to organization. Most common responsibilities of System Analyst are following: System Analysis System Analysis and Design

System Analysis
It includes system's study in order to get facts about business activity. It is about getting information determining requirements.

and

This responsibility includes only requirement determination, not the design of the system.

System Analysis and Design

Here apart from the analysis work,

System Analyst is also responsible for the designing of the new system/application.

System Analysis, Design and Programming

Here Analyst is also required to perform as a programmer, where he actually writes the

code to implement the design of the proposed application. Due to the various responsibilities that a system analyst requires to handle, he has to be multifaceted person with varied skills required at various stages of the life cycle. In addition to the technical know-how of the information system development a system analyst should also have the following knowledge. a. Business knowledge

Contd..

a. Business knowledge: As the analyst might

have to develop any kind of a business system, he should be familiar with the general functioning of all kind of businesses.
b. Interpersonal skills: Such skills are required

at various stages of development process for interacting with the users and extracting the requirements out of them
c. Problem solving skills: A system analyst

should have enough problem solving skills for defining the alternate solutions to the system and also for the problems occurring

Minimum Qualification for System Analyst

Minimum Qualifications:
Associate's degree in Computer Science or related field AND three years of

systems/programming experience; OR, Bachelor's degree in Computer Science or related field AND two years of systems/programming experience; OR, Four years of systems and/or programming experience; OR, Any equivalent combination of experience and/or education from which comparable knowledge, skills and abilities

Duties Involved Examples of Duties:

Consults with users to define system requirements,

identify programming and output needs, and verify preliminary design and output.
Recommends technical and procedural design for

new or revised applications including flow charts, system specifications, and programming guidelines.
Analyzes current and new programming languages,

documentation, hardware, and software to identify possible applications and/or feasibility of applications for computer systems.
Modifies and/or writes program code and/or job

control language as needed.

Contd..

Confers with other data processing personnel in resolving problems involving program intent, input/output requirements,

and other procedural and technical matters.

Answers questions and provides technical assistance and/or training to system users. Reviews, evaluates, and documents existing programs and/or systems to identify and recommend the means of typing together

interacting systems extending across university and/or functional lines.

Reviews and analyzes system problems including system documentation and production output to identify solutions and/or

System Analyst As a Profession

It's not what you're called, it's what

you do.

Job titles and descriptions for analysts

vary widely between organizations and the professional analysts may have titles as diverse as: Business Analyst, Systems Analyst, Business Systems Analyst, IT Specialist, Requirements Analyst, Consultant,

Contd..

The Modern Analyst must posses a variety of skills including:

Communication and interviewing skills Understanding of the business model and

processes Problem solving and structured analysis skills Presentation and facilitation skills Project management skills Systems analysis and design methodologies Technical skills
In smaller projects and small organizations the

analyst may perform all of the above roles and may

Why SAD is Important

Success of information systems depends on good System Analysis and Design

Widely used in industry - proven techniques

Part of career growth in IT - lots of interesting and well-paying jobs!

Increasing demand for systems analysis skills

Text and Reference books

1) J. Hoffer, Modern Systems Analysis and Design, Second Edition, Joey George and Joseph Valacich, Pearson Education. 2) J. Whitten, L. Bentley and K. Dittman, Systems Analysis and Design Methods, Fifth Edition, Tata McGraw Hill. 3) Dennis and B.H.Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, First Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 4) Roger S. Pressman, Software Engineering, Fifth Edition, Mcgraw Hill International Edition.